{"id":10293,"date":"2010-02-01T10:43:26","date_gmt":"2010-02-01T08:43:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=10293"},"modified":"2017-05-25T11:28:43","modified_gmt":"2017-05-25T08:28:43","slug":"turkiyenin-orkideleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2010\/02\/01\/turkiyenin-orkideleri","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin orkideleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Orkideler Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda, tav\u015fan topu\u011fu, kelebek, ar\u0131 selefi, ar\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, kedi g\u00f6z\u00fc, kedi kula\u011f\u0131 gibi yerel isimler ta\u015f\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda bu isimlendirmelerin nedeni olan benze\u015fmeler, orkide t\u00fcrleri taraf\u0131ndan tozla\u015fma ve d\u00f6llenme amac\u0131yla milyonlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r geli\u015ftirilen, orkidelerin hayvanlar\u0131 taklit etme \u00f6zelliklerinden kaynaklan\u0131r. Kendilerini ar\u0131lara ve kelebeklere benzetip, hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00f6ceklere \u00f6zg\u00fc kokular da yay\u0131p \u00e7iftle\u015fmek isteyen b\u00f6cekleri \u00e7i\u00e7eklerine \u00e7eken orkidelerimiz, asl\u0131nda Anadolu do\u011fas\u0131nda a\u015fk\u0131n biyolojik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n da oldu\u011funun ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir. Hem Anadolu insan\u0131 hem de onun b\u00f6rt\u00fc b\u00f6ce\u011fi ayn\u0131 kurallara tabidir bu topraklarda.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hasan Torlak<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Dactylorhiza iberica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Orkide deyince hepimizin akl\u0131na uzak tropikal diyarlarda yeti\u015fen \u00e7i\u00e7ekler gelir. Bu \u00f6nyarg\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda, \u201corkide\u201d isminin Bat\u0131 dillerinden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n da etkisi vard\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019da orkidelere \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 isimler verilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bilimsel ad\u0131n\u0131 Anadolu\u2019dan alan Orchis anatolica<\/strong><\/em>\u2019ya (Anadolu orkidesi) Mu\u011fla y\u00f6resinde \u201cdildamak\u201d veya \u201cdili\u00e7\u0131k\u0131k\u201d gibi adlar verilir. Ger\u00e7ekten de Akdeniz ve Ege y\u00f6relerinde yayg\u0131n yeti\u015fen bu zarif orkidenin \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, olabildi\u011fince a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir insan a\u011fz\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir dile benzemekte, dile benzeyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerdeki benekler de bu fikri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. Yine Mu\u011fla dolay\u0131nda Orchis italica<\/em> adl\u0131 orkideye tav\u015fantopu\u011fu, \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri kelebe\u011fe benzetildi\u011finden Orchis papilionacea <\/em>var. papilionacea<\/em> adl\u0131 orkideye kelebek orkidesi ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 y\u00f6relerde yumrular\u0131 \u015feker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lan Orchis simia <\/em>elleri ve ayaklar\u0131yla bir maymuna benzetildi\u011fi i\u00e7in ona maymun orkidesi, Ege y\u00f6resinde do\u011fal olarak yeti\u015fen Aceras antropophorum<\/em>\u2019a da \u201cinsan bi\u00e7imli orkide\u201d denmektedir. Ophrys apifera<\/em> adl\u0131 orkide t\u00fcr\u00fc Samsun dolay\u0131nda ar\u0131ya benzetildi\u011finden \u201car\u0131ya benzer\u201d veya \u201car\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u201d anlam\u0131nda \u201car\u0131 selefi\u201d olarak nitelenmekte, yine Ophrys attica,<\/em> Ophrys mammosa, Ophrys sphegodes <\/em>adl\u0131 orkidelere \u201car\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, kedi g\u00f6z\u00fc, kedi kula\u011f\u0131\u201d gibi adlar verilmektedir. G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere orkidelerimiz memeli, ar\u0131 ve kelebek gibi hayvanlara benzetildi\u011finden bilimsel ve yerel nitelemelerinde hayvanlardan esinlenilmi\u015ftir. Asl\u0131nda bu isimlendirmelerin nedeni olan benze\u015fmeler, orkide t\u00fcrleri taraf\u0131ndan tozla\u015fma ve d\u00f6llenme amac\u0131yla milyonlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r geli\u015ftirilen, orkidelerin hayvanlar\u0131 taklit etme \u00f6zelliklerinden kaynaklan\u0131r. Kendilerini ar\u0131lara ve kelebeklere benzetip, hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00f6ceklere \u00f6zg\u00fc kokular da yay\u0131p \u00e7iftle\u015fmek isteyen b\u00f6cekleri \u00e7i\u00e7eklerine \u00e7eken orkidelerimiz, asl\u0131nda a\u015fk\u0131n biyolojik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu do\u011fas\u0131nda oldu\u011funun da ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir. A\u015fk\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazan Mevlana\u2019n\u0131n, A\u015fk Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Afrodit\u2019in Anadolu\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri daha da iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r \u015fimdi. A\u015fkt\u0131r insana g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc koku, kokular\u0131 sevgili, s\u00f6zleri ise renk olarak g\u00f6steren. Hem Anadolu insan\u0131 hem de onun b\u00f6rt\u00fc b\u00f6ce\u011fi ayn\u0131 kurallara tabidir bu topraklarda. Mevlana, sevgilisinin sa\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7ek, sevdi\u011finin her s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc renk olarak alg\u0131larken, Anadolu\u2019nun kelebek ve ar\u0131lar\u0131 da her \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi yaren, her orkideyi sevgili olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

