{"id":10360,"date":"2014-12-01T13:09:08","date_gmt":"2014-12-01T11:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=10360"},"modified":"2018-04-20T12:44:27","modified_gmt":"2018-04-20T09:44:27","slug":"vals-yapan-polipeptitlerin-yaninda-bul-beni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/12\/01\/vals-yapan-polipeptitlerin-yaninda-bul-beni","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Vals yapan polipeptitlerin yan\u0131nda bul beni\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu bilim merkezinde isteyen diskotekte dans eder, isteyen a\u011fa\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda do\u011fa y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yapar; \u00f6nemli olan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, varolu\u015fun s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye g\u00f6n\u00fcl verenlerle hep beraber \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunabilmek. Bilim kahramanlar\u0131mdan Watson\u2019un bir skandalla emekliye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na \u00fcz\u00fclsem de, biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n huzur i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fru olan ad\u0131m\u0131n at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na da bir o kadar seviniyorum.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trenimin kalkmas\u0131na 15 dakika kalm\u0131\u015f, ama ben de kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m misafirhanenin kap\u0131s\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f\u0131m. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir panikle g\u00fcvenli\u011fin numaras\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirip yard\u0131m istiyorum: \u201cKald\u0131\u011f\u0131m binan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorum, \u00e7ok acelem var, \u00fc\u00e7 katl\u0131 bir bina, yan\u0131nda denize bakan bir gazebo var\u201d s\u00f6zlerime g\u00fcvenlik g\u00f6revlisi bayg\u0131n bir ses tonuyla cevap veriyor \u201cburadaki b\u00fct\u00fcn binalar \u00f6yle han\u0131mefendi binan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenin sonra tekrar aray\u0131n\u201d. Sonra bende pani\u011fin verdi\u011fi bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k yan\u0131yor: \u201cVals yapan polipeptitlerin oraday\u0131m\u201d. Telefondaki ses birden s\u0131cakla\u015f\u0131yor: \u201cAaa \u00f6yle desenize, tamam, nerede oldu\u011funuzu anlad\u0131m, hemen geliyorum!\u201d.<\/p>\n

New York \u015fehrinin trenle bir saat kadar kuzeyinde, yemye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 minik tepelerle \u00e7evrili, deniz kenar\u0131nda kurulu Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories (So\u011fuk Su Kayna\u011f\u0131 Liman\u0131 Laboratuarlar\u0131), k\u0131sa ad\u0131 ile CSHL\u2019de idim son birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn. \u015eehrin trafik g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc ve mazot kokusundan sonra ila\u00e7 gibi gelen bu ziyaret i\u00e7in biyolojik veri y\u00f6netimi \u00fczerine bir konferansta sunum yapma bahanem vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Benim i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fc kurtaran \u201cvals yapan polipeptitler\u201d, ilham\u0131n\u0131 ribozomlardan alm\u0131\u015f bir heykelin ad\u0131. Ribozomlar sadece elektron mikroskobu ile g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen, h\u00fccrelerimizin i\u00e7inde protein sentezine \u00f6n ayak olan minik organeller. Heykel tek bir tane proteinin ribozomlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretimini simgeliyor; bu minnac\u0131k ama ya\u015fam i\u00e7in kritik i\u015flemin heykeli ise i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fcyebilece\u011fimiz kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck!<\/p>\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu biyolog ve do\u011fa bilimcileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 Darwin\u2019in evrim teorisi \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flar. Bu sebeple genellikle \u00e7e\u015fitli hayvanlar\u0131n ve bitkilerin bol oldu\u011fu deniz kenar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde laboratuar in\u015fa etme furyas\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. CSHL de bu ak\u0131m\u0131n etkisi ile Brooklyn Sanat ve Bilim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences) taraf\u0131ndan New York eyaletinin Long Island (uzun ada) k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f ve 1890\u2019da derslere ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f. \u0130lk kurulu\u015f amac\u0131 lise ve \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011fretim g\u00f6revlilerine deniz biyolojisi \u00fczerine e\u011fitim vermekmi\u015f. Lakin \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde bir genetik bilimleri ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, Harvard \u00dcniversitesi evrim biyolojisi profes\u00f6r\u00fc Charles Davenport 1898\u2019de CSHL\u2019in ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak atanm\u0131\u015f. Tam da o esnada Gregor Mendel\u2019in bitkilerde kal\u0131t\u0131m \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar tekrar \u00f6nem kazanmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yormu\u015f ve Davenport da CSHL\u2019de bir genetik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 program\u0131 kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6nayak olmu\u015f. Hatta Mendel\u2019in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n tekrar \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olan \u00fc\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131dan biri olan Hugo de Vries genetik program\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

