{"id":10578,"date":"2009-07-01T10:49:06","date_gmt":"2009-07-01T07:49:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=10578"},"modified":"2017-05-29T11:01:07","modified_gmt":"2017-05-29T08:01:07","slug":"dnamiz-sempanzeninkiyle-yuzde-99-ayni-peki-o-yuzde-1-ne-bizi-insan-yapan-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2009\/07\/01\/dnamiz-sempanzeninkiyle-yuzde-99-ayni-peki-o-yuzde-1-ne-bizi-insan-yapan-nedir","title":{"rendered":"DNA\u2019m\u0131z \u015fempanzeninkiyle y\u00fczde 99 ayn\u0131; peki o y\u00fczde 1 ne? Bizi insan yapan nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><em>Ya\u015fayan en yak\u0131n akrabam\u0131z olan \u015fempanzelerle, DNA\u2019m\u0131z\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 99\u2019u ayn\u0131. Neredeyse \u00f6zde\u015f bir DNA plan\u0131na sahip olmam\u0131za ra\u011fmen bu kadar temel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6stermemiz, farkl\u0131 olan DNA par\u00e7alar\u0131m\u0131za ba\u011fl\u0131. <\/em><\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><em>\u0130nsan ve \u015fempanze genomlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve i<\/em><\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><em>nsan genomunun, \u015fempanze ve insan\u0131n ortak bir atadan t\u00fcreyip ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana en fazla de\u011fi\u015fen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fhis etme \u00e7abalar\u0131 <\/em><\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><em>sadece bize has olan ve bizleri insan yapan ender DNA <\/em><\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><em>par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131<\/em><\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><em>g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. <\/em><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>Katherine S. Pollard<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: normal !msorm;\"><strong>\u00c7eviren: Baha Okar<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sunu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Katherine S. Pollard\u2019\u0131n bu makalesi May\u0131s 2009\u2019da <em>Scientific American<\/em>\u2019da yay\u0131mland\u0131. Pollard, San Fransisco\u2019da California \u00dcniversitesinde biyoistatistik\u00e7i olarak g\u00f6rev yapmakta. UC Berkeley\u2019de doktoras\u0131n\u0131 ve doktora sonras\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra, \u015fempanze genomunun dizisinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda yer alarak Santa Cruz kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 genom \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 insan genomunun en h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmekte kulland\u0131. 2008\u2019de \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmsel ve Evrimsel Molek\u00fcler Biyoloji Alan\u0131nda Sloan Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Bursunu alarak insan v\u00fccudunda ya\u015fayan mikroplar\u0131n evrimi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alt\u0131 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u015fempanzelerin (Pan troglodit) genomundaki DNA baz dizilerini tan\u0131mlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir uluslararas\u0131 ekibe dahil olma f\u0131rsat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ma \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden \u00fcst\u00fcne atlad\u0131m. \u0130nsan\u0131n k\u00f6keni \u00fczerine uzatmal\u0131 ilgiye sahip bir biyoistatistik\u00e7i olarak, insan DNA\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fayan en yak\u0131n akrabam\u0131z\u0131nkiyle yan yana koyup durumu g\u00f6rmeye can at\u0131yordum. Kibirimizi k\u0131ran bir sonu\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: DNA\u2019m\u0131z\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 99\u2019u \u00f6zde\u015fti. Yani, insan genomunu olu\u015fturan \u00fc\u00e7 milyar harfin sadece 15 milyonu yani y\u00fczde 1\u2019inden de az\u0131, 6 milyon y\u0131lda ya da ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle insan ve \u015fempanzenin soylar\u0131 ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu yana de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n<p>Evrimci teoriye g\u00f6re bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun biyolojimiz \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7 denecek kadar az etkisi olmu\u015ftur. Ama bu 15 milyon bazda, bizi insan yapan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yatmaktad\u0131r. Onlar\u0131 bulmakta kararl\u0131yd\u0131m. O g\u00fcnden bu yana ben ve arkada\u015flar\u0131m, bizi \u015fempanzelerden ay\u0131ran bir tak\u0131m DNA dizilerini te\u015fhis etmekte umut veren ama sonu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen bir yol kat ettik.