{"id":10368,"date":"2014-12-01T20:38:57","date_gmt":"2014-12-01T18:38:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=10368"},"modified":"2018-04-20T12:19:23","modified_gmt":"2018-04-20T09:19:23","slug":"lamarck-ve-evrim-kurami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/12\/01\/lamarck-ve-evrim-kurami","title":{"rendered":"Lamarck ve evrim kuram\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kimilerine g\u00f6re Lamarck, Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc de\u011fildir, iki do\u011fa bilgini aras\u0131nda tam bir kopukluk vard\u0131r; ama ba\u015fkalar\u0131na g\u00f6re de Darwin, e\u011fer sa\u011flam bir kuram yaratabilmi\u015f ise, bunu ancak Lamarck\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fedi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel zeminden faydalanarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmi\u015ftir. Lamarck\u2019\u0131n do\u011fa bilimleri tarihinde yeri nedir? Kuram\u0131 pek \u00e7ok hata i\u00e7erdi\u011fi halde, t\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fumunu a\u00e7\u0131klayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri neden h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6nemlidir?<\/em><\/p>\n

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Kimilerine g\u00f6re Lamarck ile Darwin aras\u0131nda tam bir kopukluk vard\u0131r; ama ba\u015fkalar\u0131na g\u00f6re de Darwin, e\u011fer sa\u011flam bir kuram yaratabilmi\u015f ise, bunu ancak Lamarck\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fedi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel zeminden faydalanarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmi\u015ftir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Charles Darwin\u2019in ismi evrim kuram\u0131 ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu konuya ilgi duyanlar, Alfred Russel Wallace\u2019\u0131 da kuram\u0131n \u00f6teki geli\u015ftiricisi olarak anmay\u0131 ihmal etmezler. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ise s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilir, veya hat\u0131rlansa da hatal\u0131 bir evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olarak tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Oysa canl\u0131lar\u0131n evrimle\u015fmesini bilimsel bir kuram ile a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk ki\u015fi olmas\u0131yla Lamarck, modern biyolojik evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda fevkalade \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Bu do\u011fa bilginine yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n haddi hesab\u0131 yoktur asl\u0131nda. Evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011ferlendirmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, kendisine egzotik, mistik, bilimd\u0131\u015f\u0131, toplumdan kopuk, naif ve tarihin lanetli do\u011fa bilgini yaftas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda sadece \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, sonradan gelen nesillerin de pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Fakat ne ilgin\u00e7tir ki Zoolojik Felsefe<\/em>\u2019nin yay\u0131mlan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana 200 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcrenin ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Lamarck\u2019\u0131n evrimsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131, tarih\u00e7iler ve filozoflar\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 me\u015fgul etmekte ve modern biyolojinin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeniden yorumlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kimilerine g\u00f6re Lamarck, Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc de\u011fildir, iki do\u011fa bilgini aras\u0131nda tam bir kopukluk vard\u0131r; ama ba\u015fkalar\u0131na g\u00f6re de Darwin, e\u011fer sa\u011flam bir kuram yaratabilmi\u015f ise, bunu ancak Lamarck\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fedi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel zeminden faydalanarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmi\u015ftir. Lamarck\u2019\u0131n do\u011fa bilimleri tarihinde yeri nedir? Kuram\u0131 pek \u00e7ok hata i\u00e7erdi\u011fi halde, t\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fumunu a\u00e7\u0131klayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri neden h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6nemlidir? Bu sorulara yan\u0131t aramadan \u00f6nce, yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bu ilk k\u0131sm\u0131nda, pek de s\u0131k hik\u00e2ye edilmeyen Lamarck\u2019\u0131n hayat \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaleme alal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