\"\"
CSHL’de limana bakan bir gazebo’da sabah kahvesi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

K\u0131sa bir zaman \u00f6ncesine kadar, CSHL\u2019in ba\u015fkan\u0131 James Watson idi. Hani DNA\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ikili sarmaldan olu\u015ftu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan ve bu sayede 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda Francis Crick ve Maurice Wilkins ile Fizyoloji ya da T\u0131p alan\u0131nda Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc payla\u015fan me\u015fhur bilim insan\u0131 James Watson.<\/p>\n

1993\u2019de T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilen \u201c\u0130kili sarmal: DNA Yap\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d isimli kitab\u0131nda Watson Crick ile beraber bulu\u015fa yol a\u00e7an maceralar\u0131n\u0131 yal\u0131n ama heyecanl\u0131 bir dille anlat\u0131r (\u0130ngilizcesi: The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA). Bu kitap benim genetik bilimi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma karar\u0131 almamda b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O nedenle Watson\u2019un 39 y\u0131l ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 CSHL\u2019e bir biliminsan\u0131 olarak kat\u0131lmak, gen\u00e7lik r\u00fcyalar\u0131mdan birisini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Hatta ayr\u0131nt\u0131ya girecek olursak, daha k\u0131sa erkek kesimi sa\u00e7l\u0131, vatka omuzlu tulum modas\u0131na ayak uydurmu\u015f bir ortaokul \u00f6\u011frencisi iken Adapazar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel Akyaz\u0131-Akbal\u0131k ya\u011fl\u0131 g\u00fcre\u015flerinde (babam o y\u0131l g\u00fcre\u015f a\u011fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in) bir punduna getirilerek kendimi er meydan\u0131na kurulu bir g\u00fczellik yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 j\u00fcrisinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, \u201cileride ne olacaks\u0131n?\u201d sorusu ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulmu\u015f, yo\u011fun ay\u00e7i\u00e7ek ya\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7imen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kokunun da tesiri ile \u201csald\u0131r ya da ka\u00e7\u201d moduna girmi\u015f ve James Watson\u2019dan okuduklar\u0131m\u0131n da etkisiyle \u201cGenetik M\u00fchendisi olaca\u011f\u0131m!\u201d diye atlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. J\u00fcri \u00fcyeleri de uzun kahkahalarla g\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Bu ziyaretten sonra ey j\u00fcri, \u015fimdi de h\u00e2l\u00e2 g\u00fcl\u00fcyor musun diyebilece\u011fim art\u0131k eski Ye\u015fil\u00e7am filmlerinin kahramanlar\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n

Elbette o zamanlar genetik bilimi, Watson ve Crick benim i\u00e7in Yunan mitolojilerindeki \u00f6yk\u00fcler gibi eri\u015filmez g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Mesela Watson\u2019un ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131nda etkin olan ve bilim kulislerinde bolca anekdota yol a\u00e7an akl\u0131na gelenleri pat diye ortal\u0131k yerde s\u00f6yleme huyunun, ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7ok da i\u015fler a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyordum. Oysa Watson, en sonunda Londra\u2019daki The Times<\/em> gazetesinde yay\u0131nlanan bir yorumu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden 39 y\u0131ld\u0131r ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu CSHL\u2019den 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda emekli olmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Watson\u2019a atfedilen s\u00f6zler kabaca T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evirecek olursak \u015f\u00f6yleydi \u201cAfrika\u2019n\u0131n gelece\u011fi hakk\u0131nda karamsar\u0131m \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn sosyal politikalar\u0131m\u0131z onlar\u0131n bizim kadar ak\u0131ll\u0131 olduklar\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulu- ama b\u00fct\u00fcn testlerimiz bunun aksini g\u00f6steriyor. B\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n e\u015fit olmas\u0131n\u0131 arzuluyoruz ama siyah g\u00f6revliler ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan herkes bunun ger\u00e7ek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011freniyor\u201d. Bu skandal\u0131n en enteresan taraf\u0131 ise birka\u00e7 ay sonra patlak verecek, DNA dizilimi ilk \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclen insanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen Watson\u2019un DNA\u2019s\u0131 \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, kendisinin ortalama bir beyaz k\u00f6kenli insandan 16 kat daha fazla Afrika k\u00f6kenli gene sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterecekti.<\/p>\n