<\/p>\n<p><i>\u00a0<\/i><strong><em>Beynimizdeki at\u0131l\u0131m<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsan genomunun \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir y\u00fczdesinden ibaret olsalar da, milyonlarca baz yine de ara\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir b\u00f6lgedir. Av\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla, insanlar ve \u015fempanzelerin ortak atadan ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan bu yana en fazla de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f olan DNA par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 saptamak i\u00e7in insan genomunu tarayacak bir bilgisayar program\u0131 yapt\u0131m. Rastlant\u0131sal genetik mutasyonlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, organizmaya bir fayda ya da zarar getirmediklerinden, iki ya\u015fayan t\u00fcr\u00fcn ortak atalar\u0131ndan beri ge\u00e7en zaman\u0131 g\u00f6sterecek \u015fekilde sabit bir h\u0131zla birikirler (Bu de\u011fi\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131 genellikle \u201cmolek\u00fcler saatin tiktaklar\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131l\u0131r). Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, genomun baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda bu de\u011fi\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f, bir organizman\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131na ve \u00fcremesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan mutasyonlar\u0131n gelecek nesillere ge\u00e7mesini daha muhtemel k\u0131lan pozitif seleksiyonun bir i\u015faretidir. Yani kodun insan-\u015fempanze ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan beri en fazla de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe maruz kalm\u0131\u015f olan bu k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fekillendirmi\u015f olan dizilerdir.<\/p>\n<p>2004 Kas\u0131m\u0131\u2019nda, Santa Cruz\u2019da California \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki devasa bir bilgisayar a\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bilgisayar program\u0131n\u0131 hatalardan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmak ve optimize etmek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7en aylardan sonra, nihayet bu h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen dizilerin s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir listeye ula\u015fabildik. Dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131m ve ak\u0131l hocam David Hauslerr ile birlikte sonunda en b\u00fcy\u00fck vuru\u015fumuzu yapt\u0131k; HAR1 (Human accelerated region-insanda h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen b\u00f6lge) olarak bilinen 118 bazl\u0131k bir par\u00e7ay\u0131 inceledik. Genel veritabanlar\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilerle insan genomunu analiz edip a\u00e7\u0131mlayan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme ayg\u0131t\u0131 olan Santa Cruz California \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki genom taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak HAR1\u2019e daha yak\u0131ndan bakt\u0131m. Taray\u0131c\u0131 o g\u00fcne dek genomlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fifresi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan omurgal\u0131 canl\u0131lar olan insan, \u015fempanze, fare, s\u0131\u00e7an ve tavu\u011fun HAR1 dizilerini g\u00f6sterdi. Ayr\u0131ca hen\u00fcz hi\u00e7bir bilim insan\u0131 bu diziyi adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ya da incelemi\u015f de\u011filken, daha \u00f6nceki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme deneylerinin insan beyin h\u00fccresinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f iki \u00f6rnekte HAR1 aktivitesini belirlemi\u015f oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serdi. HAR1\u2019in beyinde aktif olan ve bilim i\u00e7in yepyeni bir genin par\u00e7as\u0131 olabilece\u011fini anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, hep birlikte \u201cmuhte\u015fem\u201d diye \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k atmamak i\u00e7in kendimizi zor tuttuk.<\/p>\n<p>On ikiden vurmu\u015ftuk. \u0130nsan beyninin, di\u011fer ba\u015fka karakteristikleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle boyut, organizasyon ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k bak\u0131mlar\u0131ndan \u015fempanze beyninden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok iyi biliniyordu. Ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na insan beyninin karakteristiklerinin alt\u0131nda yatan geli\u015fimsel ve evrimsel mekanizmalar ise hen\u00fcz pek az anla\u015f\u0131labilmi\u015fti. HAR1 insan biyolojisinin bu en gizemli y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturma olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Sonraki y\u0131l\u0131, bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda genom dizisi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 12 yeni omurgal\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrlerde genomun bu par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak HAR1\u2019in evrimsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fi hakk\u0131nda olabilecek her \u015feyi bulmakla ge\u00e7irdik. \u0130nsan\u0131n sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana dek HAR1\u2019in son derece yava\u015f de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Soylar\u0131 300 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ayr\u0131\u015fan tavuk ve \u015fempanzede 118 baz\u0131n sadece 2 tanesi farkl\u0131yken, ortak k\u00f6kenleri \u00e7ok daha yak\u0131n bir zamana dayanan insan ve \u015fempanze aras\u0131nda 18 farkl\u0131l\u0131k vard\u0131. HAR1\u2019in y\u00fcz milyonlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k bir zaman boyunca esasen dura\u011fan oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi, \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir i\u015fleve sahip oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmekteyken, sonras\u0131nda insanda maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ani yenilenme, atalar\u0131m\u0131zda bu i\u015flevin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini akla getirmekteydi.