1744 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Kuzey Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Picardie b\u00f6lgesinde do\u011far Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Antoine de Monet, \u015e\u00f6valye de la Marck. Asker gelene\u011finden gelen, \u015feceresi babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan eski Frans\u0131z kraliyetine kadar uzanan, soylu fakat herhangi bir servetten mahrum, fakirle\u015fmi\u015f bir ailenin on birinci evlad\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131rsal bir ortamda ge\u00e7er \u00e7ocukluk y\u0131llar\u0131. On bir ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde, ailesi taraf\u0131ndan Amiens\u2019deki cizvit kolejine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bulur kendini: Collegium Societatis Jesu. Alt\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca, yar\u0131 yoksulluk i\u00e7inde, kat\u0131 ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z, fakat \u00f6te yandan sa\u011flam bir dini ve bilimsel e\u011fitim al\u0131r bu okulda. Ancak ba\u015fka diyarlardad\u0131r gen\u00e7 Jean-Baptiste\u2019in tomurcuklanan akl\u0131: Askeri harek\u00e2tlarda, muharebe meydanlar\u0131nda, s\u00fcvari birliklerinde, a\u011fabeylerinin a\u011fz\u0131ndan defalarca dinledi\u011fi o kahramanl\u0131k \u00f6yk\u00fclerinde. \u0130\u00e7i i\u00e7ini yer bu kolejde, hi\u00e7 de hevesli de\u011fildir hayat\u0131n\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan Kilisesi\u2019ne adamaya. Sonunda raz\u0131 eder annesini (babas\u0131 1760\u2019ta \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr) ve 17 ya\u015f\u0131na gelince Amiens cizvit kolejini terk eder.<\/p>\n

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Lamarck\u2019\u0131n Charles Thevenin taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f portresi (1802).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fazla zaman ge\u00e7meden, bir aile dostunun yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tavsiye mektubu sayesinde, Vestfalya\u2019da Lippstadt dolaylar\u0131nda (Hannover\u2019\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 km g\u00fcneyinde) konu\u015flanm\u0131\u015f Frans\u0131z ordusunun bir ileri birli\u011fine kat\u0131l\u0131r ve Prusyal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131r bulur kendini. Meydan muharebesinde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kahramanca tutumu, silah arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu kadar \u00fcstlerinin de sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 uyand\u0131r\u0131r; te\u011fmenli\u011fe terfi eder, bir ay sonra da y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011fa. Daha sonraki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda da ortaya koyar cesur ve azimli karakterini. T\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019da 600 bin ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olmu\u015f, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcp ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi en \u00e7etin sava\u015flardan biridir Yedi Y\u0131l Sava\u015f\u0131…<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n sona ermesiyle, Frans\u0131z ordular\u0131 \u00fclkeye geri \u00e7ekilir ve 1763-1764 k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle birlikte, hayat\u0131n\u0131n be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irece\u011fi G\u00fcney Fransa\u2019ya ve nihayetinde Monaco garnizonuna sevk edilir y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 de La Marck. Kuzeyin puslu, so\u011fuk ve nemli manzaras\u0131, g\u00fcneyin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa kesmi\u015f, reng\u00e2renk bir bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcyle bezenmi\u015f do\u011fas\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131r yerini. Hayata tekrar do\u011far La Marck bu \u0131l\u0131man ve davetk\u00e2r iklimde. G\u00fcnlerin bo\u015fa harcand\u0131\u011f\u0131 garnizon ya\u015fam\u0131na ke\u015fif y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerini ye\u011f tutar, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r ka\u00e7ar da\u011f patikalar\u0131na, ke\u00e7iyollar\u0131n\u0131 ar\u015f\u0131nlar, akl\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eler nas\u0131l olmu\u015f da o ana kadar hi\u00e7 tan\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitkiler d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n bollu\u011fu ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi. Pek ge\u00e7mez, bitki koleksiyonculu\u011funa soyunur. Zaman\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00f6zde botanik kitaplar\u0131ndan biri olan Ola\u011fan Bitkilerin Tarih\u00e7esinin \u00d6zeti<\/em>\u2019ni Paris\u2019ten \u0131smarlar getirtir, bu iki ciltlik eseri kolunun alt\u0131na yerle\u015ftirip b\u00f6lgenin floras\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffine \u00e7\u0131kar, at s\u0131rt\u0131nda veya yayan…<\/p>\n