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Orchis anatolica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Salebi orkideli mi i\u00e7sek\u2026 orkidesiz mi!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Farkl\u0131 adland\u0131rmalarla b\u00f6cek isimleri verilmi\u015f olsa da, Anadolu\u2019da orkide t\u00fcrlerimize en yayg\u0131n olarak \u201csalep\u201d veya \u201c\u015falep\u201d gibi adlar verilmektedir. 140\u2019a yak\u0131n orkidenin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131nda bu orkidelerin yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 kadar\u0131 \u00fclkemize \u00f6zg\u00fc endemik t\u00fcrlerdir. Binlerce y\u0131ldan bu yana Anadolu insan\u0131 orkide t\u00fcrlerimizden g\u0131da ve ila\u00e7 amac\u0131yla salep \u00fcretti\u011finden bu bitkileri salep olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Salep kelimesi eski Anadolu dillerinden kaynaklanan bir kelime olup \u015fifa verme ve iyile\u015ftirme kavramlar\u0131yla ilgilidir. Ger\u00e7ekten de Eski Anadolu dillerinde \u201csal\u201d ile ba\u015flayan kelimelerin genelde sa\u011fl\u0131kla ilgili oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Anadolu\u2019nun tamam\u0131nda yayg\u0131n orkide t\u00fcrlerimiz oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7ok dar alanlarda ya\u015fama tutunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, ancak yine insan bask\u0131s\u0131 ve salep \u00fcretimi nedeniyle ya\u015fam\u0131 tehlike alt\u0131nda olan lokal endemik orkidelerimiz de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Geni\u015f yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren ve Anadolu\u2019da salep veya salep \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan endemik Dactylorhiza osmanica <\/em>var. osmanica<\/em> adl\u0131 bitkinin yumrular\u0131 salep yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. May\u0131s ve haziran aylar\u0131nda k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkli \u00e7i\u00e7ekler a\u00e7an bu orkidenin yumrular\u0131 G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane dolay\u0131nda toz haline getirildikten sonra s\u00fctle pi\u015firilerek g\u0131da olarak t\u00fcketilmektedir. (1) Asl\u0131nda bu orkidemize, ilk ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi ve en \u00f6nemli yeti\u015fme alanlar\u0131ndan olan Kahramanmara\u015f\u2019\u0131n Elbistan \u0130l\u00e7esi\u2019nin antik d\u00f6nemdeki ismi olan Kataonya\u2019n\u0131n ismi verilmi\u015f ve D. cataonica<\/strong><\/em> (Elbistan orkidesi) denilmi\u015fti. Bu orkideden yap\u0131lan salep hem k\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u0131cak olarak i\u00e7ilir, hem de Mara\u015f dondurmas\u0131na kat\u0131larak onu \u00f6zellikli k\u0131lar. Mara\u015f\u2019ta Binbo\u011fa Da\u011f\u0131\u2019nda da yeti\u015fen bu endemik orkidemiz Mara\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir unsuru olan Mara\u015f dondurmas\u0131n\u0131n endemik temelleri oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6stermektedir bizlere.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Akdeniz ve Karadeniz illerinde yayg\u0131n olarak yeti\u015fen, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tehlike alt\u0131nda olmayan Elbistan orkidesinin bu durumunun tam aksine, d\u00fcnyada sadece Antalya \u0130li\u2019nin Ka\u015f ve Finike \u0130l\u00e7eleri\u2019ne \u00f6zg\u00fc, \u00e7ok nadir ve nokta bir t\u00fcr olan ve sadece insanlar\u0131n m\u00fcdahale etmekten \u00e7ekinerek dokunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mezarl\u0131klarda ya\u015fama tutunabilmi\u015f Likya orkidesi Ophrys lycia<\/strong><\/em> yok olma tehlikesi alt\u0131ndaki nadir bir orkidemizdir. Mart-nisan aylar\u0131nda \u00e7i\u00e7eklenen, g\u00f6steri\u015fli \u00e7i\u00e7eklere sahip Likya orkidesinin bu b\u00f6lgede 2006\u2019da sadece 200 adet kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n-yay\u0131n organlar\u0131na yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f olup, yok olma tehlikesi alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeninin, y\u00f6re halk\u0131n\u0131n salep ve dondurma yapmak amac\u0131yla bu orkideyi do\u011fadan toplamas\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. (2) Acaba g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar salep veya dondurma yapmak amac\u0131yla Anadolu\u2019da ka\u00e7 nadir endemik orkide yok edildi?<\/p>\n

Likya orkidesi gibi \u00e7ok nadir olan ve dar alanda yeti\u015fen endemik orkidelerin bulundu\u011fu Antalya, \u00fclkemizin \u00f6nemli orkide alanlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Nadir ve endemik orkidelerimiz, ayn\u0131 Likya orkidesinde oldu\u011fu gibi kendilerini salep ve dondurma \u00fcreticilerinden korumak i\u00e7in mezarl\u0131klara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Epipactis bithynica<\/strong> <\/em>(Bitinya orkidesi) Akseki\u2019deki \u0130brad\u0131 Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fama tutunmu\u015ftur. \u0130brad\u0131 dolay\u0131nda, 1997\u2019de ke\u015ffedilen ve Toros Da\u011flar\u0131 orkidesi (Himantoglossom montis-tauri<\/strong><\/em>) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan nadir orkide t\u00fcr\u00fc Antalya\u2019da \u00e7ok dar alanlarda ya\u015fam m\u00fccadelesi vermektedir. Antalya\u2019n\u0131n turizm merkezleri yak\u0131n\u0131nda, hatta antik kentlerinde dahi nadir endemik orkide t\u00fcrleri yeti\u015fmektedir. Ka\u015f dolay\u0131nda 1998\u2019de bulunan ve tehlike alt\u0131nda olan bir orkideye Ophrys antalyensis<\/strong><\/em> (Antalya orkidesi) ismi verilmi\u015f, Kemer yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda 1997\u2019de Ophrys climacis<\/em> ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. 1996\u2019da Phaselis antik kenti dolay\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen Faselis orkidesi Ophrys phaseliana<\/strong><\/em>\u2019<\/strong>y\u0131 1997\u2019de yine ayn\u0131 antik kentte ke\u015ffedilen Ophrys lucis<\/em> izleyerek bu antik kentimize \u00f6zg\u00fc iki lokal endemik orkidenin ke\u015ffi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla antik Phaselis insan\u0131 da y\u00f6resinin orkidelerinden salep yap\u0131p k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda i\u00e7iyor, ayn\u0131 salepten yaz aylar\u0131nda da dondurma \u00fcretiyordu. Endemik saleplerden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dondurmas\u0131n\u0131n karlar\u0131n\u0131 ise hemen yak\u0131ndaki Tahtal\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan getirtiyor olmal\u0131yd\u0131 Phaselis halk\u0131. Kutsal ve tanr\u0131sal bir da\u011f olan Tahtal\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan getirilen karlarla yap\u0131lan dondurman\u0131n yenmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise y\u00f6renin antik d\u00f6nem halk\u0131 tanr\u0131larla da bir \u015fekilde ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7ti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla orkidelerden yap\u0131lan dondurma belki de rit\u00fcel ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak da t\u00fcketime konu olmu\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n