<\/p>\n<p>HAR1\u2019in beyindeki i\u015flevine dair ciddi bir ipucu 2005\u2019te Br\u00fcksel Free \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015f\u0131m\u0131z Pierre Vanderhaeghen\u2019\u0131n Santa Cruz\u2019a ziyaretinde laboratuvar\u0131m\u0131zdan bir t\u00fcp HAR1 kopyas\u0131 almas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Vanderhaeghen bu DNA dizisini \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131r bir molek\u00fcler etiket tasarlamakta kulland\u0131; bu etiket, HAR1 canl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerde aktive edildi\u011finde, yani DNA\u2019dan RNA\u2019ya kopyaland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda parlayacakt\u0131. Tipik genler bir h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisinde aktif hale geldiklerinde, h\u00fccre \u00f6nce hareketli bir haberci RNA kopyas\u0131 yapar ve RNA\u2019y\u0131 gerekli proteini sentezlemek i\u00e7in bir \u015fablon olarak kullan\u0131r. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z etiketleme HAR1\u2019in, beynin buru\u015fuk d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi olan serebral korteksin geli\u015fmesinde kilit rol oynayan bir n\u00f6ron tipinde aktif oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu n\u00f6ronlarda i\u015flerin ters gitmesi, lisensefali (d\u00fcz beyinlilik) olarak bilinen, korteksin karakteristik k\u0131vr\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz oldu\u011fu ve \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir y\u00fczey alan\u0131 sergiledi\u011fi do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen a\u011f\u0131r ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bozukluklarla sonu\u00e7lanabilir. Ayn\u0131 n\u00f6ronlardaki i\u015flev bozukluklar\u0131 yeti\u015fkinlikte g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fizofreni ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yla da ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10582\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015fempanze-insan.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"224\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015fempanze-insan.jpg 224w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015fempanze-insan-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015fempanze-insan-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 224px) 100vw, 224px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Nitekim HAR1\u2019in do\u011fru zaman ve do\u011fru yerde aktifle\u015fmesi, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir korteksin olu\u015fumunda etkili olur (Di\u011fer bulgular HAR1\u2019in sperm \u00fcretiminde de ek bir rol oynuyor olabilece\u011fini akla getirmekte). Ancak bu genetik kod par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n korteks geli\u015fimini tam olarak nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fi ben ve arkada\u015flar\u0131m i\u00e7in h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczde duran ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyi bekleyen bir muamma. \u015eunu bulmaya kararl\u0131y\u0131z: HAR1\u2019de en son ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f baz \u00e7ifti de\u011fi\u015fimi patlamas\u0131, beynimizi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: normal !msorm; font-style: normal !msorm;\"><strong><em>\u2018\u00c7\u00f6p<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: normal !msorm; font-style: normal !msorm;\"><strong><em>\u2019 deyip ge\u00e7me!<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Dikkate de\u011fer bir evrimsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, HAR1 protein kodlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00f6zeldir. On y\u0131llar boyunca molek\u00fcler biyoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 neredeyse sadece h\u00fccrenin yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131 olan proteinleri tayin eden genlere odakland\u0131. Ama gen dizilimimizi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan \u0130nsan Genom Projesi sayesinde, bilim insanlar\u0131 \u015fimdi protein kodlayan genlerin DNA\u2019m\u0131z\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 1,5\u2019ini meydana getirdi\u011fini biliyor. Kimi zaman \u00e7\u00f6p DNA olarak an\u0131lan gerideki y\u00fczde 98,5, bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n anlamaya hen\u00fcz ba\u015flayabildi\u011fi i\u015flevlere sahip DNA\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, di\u011fer genlere ne zaman aktif olup ne zaman kapanacaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen d\u00fczenleyici dizileri ve