\u015eubat 1768\u2019e gelindi\u011finde, sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 askerlik mesle\u011fine son vermi\u015f olarak, Picardie\u2019deki baba evinde bulur kendini. Yirmi d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131nda, d\u00f6n\u00fcp dola\u015f\u0131p ayn\u0131 noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hayat \u00e7emberinin, fakat ba\u015fka bir insand\u0131r \u015fimdi La Marck, ya\u015fl\u0131 annesinin art\u0131k yaln\u0131z ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu evde… Ruhu ve bedeni salah bulur kuzeyin sisli ve kara topraklar\u0131nda. A\u011fabeyi Louis-Philippe ara s\u0131ra ziyaretlerine gelir. Bir defas\u0131nda Paris yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki malik\u00e2nesine davet eder karde\u015fini. B\u00f6ylece bir y\u0131la yak\u0131n misafir kal\u0131r Jean-Baptiste a\u011fabeyinde. Raflar\u0131n kitaplarla c\u00f6mert\u00e7e donat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 malik\u00e2ne k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinde ayd\u0131nl\u0131k bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131verir kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; bir bir sindirir okudu\u011fu her sayfay\u0131, ruhunu besler, bir entelekt\u00fcel a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na… Voltaire, Rousseau, de Condillac ve di\u011ferleri ummad\u0131k felsefi perspektifler serer g\u00f6zlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne; Diderot, Condorcet, d\u2019Alembert ve Buffon\u2019un e\u015fli\u011finde yeni bilimsel ger\u00e7eklere ula\u015f\u0131r, sorgulamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir. Kilise\u2019nin yan\u0131lmazl\u0131k ilkesini bir yana iter, do\u011fmakta olan yeni bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ilk esintilerini duyumsar.<\/p>\n

Paris, o zamanlar, bilgiye, bilime ve felsefeye susam\u0131\u015f her insan i\u00e7in muazzam bir cazibe unsurudur. 1770 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r Lamarck ve gider yerle\u015fir 600 bin ki\u015finin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc ama o kadar da kahredici kente. Askerden ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan maa\u015f\u0131 yetmez buradaki devingen hayat tarz\u0131na, meteli\u011fe kur\u015fun atar. Bir y\u0131l boyunca, bir bankada muhasebeci olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kal\u0131r. Ancak Kuzey Fransa\u2019daki aile evinin sat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine belli bir miktar para ge\u00e7er eline ki, ona g\u00fcvenerek, bankadaki i\u015finden ayr\u0131l\u0131r, evini bo\u015falt\u0131r ve kentin \u00f6nemli bir entelekt\u00fcel merkezi olan Quartier Latin\u2019e (Latin Mahalesi\u2018ne) ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kraliyet bah\u00e7esi ve Buffon<\/strong><\/p>\n

Takvimler Ekim 1772\u2019yi g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde, La Marck, yeni a\u00e7\u0131lan T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ne kayd\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6rt sene boyunca, patoloji, fizyoloji, farmakoloji ve cerrahi derslerini takip edecektir. K\u0131t kanaat ge\u00e7inir. Bir aralar, \u00fcnl\u00fc do\u011fa bilgini Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon\u2019un idaresinde se\u00e7kin bir bilim merkezi haline gelmi\u015f olan Kraliyet Bah\u00e7esi\u2019nin Do\u011fa Tarihi Ofisi\u2019ni ziyaret eder. Deniz kabuklular\u0131, yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar\u0131, tatl\u0131 ve tuzlu su canl\u0131lar\u0131, kara hayvanlar\u0131, t\u00fcm Avrupa ve tropiklerden, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir ucundan dev\u015firilmi\u015f ku\u015flar, b\u00f6cekler, bitki ve \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri; ayr\u0131ca k\u0131ymetli ta\u015f, mineral ve fosilleri ile b\u00fcy\u00fclenir La Marck bu sihirli mek\u00e2nda.<\/p>\n