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Aceras anthropophorum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Orkidelerimize ve mezarl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131za dokunmay\u0131n efendiler!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 Antalya\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi Konya \u0130li s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de endemik orkide t\u00fcrleri mezarl\u0131klara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Konya\u2019n\u0131n Bel\u00f6ren Kasabas\u0131\u2019nda bulunan mezarl\u0131kta Epipactis bithynica\u2019<\/strong><\/em>n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, zemine d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f nemli me\u015fe yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde g\u00f6steri\u015fli orkide t\u00fcrleri yeti\u015fmektedir. Bu mezarl\u0131kta ikinci bir endemik orkide Ophrys reinholdii<\/em> bulunmaktad\u0131r. (3) Ancak mezarl\u0131ktaki orkideler \u00e7ok tehlike alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Me\u015fe orman\u0131n\u0131n 1995\u2019de a\u00e7ma yap\u0131larak kesilmesi bu orkidelerin de yok olmas\u0131na giden s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eskiden mezarl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zdaki a\u011fa\u00e7lar kesilmez ve korunurdu. Son y\u0131llarda ekonomik nedenler ve odun elde edilmesi veya mezarl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fczenleme bahaneleriyle bu alanlardaki do\u011fal bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne m\u00fcdahale edilmekte, hatta mezarl\u0131klardaki bitkiler yak\u0131larak temizlenmektedir. Bu durum endemik orkidelerimizin son s\u0131\u011f\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla orkidelerimizin de yok olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelecektir. Mezarl\u0131klarda son y\u0131llarda yeni endemik orkideler de ke\u015ffedilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Konya-Ta\u015fkent yolu \u00fczerindeki bir kasaban\u0131n mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada sadece bu noktada yeti\u015fen endemik Epipactis densiflora <\/em>adl\u0131 bir orkide 2002\u2019de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu nadir orkidenin kaderi mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kaderine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Mezarl\u0131klar, hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n huzur buldu\u011fu mek\u00e2nlard\u0131r. Mezarl\u0131klar \u00f6lenlerimizin mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, Anadolu\u2019nun en bozulmam\u0131\u015f ve bakir kalm\u0131\u015f biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik alanlar\u0131d\u0131r da. Ne olur mezarl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131za dokunmay\u0131n, oralar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 gibi b\u0131rak\u0131n, kaybettiklerimizin ruhlar\u0131ndan par\u00e7alar ta\u015f\u0131yan, hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131 insan bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7i\u00e7eklenen orkidelerimize k\u0131ymay\u0131n!<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019nun di\u011fer y\u00f6relerinde de yeni endemik orkide ke\u015fifleri mezarl\u0131k alanlarda yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1997\u2019de Mersin\u2019de ke\u015ffedilen ve ad\u0131n\u0131 da bu ilimizin eski ad\u0131ndan alan \u0130\u00e7el orkidesi Ophrys iceliensis<\/strong>, <\/em>So\u011fucak dolay\u0131ndaki mezarl\u0131klarda bulunmu\u015ftur. Ama bu ilimizin en nadir endemik orkidelerinden biri G\u00fclnar dolay\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f \u0130saurya Devleti\u2019nden ismini alan Ophrys isaura<\/strong>\u2019<\/em>d\u0131r.<\/em> G\u00fclnar dolay\u0131ndaki \u00e7am ve me\u015fe ormanlar\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc nadir bir orkide t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fczd\u00fcr \u0130saurya orkidesi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Homeros ve Artemis\u2019le ada\u015f orkideler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizin en zengin orkide t\u00fcrlerine ev sahipli\u011fi yapan illerimizden birisi Mu\u011fla\u2019d\u0131r. Mu\u011fla dolay\u0131nda 70 farkl\u0131 orkide yeti\u015fmekte olup bu say\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye orkidelerinin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Son y\u0131llarda yeni lokal endemik t\u00fcrlerin ke\u015ffi de eklenince, Mu\u011fla orkidelerinin say\u0131s\u0131 daha da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1997\u2019de, Bodrum Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda, \u0130zmirli hem\u015ferimiz Homeros\u2019un ad\u0131 verilen Ophrys homeri<\/strong><\/em> ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Homeros\u2019un \u0130lyada<\/em> adl\u0131 eserini okuyanlar\u0131m\u0131z bilir; Homeros, tarihi olaylar\u0131 anlat\u0131rken olaylar\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi alanlar\u0131n floras\u0131 ve \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri hakk\u0131nda da bilgi verir, insan ili\u015fkilerini bitkilerin fizyolojik \u00f6zelliklerine benzetmeler yoluyla anlat\u0131r. K\u00f6r Ozan Homeros, \u00e7ok nadir bir orkideye ad\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fini duysayd\u0131 herhalde \u00e7ok mutlu olurdu. Beton y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n her y\u0131l yeni mevziler kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bodrum Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki Mandayla K\u00f6rfezi dolay\u0131nda Mandalya orkidesi Ophrys argolica <\/em>subsp. mandalyana<\/strong><\/em> ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Comperia comperiana<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

