\u201cDevlet\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bug\u00fcne kadar bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ayg\u0131t\u0131n ser\u00fcveni; insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fada toplumsal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fu s\u00fcre\u00e7le e\u015f zamanl\u0131 \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. En ba\u015ftan ba\u015flayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n
\u0130lkel-kom\u00fcnal topluluklar\u0131n, tahminen iki milyon y\u0131l boyunca avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yaparak hayatta kald\u0131klar\u0131 bilinir. Bu ilk topluluklar \u201cherkese ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re\u201d ilkesinin ilkel uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131yd\u0131lar. Bu topluluklar\u0131n demokratik de bir i\u015fleyi\u015fleri vard\u0131. Klanlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu konseyler, kararlar\u0131 topluluktaki di\u011fer insanlarla birlikte al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Sava\u015f durumu en basit a\u00e7\u0131klamayla; d\u00fczensiz \u00e7oban topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fczenli \u00e7ift\u00e7i topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcrettiklerini ya\u011fmalamas\u0131 idi. Yerle\u015fik olarak ya\u015fayan \u00e7ift\u00e7i topluluklar\u0131 ilk d\u00f6nemde \u00fcrettikleri \u201ctoplumsal art\u0131\u201dy\u0131 do\u011fal afetler gibi durumlara kar\u015f\u0131 yedeklemek i\u00e7in \u00fcretiyorlard\u0131. Fakat ya\u011fmac\u0131 topluluklar bu art\u0131ya el koyunca toplumsal d\u00fczen de de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik giri\u015fimlerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenilmesi, bu ele ge\u00e7irme sayesinde sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bununla birlikte zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e toplumsal art\u0131y\u0131 kontrol edecek mekanizma da \u015fekillenecektir.<\/p>\n
K\u00f6y sulaklar\u0131n\u0131n yerine tap\u0131naklar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ile, toplumsal \u00fcretimin ana kayna\u011f\u0131 olan suyun kontrol\u00fc, yani \u201cart\u0131k-\u00fcr\u00fcn\u201d\u00fcn kontrol\u00fc tekelle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu durum salt bask\u0131 kullan\u0131larak de\u011fil, dini bir motif de kazanarak ikna y\u00f6ntemiyle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n sahibi fethedendi ve toplumsal art\u0131n\u0131n da sahibiydi. K\u0131sacas\u0131 ileri s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u201cdevlet\u201de kadar varacak ya\u011fma-fetih-s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fma olgular\u0131, toplumsal \u00e7\u0131kar ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u00e7e oldu\u011fu bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n
Ekonomik kazan\u00e7, toplumsal art\u0131n\u0131n tap\u0131naklarda i\u015flenmesi sonucu, tap\u0131nak ve di\u011fer tanr\u0131sal i\u015flerle ilgilenen dini kurumlarca payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yorken, bu durum din adamlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer payla\u015f\u0131m t\u00fcrleri ise tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplumsal \u00fcretime katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan zanaatk\u00e2rlar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani ekonomik birikim, art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn sayesinde hem bir toplumsal hem de bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve toplumsal i\u015fler din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri i\u015fler olmu\u015f b\u00f6ylece ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen kentle\u015fme, din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n yolunu \u00e7izdi\u011fi bir \u015fekle b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Uygarla\u015fman\u0131n temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, sava\u015flar da fazlala\u015fmaya ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ekicili\u011fi ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00e7ekiyor, var olan d\u00fczene yap\u0131lan ya\u011fmalar, sald\u0131r\u0131lar ya da \u00e7\u00f6reklenmeler daha \u015fehvetli bir hale geliyordu. Art\u0131k kenti savunmak as\u0131l marifet olarak anlam kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu anlamda din adamlar\u0131ndan sonra bir kurum daha tarih sahnesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Askerler. Ekonomik g\u00fcvenceyi savunma ve sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131yla sa\u011flayan askerler, daha sonras\u0131nda ekonomik bir temsiliyetin beraberinde getirdi\u011fi siyasal temsiliyetin de taht\u0131na oturacakt\u0131r. Askerler, din adamlar\u0131yla uyu\u015fmay\u0131, ayn\u0131 eksende bulu\u015fmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015flerdir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc toplumsal art\u0131n\u0131n yeniden \u00fcretiminde dini kurumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n hala b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkisi s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n