Kraliyet Bah\u00e7esi\u2019nin Botanik Okulu\u2019nun m\u00fcdavimi haline gelir. Orada bir defas\u0131nda, tesad\u00fcf budur ya, Jean-Jacques Rousseau ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r, tan\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Botanik \u00fczerine sohbetleri yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r ve ilerleyen g\u00fcnlerde tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler. Art\u0131k aylar ge\u00e7er ve birlikte, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre\u2019in de e\u015fli\u011finde, ke\u015fif gezilerine \u00e7\u0131karlar: Paris ve \u00e7evresindeki a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, bitkileri, \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri incelemekten hazzeder hepsi. Rousseau\u2019nun baz\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, La Marck\u2019\u0131n y\u0131llar sonra geli\u015ftirece\u011fi evrim kuram\u0131na yans\u0131yacakt\u0131r. Ancak ke\u015fif gezileri birbirini izledik\u00e7e, La Marck, Rousseau\u2019dan s\u0131k\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar. Bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ve beklentileri farkl\u0131d\u0131r: Rousseau, bir herbaryum yaratmak pe\u015finde, oysa La Marck, daha bilimsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m ve anlay\u0131\u015f g\u00fctmekte, ayr\u0131ca sadece bitkiler d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 anlamak de\u011fil, t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck tablosunu alg\u0131laman\u0131n pe\u015findedir.<\/p>\n

Bir s\u00fcre sonra, Jean-Guillaume Brugui\u00e8re ile tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 La Marck\u2019\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bu adam, bir kabuklu deniz hayvanlar\u0131 tutkunudur ve onun bu merak\u0131 La Marck\u2019a bula\u015f\u0131r. G\u00fcnlerini ve gecelerini ge\u00e7irirler birlikte bu muhte\u015fem varl\u0131klar\u0131 incelemekle; konuda uzmanla\u015f\u0131rlar, bir koleksiyon olu\u015ftururlar. Ve b\u00f6ylece La Marck, a\u011f\u0131rdan almaya ba\u015flar t\u0131p e\u011fitimini g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e…<\/p>\n

Kraliyet Bah\u00e7esi\u2019nde verilen derslerin co\u015fkulu ve tutkulu kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r art\u0131k, ve, fazla zaman ge\u00e7mez, hocalar\u0131, bu merakl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencilerini \u00fcnl\u00fc Buffon Kontu ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. La Marck, himayesi alt\u0131na girebilece\u011fini hissetti\u011fi forslu Buffon\u2019a, az bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Atmosferin Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Olaylar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda bir \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Raporu<\/em>\u2019nu sunar. La Marck\u2019\u0131n, bu noktada, botanik \u00fczerine de\u011fil de atmosferik olaylar\u0131 konu eden bir esere imza atmas\u0131, kariyeri boyunca tak\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 bilimsel tutumu \u00e7ok iyi \u00f6rnekler: Meteorolojinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, daha sonralar\u0131 da fizik, astronomi, kimya hatta psikoloji gibi birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 alanlara el atacak ve bunlar\u0131n her birinin i\u015fleyi\u015fini temel ilkeler baz\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klayan kapsaml\u0131 \u2018sistem\u2019ler in\u015fa etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonraki y\u0131llar, hem \u00f6zel hayat\u0131 hem de bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayli elveri\u015fli olur. 1777 ilkbahar\u0131nda, resmi bir nik\u00e2h k\u0131y\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmasa da, hayat arkada\u015f\u0131 Marianne ile kaderlerini birle\u015ftirirler. O s\u0131ralar kendini botanik ve bitkilerin tasnifine adamaya ba\u015flayan La Marck, Linne\u2019nin reva\u00e7ta olan canl\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma metodunu yapay g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flar: Bitkilerin tasnifinin, karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n derece derece artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir gruplar dizisi baz\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini; ayr\u0131ca daha bilimsel ve g\u00fcvenilir olan bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n, do\u011fan\u0131n \u2018ger\u00e7ek plan\u0131n\u0131\u2019 ortaya koymaya daha elveri\u015fli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u00d6nerdi\u011fi \u00f6zg\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma sistemiyle, Buffon\u2019un destek ve be\u011fenisini kazan\u0131r; o kadar ki bu konu hakk\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fransa Floras\u0131<\/em> (1778), maliyeti devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanarak, \u00fc\u00e7 cilt olarak Kraliyet Matbaas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131l\u0131r. Eser b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u00fckse g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve bu sayede ismini duyurmay\u0131 ba\u015faran La Marck, 1779 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Buffon\u2019un deste\u011fiyle, Bilimler Akademisi\u2019ne \u00fcye se\u00e7ilir. Fakat \u00f6te yandan hi\u00e7bir unvan sahibi olmayan bu adam baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 rahats\u0131z eder, k\u00f6kl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar do\u011far b\u00f6ylece.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Y\u0131llar ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e, fert say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 La Marck ailesinin maddi durumu d\u00fczelir ve daha iyi bir eve ta\u015f\u0131nmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur. La Marck art\u0131k tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir bilimadam\u0131d\u0131r. O kadar ki Buffon, La Marck\u2019tan, May\u0131s-Aral\u0131k 1781 aras\u0131 Kraliyet Botanisti olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve bir\u00e7ok Avrupa ba\u015fkent ve \u015fehrini kapsayan gezisine, 17 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7 Buffon\u2019u da refakat\u00e7\u0131 olarak almas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bu seyahat sayesinde, La Marck\u2019\u0131n Avrupa\u2019da \u015f\u00f6hreti artar.<\/p>\n