2007\u2019de Dalaman \u0130l\u00e7esi\u2019nin Ortaca dolay\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen endemik bir orkideye \u00f6yle g\u00fczel ve anlaml\u0131 bir isim verilmi\u015ftir ki \u00e7ok yak\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r bu orkide g\u00fczel ismiyle bu y\u00f6reye: Artemis orkidesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00a0Serapias vomeracea <\/em>subsp. artemisiae<\/strong><\/em>. Herhalde ke\u015ffeden botanik\u00e7i de \u00e2\u015f\u0131k olmu\u015ftur bu orkideye ve Tanr\u0131\u00e7a Artemis\u2019e benzetmi\u015ftir. Mu\u011fla y\u00f6resinde Artemis, antik\u00e7a\u011flarda \u00e7ok sevilen bir tanr\u0131\u00e7ayd\u0131. Artemis\u2019in de do\u011fum yeri olan Patara ve Letoon antik kentlerine yak\u0131n bir konumda bulunan Ortaca y\u00f6resinde ke\u015ffedilen orkideye tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131n verilerek onurland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 muhakkak pek mutlu etmi\u015ftir Artemis\u2019i. Antik\u00e7a\u011fda Karya olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Mu\u011fla\u2019da en \u00f6nemli tanr\u0131lar, Apollon, Artemis, Leto, Demeter, Afrodit, Asklepios, Dionysos\u2019tur. Yani s\u0131ras\u0131yla, G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Tanr\u0131 ve Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131, do\u011furan ve besleyen Anatanr\u0131\u00e7a, Ekili Alanlar\u0131n ve Ekinin Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131, A\u015fk Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131, Sa\u011fl\u0131k Tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve \u015earap Tanr\u0131s\u0131. Bu tanr\u0131 ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131n hemen hepsi bitkilerle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da, Karya b\u00f6lgesinden bahsederken Zeus inanc\u0131ndan bahsetmedi\u011fimizi arkeoloji uzmanlar\u0131 ve merakl\u0131lar\u0131 fark etmi\u015flerdir. Hatta Milas yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Euromos, Labranda ve Milassa\u2019da Zeus tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funun bilincinde olarak yazd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n eksik oldu\u011funu da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Zeus\u2019un yeri ba\u015fka! Onun ba\u015f\u0131na Karya\u2019da gelenler dudak u\u00e7uklatacak t\u00fcrdendir. Bulutlar dev\u015firen, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar sa\u00e7an, kasl\u0131 v\u00fccuduyla ve ceng\u00e2ver g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcyle korku salan Tanr\u0131lar Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Zeus\u2019a buralarda bir \u015feyler olmu\u015ftur: Deniz kavimlerinden Dorlar\u0131n M\u00d6 1200\u2019lerde y\u00f6reyi istila etmesiyle Karya\u2019da yerle\u015fik olan Anatanr\u0131\u00e7a inanc\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na kuzey halklar\u0131n\u0131n Ba\u015ftanr\u0131s\u0131 Zeus \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00f6reyi i\u015fgal eden Zeus yanl\u0131lar\u0131 kuvvet yoluyla da olsa bu tanr\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc Mu\u011fla y\u00f6resine yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ancak ba\u015fta da s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi y\u00f6re insan\u0131 ve inanc\u0131, hi\u00e7 de kavgac\u0131 ve \u015fiddete meyilli de\u011fildir. \u0130nanc\u0131 da hep \u0131\u015f\u0131k, a\u015fk, ekmek, \u015farap gibi insani kavramlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Karya insan\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131na i\u015flemi\u015ftir bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve insanc\u0131ll\u0131k. Ancak s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe, yaban\u0131l halklar istila etmi\u015ftir Karya\u2019y\u0131 ve Tanr\u0131lar\u0131 Zeus\u2019u dayatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r y\u00f6re halk\u0131na. Ba\u015flarda diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir yabanc\u0131 Tanr\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6re halk\u0131. Kendisi de bir Karyal\u0131 olan Heredotos, Kaunoslular\u0131n yabanc\u0131 Tanr\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: \u201cDaha sonra bunlar\u0131n gen\u00e7leri silahlan\u0131p m\u0131zraklar\u0131n\u0131 havada sallayarak Kalynda s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na dayand\u0131lar ve yabanc\u0131 tanr\u0131lar\u0131 kovduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler.\u201d (6) Ancak y\u00f6re, deniz halklar\u0131 ve kuzeylilerin istilas\u0131na u\u011fray\u0131nca isteksizce de olsa kendi panteonunun ba\u015f\u0131na koyuverir Karya insan\u0131 Zeus\u2019u. Ama ya ba\u015ftac\u0131 etti\u011fi Artemis, Afrodit ve Demeter ne olacakt\u0131r? Bin y\u0131llard\u0131r g\u00f6n\u00fcl verdi\u011fi, korku de\u011fil, sevgi \u00fcst\u00fcne ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131ndan vaz m\u0131 ge\u00e7ecektir? Hay\u0131r, kendi tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7emedi y\u00f6re halk\u0131; Zeus\u2019u kabul etti ama, onu \u00f6yle bir \u015fekle soktu ki tan\u0131yana a\u015fk olsun: Artemis\u2019in memelerini -belki de Mu\u011fla y\u00f6resinde de yo\u011fun olarak yeti\u015fen Anadolu\u2019nun memeli orkidesi Ophrys mammosa\u2019<\/em>n\u0131n da verdi\u011fi esinle- tak\u0131verdi Koca Zeus\u2019a. Art\u0131k o iriyar\u0131, hayvani g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Zeus gitmi\u015f, yerine do\u011furgan hatlara sahip han\u0131m han\u0131mc\u0131k bir Zeus gelmi\u015fti. \u00d6zellikle Milas yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Labranda\u2019da tapk\u0131 g\u00f6ren Zeus, y\u00f6re halk\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Artemis formuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. (7)<\/p>\n