Geni\u015f topraklardan b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda elde edilen toplumsal kazan\u00e7, saraylar\u0131n ve tap\u0131naklar\u0131n depolar\u0131nda biriktik\u00e7e, su kanallar\u0131n\u0131n ve su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131 kolayla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimin kemik kadrolar\u0131 zanaatk\u00e2rlar da varolan toplumsal \u00fcretime katk\u0131da bulunduk\u00e7a, nihayet ekonomik olarak \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, say\u0131ca \u00e7ok kalabal\u0131k kent devletleri olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bundan sonraki tarihsellik ise kent devletlerinin savunmas\u0131ndan ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sorumlu komutanlar\u0131n, di\u011fer kent devletleriyle olan sava\u015flar\u0131 sonucu bi\u00e7im alacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sava\u015flar\u0131n art\u0131k d\u00fczenli topluluklar i\u00e7in siyasi bir y\u00f6ntem haline geldi\u011fi bu d\u00f6nemde, din adamlar\u0131, savunma ve kaynaklar\u0131n yeniden toplumsal \u00fcretimin i\u00e7ine aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 konular\u0131nda ya\u015fanan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 telafi edemez olmu\u015f, b\u00f6ylece siyasal erk tamamen askerlerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte krall\u0131klar\u0131n da temelleri b\u00f6yle at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 \u00d6rne\u011fin S\u00fcmerlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn kentlerini i\u015fgal ederek toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan d\u00f6nem komutan\u0131 Lugalzagissi, ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu i\u015f ile \u201culusal\u201d devlet d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Din adamlar\u0131 ise y\u00f6netimde s\u00f6z sahibi olmaya de\u011fil tanr\u0131 ad\u0131na y\u00f6neticileri onaylamak zorunda kalan kurumsall\u0131\u011fa raz\u0131 olmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ulusal devletten imparatorluklara ge\u00e7i\u015fin motorunu ise hukuk sisteminin olu\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Bunun pratikteki \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc ise, Babil kral\u0131 Hammurabi idi. Tek tek kentlerin yerel yasalar\u0131 yerine, t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerle yasa birli\u011fini sa\u011flaman\u0131n ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki sat\u0131rlarda din kurumu ile asker kurumunun tarihsel ili\u015fkilerini, ortaya nas\u0131l ve ne zamanlarda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lere g\u00f6re hangi farkl\u0131 formlara b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Devleti bu anlam\u0131yla bir organizma olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, onun i\u00e7ersindeki hukuk-asker-din gibi iktidar kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na ve art\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcne olan hakimiyetinin ileri zamanlarda s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir kimlik kazanarak tam anlam\u0131yla bir bask\u0131 ayg\u0131t\u0131 haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini ve bu zaman\u0131n i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00f6nem oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatabilirim.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u201cDevlet\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bug\u00fcne kadar bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ayg\u0131t\u0131n ser\u00fcveni; insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fada toplumsal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fu s\u00fcre\u00e7le e\u015f zamanl\u0131 \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. En ba\u015ftan ba\u015flayal\u0131m: \u0130lkel-kom\u00fcnal topluluklar\u0131n, tahminen iki milyon y\u0131l boyunca avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yaparak hayatta kald\u0131klar\u0131 bilinir. Bu ilk topluluklar \u201cherkese ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re\u201d ilkesinin ilkel uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131yd\u0131lar. Bu topluluklar\u0131n demokratik de bir i\u015fleyi\u015fleri vard\u0131. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":825,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[110,535],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-73-sayi","category-forum"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10548","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/825"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10548"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10548\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10548"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}