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Lamarck\u2019\u0131n \u201cDo\u011fa Tarihi\u201d kitab\u0131ndan \u00e7izim \u00f6rnekleri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130htilal y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcrb\u00fclans\u0131, pek \u00e7ok ta\u015f\u0131 yerinden oynat\u0131r Frans\u0131z toplumunda. O s\u0131ralar Kraliyet Bah\u00e7esi\u2019nin \u00fczerinde kara bulutlar dola\u015fmaktad\u0131r: Bu yeni d\u00fczende b\u00f6yle bir kurumun yeri ve misyonu ne olmal\u0131d\u0131r? Uzun tart\u0131\u015fmalar sonunda, Kraliyet Bah\u00e7esi ve Ofisi\u2019nin ad\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fa Tarihi M\u00fczesi (Mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle) olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine karar verilir (ancak 1793\u2019te resmiyet kazan\u0131r). \u0130htilalin e\u015fitlik ideali, uygulamalarda da kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulur: Mus\u00e9um \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n her biri fark g\u00f6zetmeksizin profes\u00f6r yap\u0131l\u0131r ve her birinden, kurulacak olan on iki k\u00fcrs\u00fcden birinin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mesi istenir. La Marck, devrim hareketine sempatisini ve monar\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 durdu\u011funu belli eder etmesine ama u\u00e7 bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131nmaktan da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r. Ve soylu \u015e\u00f6valye de la Marck, \u015f\u00f6valyeli\u011fi bir yana itti\u011fi gibi bundan b\u00f6yle Lamarck olarak imza atmaya ba\u015flar…<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lamarck ailesini sadece maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan sarsmaz bu amans\u0131z y\u0131llar. Lamarck\u2019\u0131n hayat arkada\u015f\u0131 Marianne hastalan\u0131r. Eyl\u00fcl 1792\u2019de, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden be\u015f g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, resmi nik\u00e2h k\u0131y\u0131l\u0131r ve Lamarck, Marianne ile evlenir. Ancak fazla zaman ge\u00e7meden, 19 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Charlotte ile tekrar d\u00fcnya evine girer.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6cekler ve solucanlar profes\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ter\u00f6r d\u00f6nemi t\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131yla s\u00fcrmektedir. Mus\u00e9um\u2019da ise k\u00fcrs\u00fc atamalar\u0131 d\u00f6nemi gelmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6neme\u00e7 noktas\u0131nda hi\u00e7 beklenmedik bir hamle yapar Lamarck: T\u00fcm beklentilerin aksine, Botanik yerine bir B\u00f6cekler ve Solucanlar k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131na atanmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olunca, bu durumu itiraz etmeden kabul etmeyi ye\u011fler. B\u00f6cekler ve solucanlar! Hi\u00e7 kimsenin ilgilenmek istemedi\u011fi hatta pek \u00e7o\u011funun hor g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir aland\u0131r bu! Ama Lamarck\u2019\u0131n kafas\u0131nda, ke\u015ffe a\u00e7\u0131k, yeni bulu\u015f ve f\u0131rsatlara, beklenmedik perspektiflere gebe bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 da olabilir bu…<\/p>\n