\u0130zlandal\u0131 Kari Stefansson ve grubu taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan hesaba g\u00f6re Watson\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck-b\u00fcy\u00fck anne ya da babalar\u0131ndan birisinin Afrika k\u00f6kenli olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksekti. \u201cBir damla\u201d Afrika kan\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yanlar\u0131n k\u0131sa bir zaman \u00f6ncesine kadar ABD\u2019de siyah ve dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hat\u0131rlan\u0131rsa, DNA\u2019n\u0131n \u015fifresini \u00e7\u00f6zen m\u00fcthi\u015f biliminsan\u0131 ve siyahlar\u0131n daha az ak\u0131ll\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddia etti\u011fi varsay\u0131lan Watson da, bir \u201csiyah\u201dt\u0131. \u0130zlandal\u0131 biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fruluk olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Watson\u2019un aile tarih\u00e7esi dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa da, bu skandal\u0131n genetik bilimine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 inan\u0131lmaz katk\u0131lara ra\u011fmen Watson ismi ile an\u0131msanmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Nitekim ABD\u2019nin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilimsel ortam\u0131nda Watson\u2019un bu patavats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden CSHL\u2019den emekliye ayr\u0131lmaya zorlanmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Ziyaretim s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frendim ki d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sayg\u0131de\u011fer kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan olan CSHL, t\u00fcm sessiz sakinli\u011fine ra\u011fmen gen\u00e7 biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp i\u00e7erisine bir de diskotek kurmu\u015f! Konferanstaki \u201cdiskotek gecesi\u201dne kat\u0131lamasam da, sonradan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fime g\u00f6re en \u00e7ok dans eden gen\u00e7ler de\u011fil, konferans\u0131n davetli \u201ckeynote\u201d konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapan bayan profes\u00f6r olmu\u015f (!) \u0130\u015fte d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinden biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc din, dil, \u0131rk, k\u0131yafeti temsil edenlerin e\u015fit, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca \u00f6nyarg\u0131lardan uzakta bilim odakl\u0131 bir araya geldi\u011fi bir bilim merkezi. \u0130steyen diskotekte dans eder, isteyen a\u011fa\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda do\u011fa y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yapar; \u00f6nemli olan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, varolu\u015fun s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye g\u00f6n\u00fcl verenlerle hep beraber \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunabilmek. Bilim kahramanlar\u0131mdan Watson\u2019un b\u00f6yle bir skandalla emekliye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na \u00fcz\u00fclsem de, biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n huzur i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fru olan ad\u0131m\u0131n at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na da bir o kadar seviniyorum.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu bilim merkezinde isteyen diskotekte dans eder, isteyen a\u011fa\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda do\u011fa y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yapar; \u00f6nemli olan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, varolu\u015fun s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye g\u00f6n\u00fcl verenlerle hep beraber \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunabilmek. Bilim kahramanlar\u0131mdan Watson\u2019un bir skandalla emekliye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na \u00fcz\u00fclsem de, biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n huzur i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fru olan ad\u0131m\u0131n at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na da bir o kadar seviniyorum. Trenimin kalkmas\u0131na 15 dakika […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":555,"featured_media":23830,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[167,744,21],"tags":[482,292,2935],"class_list":["post-10360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-130-sayi","category-bilumum-bilim","category-biyoloji","tag-bilim","tag-genetik","tag-polipeptit"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t