Mu\u011fla\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde, Bafa G\u00f6l\u00fc ile Milas aras\u0131nda uzanan da\u011flar\u0131n ad\u0131 Be\u015fparmak Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Bu da\u011flar, be\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ta\u00e7 yaprakl\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri olan Ophrys <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fc orkideler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00e7ok zengindir. Ayr\u0131ca Be\u015fparmak Da\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerinde 1994\u2019de ke\u015ffedilen Paleolitik ma\u011fara resimlerinde be\u015f parmakl\u0131 el motifleri vard\u0131r. Antik Yunan\u2019da Artemis ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen Anadolu Anatanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Kibele\u2019nin simgesi be\u015f parmakl\u0131 eldir ve Tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n kutsal say\u0131s\u0131 da be\u015ftir. Be\u015fparmak Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hemen yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan Bafa G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde nadir bir orkide t\u00fcr\u00fc Ophrys lesbis<\/em> yeti\u015fir. Bafa G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn biraz kuzeyinde yer alan, Bodrum gibi e\u011flence ve turizm kaynakl\u0131 yap\u0131la\u015fma sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ku\u015fadas\u0131 dolay\u0131nda, 2005\u2019de Ku\u015fadas\u0131 orkidesi Ophrys gennari <\/em>subsp. kusadasiensis <\/strong><\/em>ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Yine \u0130zmir\u2019in turizm beldesi \u00c7e\u015fme \u0130l\u00e7esi\u2019nden bilimsel ad\u0131n\u0131 alan nadir bir orkide olan Ophrys attavira<\/em> subsp. cesmeensis <\/em><\/strong>(\u00c7e\u015fme orkidesi) son y\u0131llarda ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f olup, \u00c7e\u015fme Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Gerek Bodrum, gerek Ku\u015fadas\u0131, gerekse \u00c7e\u015fme dolay\u0131ndaki nadir bitki t\u00fcrleri ve endemik orkideler vah\u015fi bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131lan ve \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen her \u015feyi yutmak ve t\u00fcketmek isteyen bir varl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r: Homo sapiens<\/em>. (bildi\u011fimiz insan!)<\/p>\n

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Neottia nidusavis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hititlerin ba\u015fharfini g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcne kaz\u0131m\u0131\u015f orkideler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kilikya ve Hitit uygarl\u0131klar\u0131yla ilgilenenlerin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edemeyecekleri bir antik kent vard\u0131r Adana\u2019da. Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Hitit insan\u0131 Adana ve Toros Da\u011flar\u0131 b\u00f6lgesine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra da Ge\u00e7 Hitit devletleri ad\u0131 verilen devletleri olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fte Adana y\u00f6resinde de, Kral Asitawiyata<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netim merkezi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan, Toros Da\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ve Ceyhan Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Karatepe denen bir Hitit yerle\u015fim yeri 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Duvar kabartmalar\u0131ndan e\u011flenceye ve yeme-i\u00e7meye d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan bu Hitit yerle\u015fiminde 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda endemik bir orkide de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Hitit ya\u015fam alan\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen bu orkideye \u00e7ok isabetli bir se\u00e7imle Hitit orkidesi ad\u0131 verilerek Ophrys hittitica<\/strong><\/em> denilmi\u015ftir. Kim bilir belki de, e\u011flenmeye ve yeme-i\u00e7meye d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn Hitit insan\u0131 Hitit orkidesinden de salep elde etmi\u015fti. Adana y\u00f6resinde antik bir yerle\u015fim yeri olan, ancak \u00fczerindeki ka\u00e7ak yap\u0131la\u015fma i\u015fgali y\u00fcz\u00fcnden antik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda sorunlar ya\u015fanan Misis antik kenti \u00e7evresinde ve Ceyhan Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00c7ukurova y\u00f6resi ve civar\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc endemik bir orkide ya\u015far: Bilimsel ad\u0131n\u0131 Amanos Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan alan ve Adana, Hatay ve Mersin illeri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda do\u011fal olarak bulunmayan bu orkide Ophrys transshycana <\/em>subsp. Amanensis<\/strong><\/em>\u2019dir. (Amanos Da\u011flar\u0131 orkidesi)<\/p>\n