Ter\u00f6r d\u00f6neminin siyasi olaylar\u0131n\u0131n bir nebze yat\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Lamarck ailesi i\u00e7in daha umut dolu g\u00fcnlerin habercisidir. Yedinci \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na kavu\u015fan aile, 1794 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bitkiler Bah\u00e7esi\u2019nde bir eve ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Ancak mutluluk fazla s\u00fcrmez: \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l ge\u00e7er ge\u00e7mez ki, Kas\u0131m 1797\u2019de, Lamarck\u2019\u0131n ikinci e\u015fi 25 ya\u015f\u0131nda hayata veda eder…<\/p>\n

Mus\u00e9um\u2019da farkl\u0131 k\u00fcrs\u00fcler olu\u015fmu\u015f, k\u00f6\u015fe ba\u015flar\u0131 tutulmu\u015ftur art\u0131k. \u00c9tienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1793\u2019ten beri zooloji k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Georges Cuvier de anatomi dersi i\u00e7in vekil \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesidir; h\u0131zla sivrilecektir gelecek y\u0131llarda. Lamarck ile aralar\u0131ndaki husumet hemen ba\u015f g\u00f6sterir, Cuvier\u2019nin Lamarck\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ele\u015ftirel ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 tavr\u0131 \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu s\u00fcrecektir.<\/p>\n

Art\u0131k a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak hayvanbilimi alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren Lamarck, botanik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na vakit ay\u0131ramaz hale gelir ve gen\u00e7 bir botanist olan de Candolle\u2019dan, bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7erisinde, bu alandaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmesini ister. B\u00f6ylece, \u00e7oktand\u0131r yo\u011funla\u015fmak istedi\u011fi konuya e\u011filebilir: \u2018Organik hayat\u0131n tabi oldu\u011fu genel ve \u00f6zel yasalar\u0131n bilgisi\u2019ne ula\u015fmak. Bu deyimdeki \u2018yasa\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izelim: Herhangi bir tanr\u0131sal g\u00fc\u00e7 ya da varl\u0131\u011fa ba\u015fvurmaks\u0131z\u0131n sadece do\u011fa kanunlar\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutarak canl\u0131lar\u0131 anlamakt\u0131r Lamarck\u2019\u0131n hedefi. Sonralar\u0131 Zoolojik Felsefe<\/em>\u2019de de materyalist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine yer verir: Canl\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6keni ve t\u00fcrlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na ak\u0131l erdirmek her ne kadar me\u015fakkatli bir u\u011fra\u015f olsa da, bu konunun \u201cbize sundu\u011fu zorluklar hi\u00e7 de \u00f6yle \u00fcstesinden gelinemeyecek tarzdan de\u011fil, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc burada s\u00f6z konusu olan salt fiziksel<\/strong> olaylard\u0131r\u201d diye yazar. \u0130\u015fte kimi tarih\u00e7ilerin tali bir role terk etmek istedi\u011fi Lamarck, materyalist duru\u015fuyla, zaman\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel ve felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n tam oda\u011f\u0131nda yer al\u0131r asl\u0131nda…<\/p>\n

1798\u00a0y\u0131l\u0131 geldi\u011finde, Lamarck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc e\u015fi Julie ile tan\u0131\u015f\u0131p evlenir. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, ad\u0131na \u2018omurgas\u0131zlar\u2019 diyece\u011fi hayvanlar grubu, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n odak noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flar (hayvanlar\u0131, omurgal\u0131lar ile omurgas\u0131zlar olarak ilk ay\u0131ran Lamarck\u2019t\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca biyoloji<\/strong> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kullanan da odur). \u201cVatanda\u015flar, sizlere do\u011fada en \u00e7ok bulunan \u00f6zel bir hayvanlar serisini tan\u0131tmay\u0131 hedefliyorum\u201d diye ba\u015flar dersine 1799 May\u0131s ay\u0131nda. Bitkilerin tasnifi \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve omurgas\u0131zlar \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fan incelemeleri, Lamarck\u2019\u0131, 1797 ile 1800 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 bir evrimciye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin olu\u015fup olgunla\u015fmas\u0131na, ihtilal y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ve liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce hareketinin yabanc\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin edebiliriz. Evrime dair d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini birka\u00e7 eserde, ama ba\u015fl\u0131ca 1809 y\u0131l\u0131nda (Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nden tam 50 y\u0131l \u00f6nce) yay\u0131mlanan Zoolojik Felsefe<\/em> isimli kitab\u0131nda ifade eder Lamarck. Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n be\u011fenisini kazanan, ama \u00e7o\u011fu i\u00e7in insan mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile alay eden ve dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131 hi\u00e7e sayan, skandal niteli\u011finde olan bu kitap ile Lamarck, tekrar g\u00fcndemi belirlemeyi ba\u015far\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lamarck-Cuvier ihtilaf\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Georges Cuvier (1769-1832).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l bilginleri, t\u00fcrlerin k\u00f6kenini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya y\u00f6nelik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini s\u0131k\u00e7a jeololojik ve paleantolojik arg\u00fcmanlara dayand\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu ba\u011flamda Lamarck\u2019\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi sistem (Lamarck\u2019\u0131n evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 bir sonraki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ele alaca\u011f\u0131z) ve vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Cuvier\u2019ninki ile taban tabana z\u0131tt\u0131. Cuvier, bir paleontolog ve hayvanbilimciydi. Ona g\u00f6re, yery\u00fcz\u00fc, eski zamanlarda meydana gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck do\u011fal afetlerin etkisiyle bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015fti ve zaten fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131 da bu olgunun a\u00e7\u0131k bir g\u00f6stergesiydi: Do\u011fal afetler belirli b\u00f6lgelerdeki hayvan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 yeralt\u0131na g\u00f6mm\u00fc\u015f, soylar\u0131n\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden silmi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece yok olan t\u00fcrlerin yerini de ba\u015fka yerlerden g\u00f6\u00e7 eden hayvanlar gelip alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcm hayvanlar\u0131, yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelliklerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak d\u00f6rt genel gruba (d\u00f6rt embranchement:<\/em> omurgal\u0131lar, eklemliler, yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar ve radiatalar) ay\u0131ran Cuvier, s\u00f6z konusu yap\u0131lar\u0131n sabit ve de\u011fi\u015femez oldu\u011funu savunuyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hayvanlar\u0131n soyu t\u00fckenebilirdi t\u00fckenmesine fakat t\u00fcrlerin bir evrimle\u015fme s\u00fcreci sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmek bilimd\u0131\u015f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cuvier\u2019nin benimsedi\u011fi jeolojik afetler modelini reddeden Lamarck, Hidrojeoloji<\/em> (1802) kitab\u0131nda, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n jeolojik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendiren, kadim zamanlardan bu yana kesintisiz ve s\u00fcreklilik arz eden bir olaylar zincirinin oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. Jeolojik zaman s\u00fcreleri, ak\u0131l almayacak kadar uzundu. \u201cDo\u011fan\u0131n bilindik ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ilerleyi\u015fi, onun her bir yerinde g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fimiz olaylar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yeterli oldu\u011fu halde, herhangi bir delil sunmaks\u0131z\u0131n, evrensel bir afetin<\/strong> yer alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu varsayman\u0131n anlam\u0131 nedir?\u201d diyecekti Cuvier\u2019yi reddederken. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar da, bir s\u00fcreklilik i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fi\u015fen \u00e7evrelerine ayak uydurmu\u015f, zamanla d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fekillere evrimle\u015fmi\u015flerdi. \u201cDo\u011fa i\u00e7in zaman bir hi\u00e7tir ve asla bir zorluk te\u015fkil etmez; hep elinin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r zaman; do\u011fa, onunla en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015feyleri yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi en b\u00fcy\u00fcklerini de yapar.\u201d Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, Lamarck\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bilimsel katk\u0131lar\u0131 hanesine yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r \u015f\u00fcphesiz.<\/p>\n