Hatay\u2019da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00f6nemli bir mesire yeri olan ve antik d\u00f6nemde Apollon\u2019a \u00f6zg\u00fclenen bilicilik merkezi Daphne bulunur. Daphne (Harbiye) g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ziyaret Da\u011flar\u0131 silsilesi i\u00e7inde kal\u0131r. Bu da\u011flar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de orkide t\u00fcrlerinin yo\u011fun olarak yeti\u015fti\u011fi be\u015f \u00f6nemli alandan birisidir. (3) Y\u00f6rede sekiz dolay\u0131nda endemik orkidenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 40 da endemik olmayan orkide yeti\u015fir. T\u00fcrkiye orkidelerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te birine yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 Hatay\u2019da g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Y\u00f6re Hitit ya\u015fam alan\u0131nda kalmakta olup 1993\u2019de Karatepe\u2019de ke\u015ffedilen Hitit orkidesi 1998\u2019de Antakya ile Alt\u0131n\u00f6z\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki yol dolaylar\u0131nda, buralardaki tarlalar aras\u0131nda da ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Hitit orkidesi ve \u00e7i\u00e7eklerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e bir \u201cH\u201d harfine benzer motif vard\u0131r. Sanki Hitit isminin ba\u015fharfini d\u00f6vme olarak g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcne kaz\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r bu narin orkidemiz, sizler kolayca tan\u0131yabilesiniz diye. Bu orkidemizin hemen yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda 12 orkide t\u00fcr\u00fc daha yeti\u015fir. Biraz daha g\u00fcneye gitti\u011finizde Alt\u0131n\u00f6z\u00fc \u0130l\u00e7esi dolay\u0131nda, zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ophrys transshyrcana<\/em> adl\u0131 orkideyi de g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Ancak 1992\u2019de ke\u015ffedilen, d\u00fcnyada sadece Hatay\u2019da yeti\u015fen ve bu ilimizin ismiyle an\u0131lan Antakya orkidesini (Ophrys antiochiana<\/strong>)<\/em> g\u00f6rmezseniz, g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcz arkada kalacakt\u0131r. \u00c7i\u00e7eklerinde bulunan ve Hitit orkidesindekinden daha k\u0131sa olan H harfi motifinin \u00fcst \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 daha k\u0131sa ve bazen boynuzu and\u0131r\u0131r bir bi\u00e7imdedir, alttaki kollar\u0131 g\u00f6rece daha uzundur. Bu motif \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bo\u011fa ba\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc vermektedir. Belki de bu orkide sahip oldu\u011fu desenlerinden dolay\u0131 Hitit \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda Hitit Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Te\u015fup\u2019un bo\u011falar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilen \u00e7i\u00e7eklerdendi. E\u011fer \u00f6yleyse, F\u0131rt\u0131na Tanr\u0131s\u0131\u2019na yap\u0131lan sunu ve dinsel t\u00f6renlerde bu orkidenin kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olma ihtimali de vard\u0131r. Bo\u011fa fig\u00fcr\u00fc her O. antiochiana<\/strong><\/em>\u2019da olu\u015fmamaktad\u0131r. Orkidede bo\u011fa ba\u015f\u0131 fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fmas\u0131 Hititler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli anlamlar i\u00e7eriyor olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hitit Hiyeroglif yaz\u0131s\u0131nda bo\u011fa ba\u015f\u0131 motifli ideogram MUVA sesini verir, Hitit Kral\u0131 Muwattali\u2019nin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve bu kral\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcrlerinde yer al\u0131r. (4) M\u00d6 1308-1285 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Muwattali i\u00e7in Hatay ili \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Zira Kizzuwatna ve Hatay topraklar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek Hatay\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde yer alan Kade\u015f\u2019te M\u00d6 1286\u2019da M\u0131s\u0131r Kral\u0131 Ramses\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc Kade\u015f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapan Muvattali bu sava\u015f\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hititlerde do\u011fal unsurlara bakmak suretiyle yap\u0131lan fallar ve bilicilik uygulamalar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yer tutuyordu. Hitit Kral\u0131 Muwattali Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazan\u0131p kazanmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenebilmek i\u00e7in Antakya orkidesinin yeti\u015fti\u011fi y\u00f6re olan -Antik Yunan\u2019da da \u00f6nemli bilicilik alanlar\u0131na sahip- Ziyaret Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda, bu orkidelerin kendi ideogram\u0131yla \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7\u0131p a\u00e7mad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 incelemi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Orkideler \u00fczerindeki MUVA ideogram\u0131n\u0131 (bo\u011fa ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131) g\u00f6r\u00fcnce, bunu Ramses\u2019in yenilgisi ve kendi zaferinin mu\u015ftusu olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f de olabilir. O zaman\u0131n Hatay inanc\u0131nda \u00f6nemli olan A\u015fk ve Sava\u015f Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 \u0130\u015ftar ile Te\u015fup Antakya orkidesinde yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fekillerle Hitit kral\u0131na zaferi \u00f6nceden bildirmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hatay\u2019da yeti\u015fen baz\u0131 Ophrys<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fc orkidelerin \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan \u015fekiller ile Hitit Hiyeroglif yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u201csevmek (sevgili)\u201d ideogram\u0131 aras\u0131nda da b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlikler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Hititlerin, bir \u015feyi elde edebilmek i\u00e7in bitkilerle b\u00fcy\u00fcsel uygulamalar yapt\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131tlar da vard\u0131r: Hitit d\u00f6neminde Kizzuwatna olarak bilinen Hatay-Adana y\u00f6resinin Kral\u0131 \u015euna\u015furra ile \u0130mparator Tuthalia aras\u0131nda imzalanan bir antla\u015fma metninde \u201cE\u011fer majeste, Sunasurra\u2019ya el\u00e7isini g\u00f6nderirse, \u015euna\u015f\u015fura herhangi bir \u015fekilde ona k\u00f6t\u00fc davranmas\u0131n. O, onu bitki b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fc yard\u0131m\u0131yla tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesin\u201d (5) denilmektedir. Hitit imparatoru, Hatay (Kizzuwatna=Kilikya) y\u00f6resinin kral\u0131n\u0131n, el\u00e7isine kar\u015f\u0131 bitki b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fc yap\u0131p onu tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesinden endi\u015felenmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Himantoglossum affine<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ilgaz Da\u011f\u0131\u2019nda kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za ay\u0131 da \u00e7\u0131kabilir, endemik orkide de\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

E\u011fer bahar sonu ve yaz ba\u015f\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Karadeniz\u2019e, Bolu\u2019ya ve Abant G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne yolunuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrseniz, g\u00f6l kenar\u0131nda iki endemik orkidenin \u00e7i\u00e7ekli halini g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Bu orkidelerin ikisi de \u00fclkemizin nadir t\u00fcrleridir. Bunlardan Dactylorhiza nieschalkiorum<\/em> g\u00f6l kenar\u0131ndaki nemli ve \u0131slak \u00e7ay\u0131rlarda yeti\u015fir. \u00dclkemizdeki en \u00f6nemli yeti\u015fme yerlerinden biri Abant G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019d\u00fcr. Ancak yo\u011fun bir insan bask\u0131s\u0131 tehdidi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. G\u00f6l kenar\u0131na yap\u0131lan tesis ve binalar, bitkinin yeti\u015fti\u011fi batakl\u0131k \u00e7ay\u0131rlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u00e7ay\u0131rlarda hayvan otlatmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Y\u00f6re insanlar\u0131 buraya gelen turistlere g\u00f6l \u00e7ay\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde atlarla gezinti yapt\u0131rmakta olup, nadir orkidelerimiz ayn\u0131 zamanda atlar taraf\u0131ndan da ezilmektedir. G\u00f6l kenar\u0131nda yeti\u015fen di\u011fer bir endemik orkide de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sadece Kastamonu ve Bolu\u2019dan bilinen Dactylorhiza bithynica<\/strong>\u2019<\/em>d\u0131r. Esasl\u0131 bir Karadeniz turu yapmaya karar vermi\u015fseniz, do\u011fuya giden yolunuzu Ilgaz Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7irmenizi \u00f6neririz. Y\u00f6re insanlar\u0131n\u0131n Ilgaz Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kastederek \u201cAy\u0131 da \u00e7\u0131kabilir, ta\u015f da d\u00fc\u015febilir\u201d \u015feklindeki uyar\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Buna ilave olarak bizim uyar\u0131m\u0131z da; \u201cEndemik bitkiler de aniden kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kabilir\u201d olacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer may\u0131s ay\u0131ndan sonra buralara yolunuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrseniz alacal\u0131 pembe \u00e7i\u00e7ekli Ilgaz Da\u011f\u0131 orkidesi Dactylorhiza ilgazica<\/strong><\/em> her an \u00e7i\u00e7ekli haliyle g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcze g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir! Ilgaz Da\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6nemli endemik bitki alanlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bu da\u011fda Ilgaz Da\u011f\u0131 orkidesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Epipactis turcica<\/strong><\/em> (T\u00fcrkiye orkidesi), Dactylorhiza bithynica<\/strong><\/em> (Bitinya orkidesi) ve Dactylorhiza nieschalkiorum<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 endemik orkide daha yeti\u015fir. \u201cIlgaz Anadolu\u2019nun sen y\u00fcce bir da\u011f\u0131s\u0131n, baharda yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde orkidelerin ba\u011f\u0131s\u0131n\u201d <\/em>diye t\u00fcrk\u00fc s\u00f6ylemeyi unutmay\u0131n, bu g\u00fczel da\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n nadir bitkilerini g\u00f6zlemlerken.<\/p>\n

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Anacamptis pyramidalis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cYine ye\u015fillendi f\u0131nd\u0131k dallar\u0131\u201d t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn gizli \u00f6znesi bir orkidedir!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kastamonu\u2019nun en kuzeyinde \u0130nebolu denen bir il\u00e7e bulunur, denizle sarma\u015f dola\u015f. Art\u0131k Karadeniz\u2019in mavisiyle bulu\u015fma zaman\u0131n\u0131z gelmi\u015ftir. Deniz ve ye\u015filin kucakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu g\u00fczelim il\u00e7emizin g\u00fczelli\u011fini per\u00e7inleyen, ad\u0131n\u0131 da tutkunu oldu\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019den alan ve yaz aylar\u0131nda ye\u015fil tonlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta oldu\u011fu \u00e7i\u00e7ekler a\u00e7an bir orkide yeti\u015fir buralarda: Epipactis pontica<\/strong><\/em>\u2019<\/strong>d\u0131r size \u0130nebolu\u2019da \u201cMerhaba!\u201d diyen. Ayn\u0131 orkide Karadeniz\u2019in di\u011fer illerinde de yeti\u015fen yayg\u0131n bir t\u00fcrd\u00fcr ve Sinop\u2019un Dura\u011fan \u0130l\u00e7esi dolay\u0131nda da bulunur. Ancak Sinop\u2019u ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131lan, 2007\u2019de bu ilimizin T\u00fcrkeli \u0130l\u00e7esi\u2019nin \u00e7evresinde ke\u015ffedilen, May\u0131s ay\u0131nda \u00e7i\u00e7eklenen ve y\u00f6renin antik d\u00f6nemdeki ad\u0131yla isimlendirilen Ophrys transhyrcana <\/em>subsp. Paphlagonica<\/strong><\/em>\u2019dir. (Paflagonya orkidesi) Bat\u0131 Karadeniz b\u00f6lgemizde nadir orkide t\u00fcrleri yeti\u015fmekle birlikte, \u00f6zellikle Kastamonu ve Bart\u0131n gibi y\u00f6relerde orkideler salep yap\u0131lmak \u00fczere do\u011fadan toplanmakta, hatta y\u00f6re pazarlar\u0131nda dahi sat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Bart\u0131n\u2019\u0131n Ulus il\u00e7esi k\u00f6ylerinde orkideler hem salep hem de ila\u00e7 yap\u0131m\u0131 amac\u0131yla toplanmakta, bu durum ise orkidelere zarar vermektedir. Ulus k\u00f6ylerinden toplanan salep yumrular\u0131 il\u00e7e merkezinde cuma g\u00fcnleri kurulan pazarda sat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. (8)<\/p>\n