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck\u2019\u0131n heykeli.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Lamarck, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine destek veren biliminsanlar\u0131 bulabildiyse de (\u00c9tienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire belki bunlar\u0131n en ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir), ac\u0131mas\u0131z ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131n\u0131n ziyadesiyle hedefi olur. Hatta Napolyon\u2019un hakaretine bile u\u011frar kitab\u0131n\u0131 sunmak isterken. Ne yaz\u0131k ki zaman\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131, bilimin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ortam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktan art\u0131k \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131r. Napolyon\u2019un, liselerde mant\u0131k ve tarih e\u011fitimini yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dini e\u011fitimin tekrar reva\u00e7 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u0131llard\u0131r bunlar. Restorasyon d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r pek yak\u0131nda. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n 200 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrecin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde bir benzerinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemek elde de\u011fildir\u2026<\/p>\n

Bundan b\u00f6yle art\u0131k daha i\u00e7ine kapan\u0131k fakat her \u015feye ra\u011fmen h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6zveriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r Lamarck hayat\u0131n\u0131n gitgide kararan ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131nda. 1805\u2019te bir o\u011flunu ve 1819\u2019da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc e\u015fi Julie\u2019yi kaybeder. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l (1819) g\u00f6zleri tamamen k\u00f6r olur. \u00dc\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131yla bir arada ya\u015farlar art\u0131k. Ve \u00fcretmeye devam eder Lamarck. K\u0131z\u0131 Corn\u00e9lie\u2019ye dikte eder aylar boyunca kafas\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri. B\u00f6ylece 1820\u2019de \u0130nsano\u011flunun Pozitif Bilgilerinin Analitik Sistemi<\/em>\u2019ni yay\u0131mlar ve 1815-1822 aras\u0131 yedi cilt olarak \u00e7\u0131kan Omurgas\u0131z Hayvanlar\u0131n Do\u011fa Tarihi<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 tamamlar. Son bir derin ac\u0131 ya\u015fayacakt\u0131r: k\u0131z\u0131 Eug\u00e9nie 1824\u2019de\u00a027 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcr. Sonunda, 1829 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyadan kopmu\u015f ve fakr-u zaruret i\u00e7inde bu sefer kendisi veda eder hayata. Cenaze masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in ailesinin paras\u0131 yoktur, Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nden destek istenir. T\u00fcm kitap, koleksiyon ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma malzemeleri de bir s\u00fcre sonra a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rmayla sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Yves Delange, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – Biographie<\/em>, Actes Sud, 2002.
\n2) Richard W. Burckhart, Jr., The Spirit of System – Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology<\/em>, Harvard University Press, 1977.
\n3) Jan Sapp, Genesis: The Evolution of Biology<\/em>, Oxford University Press, 2003.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kimilerine g\u00f6re Lamarck, Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc de\u011fildir, iki do\u011fa bilgini aras\u0131nda tam bir kopukluk vard\u0131r; ama ba\u015fkalar\u0131na g\u00f6re de Darwin, e\u011fer sa\u011flam bir kuram yaratabilmi\u015f ise, bunu ancak Lamarck\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fedi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel zeminden faydalanarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmi\u015ftir. Lamarck\u2019\u0131n do\u011fa bilimleri tarihinde yeri nedir? Kuram\u0131 pek \u00e7ok hata i\u00e7erdi\u011fi halde, t\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fumunu a\u00e7\u0131klayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri neden h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6nemlidir? Charles Darwin\u2019in ismi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":508,"featured_media":23815,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[167,32,1473],"tags":[200,802,2932],"class_list":["post-10368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-130-sayi","category-evrim","category-genis-aci","tag-evrim","tag-genis-aci","tag-lamarck"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10368","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/508"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10368"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10368\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23815"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10368"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}