Sinop\u2019un do\u011fusuna do\u011fru yolunuza devam etti\u011finizde, Samsun dolay\u0131nda Terme ile \u00c7ar\u015famba \u0130l\u00e7eleri aras\u0131nda 20 metrelik rak\u0131mda nadir bir orkide t\u00fcr\u00fc sizi kar\u015f\u0131layacakt\u0131r. Anadolu orkidesi diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu orkidenin bilimsel ad\u0131 Serapias anatolica<\/strong><\/em>\u2019d\u0131r. Daha do\u011fuya do\u011fru Ordu kar\u015f\u0131lar sizi f\u0131nd\u0131k bah\u00e7eleriyle. Ordunun derelerinin yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru ak\u0131p akmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yerinde g\u00f6rmenin zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015ftir. Ulubey, \u00dcnye ve G\u00f6lk\u00f6y \u0130l\u00e7eleri\u2019ne nisan ve may\u0131s aylar\u0131nda bir \u015fekilde yolunuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcn. F\u0131nd\u0131k bah\u00e7eleriyle donanm\u0131\u015f, hayallerini f\u0131nd\u0131\u011fa ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f y\u00f6re insan\u0131, asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok nadir olan ve d\u00fcnyada sadece Ordu\u2019da bulunan bir orkide t\u00fcr\u00fc ile i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015far. Hatta bazen f\u0131nd\u0131k a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda da \u00e7i\u00e7eklenen bu nadir orkide t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 Ophrys karadenizensis<\/strong><\/em>\u2019tir. Ne de yak\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r Ordu\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc Karadeniz orkidesine bu isim, onu ke\u015ffedip bu ismi koyana helal olsun! \u201cYine ye\u015fillendi f\u0131nd\u0131k dallar\u0131\u201d t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, f\u0131nd\u0131k a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde \u00e7i\u00e7eklendi\u011finden gizli \u00f6zne olan Karadeniz orkidesi de bulunur. F\u0131nd\u0131klar ye\u015fillendi\u011finde, y\u00f6re insan\u0131n\u0131n da i\u00e7i c\u0131v\u0131l c\u0131v\u0131l olur, Karadeniz kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131d\u0131r asl\u0131nda bu. \u201cAcep ne olacak Karadeniz orkidesinin hallar\u0131\u201d, ne zaman t\u00fcrk\u00fclerde s\u00f6ylenecek, f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bitkisi pek de tan\u0131nmayan Ordu\u2019nun orkidesi nas\u0131l tan\u0131nacak?<\/p>\n

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Ophrys argolica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sadece bat\u0131 illerimizde de\u011fil, Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgemizde de mevcut orkide zenginliklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yeni endemik orkide t\u00fcrleri de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. 1990\u2019da Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Kulp \u0130l\u00e7esi dolay\u0131nda Ophrys aramaeorum<\/em>\u2019dan sonra ayn\u0131 il\u00e7ede 2006\u2019da Ophrys aramaeorum <\/em>subsp. akcakarae<\/em> adl\u0131 nadir bir endemik orkide daha ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Ancak Kulp\u2019taki endemik orkidelerden baz\u0131s\u0131 tehlike alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Ophrys bornmuelleri <\/em>subsp. carduchorum<\/em> Kulp dolay\u0131nda yeti\u015fen ancak tehlike alt\u0131nda olan endemik orkidelerdendir. Van \u0130li\u2019nde, Ba\u015fkale ile Ho\u015fap \u0130l\u00e7eleri aras\u0131nda \u00c7uhgedi\u011fi ad\u0131nda 2200 m y\u00fckseklikte bir ge\u00e7it bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu ge\u00e7idi ilgin\u00e7 k\u0131lan bir nokta, d\u00fcnyada sadece bu ge\u00e7idin oldu\u011fu alanda ya\u015fayabilen \u00c7uhgedi\u011fi orkidesi Dactylorhiza chuensis<\/strong><\/em>\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Dactylorhiza<\/em> cins isminin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e anlam\u0131 \u201cel gibi, ele benzeyen, el gibi par\u00e7al\u0131\u201d d\u0131r. Sizler, \u00c7uhgedi\u011fi orkidesi gibi tehlike alt\u0131nda olan gariban orkidelerimizin size do\u011fru a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00e7i\u00e7ekli elinden tutar m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z, onlar\u0131 yok olmaktan kurtar\u0131r m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) A. Kandemir, O. Beyzao\u011flu; \u201cK\u00f6se Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane) T\u0131bbi ve Ekonomik Bitkileri\u201d, SD\u00dc Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi<\/em>, 6-3 (2002).<\/p>\n

2) Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, 07\/01\/2006.<\/p>\n

3) C. A. J. Kreutz, Die Orchideen der T\u00fcrkei<\/em>, B. J. Seckel, Raalte, Netherland, 1998.<\/p>\n

4) Ekrem Akurgal; Hatti ve Hitit Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131<\/em>, Ya\u015far E\u011fitim ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr Vakf\u0131, \u0130zmir, 1995<\/p>\n

5) G\u00fcng\u00f6r Karau\u011fuz, Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y ve Ugarit \u00c7ivi Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Belgelerine G\u00f6re Hitit Devletinin Siyasi Antla\u015fma Metinleri<\/em>, \u00c7izgi Kitabevi, Konya, 2002.<\/p>\n

6) Baki \u00d6\u011f\u00fcn, Cengiz I\u015f\u0131k, Kaunos, Orkun&Ozan Medya Hizmetleri A\u015e, Antalya, 2001.<\/p>\n

7) Bilal S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, Celal \u015eim\u015fek, Asuman Bald\u0131ran, \u201cLabraunda A\u00e7\u0131k Hava K\u00fclt Alan\u0131\u201d, T\u00dcBA-AR, T\u00fcrkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi<\/em>, No: 5, 2002.<\/p>\n

8) Solmaz Karaba\u015fa, Ay\u015fe Mine Gen\u00e7ler \u00d6zkan; K\u00fcre Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Bilgisi<\/em>, Ulus A\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u00e7er\u00e7i, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u00e7er\u00e7i K\u00f6y\u00fc G\u00fczelle\u015ftirme Derne\u011fi, 2009<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Orkideler Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda, tav\u015fan topu\u011fu, kelebek, ar\u0131 selefi, ar\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, kedi g\u00f6z\u00fc, kedi kula\u011f\u0131 gibi yerel isimler ta\u015f\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda bu isimlendirmelerin nedeni olan benze\u015fmeler, orkide t\u00fcrleri taraf\u0131ndan tozla\u015fma ve d\u00f6llenme amac\u0131yla milyonlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r geli\u015ftirilen, orkidelerin hayvanlar\u0131 taklit etme \u00f6zelliklerinden kaynaklan\u0131r. Kendilerini ar\u0131lara ve kelebeklere benzetip, hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00f6ceklere \u00f6zg\u00fc kokular da yay\u0131p \u00e7iftle\u015fmek isteyen b\u00f6cekleri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":55,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[109,21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-72-sayi","category-biyoloji"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t