proteine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeyen RNA\u2019y\u0131 kodlayan genleri i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\n<p>HAR1 dizisindeki kal\u0131plara dayanarak, HAR1\u2019in RNA\u2019y\u0131 kodlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ettik. Bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fcz daha sonra 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Santa Cruz California \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Sofie Salama, Haller Igel ve Manuel Ares taraf\u0131ndan laboratuvar deneyleriyle do\u011fruland\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekte insan HAR1\u2019inin \u00fcst \u00fcste binmi\u015f iki gen \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Payla\u015f\u0131lan HAR1 dizisi bilinen 6 de\u011fi\u015fik s\u0131n\u0131f RNA genine ilave olarak t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yeni bir RNA yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 meydana getiriyordu. Bu alt\u0131 ana grup, her biri h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisinde kodlanm\u0131\u015f RNA\u2019n\u0131n i\u015flevi ve yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirinden ayr\u0131lan binden fazla de\u011fi\u015fik RNA gen ailesini ihtiva ediyordu. Ayr\u0131ca HAR1, pozitif seleksiyona u\u011fram\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan bir RNA kodlayan dizinin belgelenmi\u015f ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi oldu.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsan genomundaki bu \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 118 baz\u0131n daha \u00f6nce pek dikkate al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 gelebilir. Ama t\u00fcm genomlar\u0131 kolayca kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131racak teknolojinin yoklu\u011fu ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n HAR1\u2019in \u00e7\u00f6p DNA\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131radan bir par\u00e7as\u0131ndan \u00f6te bir \u015fey olabilece\u011fini bilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><strong><em><b>Konu\u015fmadaki <\/b><\/em><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-style: normal !msorm;\"><strong><em><b>ipu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/b><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>B\u00fct\u00fcn olarak genomun di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 insanlarla \u015fempanzelerin \u00e7ok benzer genomlara sahip olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen neden bu kadar farkl\u0131 olabildiklerine ili\u015fkin bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli kavray\u0131\u015f sa\u011flad\u0131. Son y\u0131llarda \u00e7o\u011fu mikrop olmak \u00fczere binlerce t\u00fcr\u00fcn genom dizisi saptand\u0131. Ba\u015ftan sona ka\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finden ziyade, baz \u00e7ifti de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin meydana geldi\u011fi yerlerin \u00e7ok \u015fey ifade edebilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, yeni bir t\u00fcr yapmak i\u00e7in genomun \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek durumunda de\u011filsiniz. \u0130nsan\u0131n \u015fempanze-insan atas\u0131ndan evrimle\u015fmesinin yolu, molek\u00fcler saatin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmiyor. \u0130\u015fin s\u0131rr\u0131 bundan ziyade, de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin organizman\u0131n i\u015flevinde \u00f6nemli bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k yarataca\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>HAR1 kesinlikle b\u00f6yle bir b\u00f6lge. Benim te\u015fhis etti\u011fim bir ba\u015fka h\u0131zl\u0131-de\u011fi\u015fen dizi i\u00e7eren ve bilindi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla konu\u015fmayla ilgili olan FOXP2 geni de \u00f6yle. Bu genin konu\u015fmadaki rol\u00fc \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Oxford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilmi\u015fti. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu genleri mutasyona u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin, konu\u015fma i\u015flemini y\u00fcr\u00fctecek bili\u015fsel yeteneklere sahip olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen normal bir insan\u0131n konu\u015furken yapmas\u0131 gereken incelikli ve \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fcz hareketlerini yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 rapor etmi\u015flerdi. Tipik insan dizisi \u015fempanzeninkinden baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6sterir: Protein \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f iki baz de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve insan v\u00fccudunda proteinin nas\u0131l, ne zaman ve nerede kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek \u00e7er\u00e7eve kaymalar\u0131na kadar varabilecek di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklik.<\/p>\n<p>Konu\u015fma yetene\u011fini sa\u011flayan FOXP2\u2019nin hominidlerde bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6steren yeni bir bulu\u015f durumu biraz ayd\u0131nlatt\u0131. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da Leipzig\u2019deki Max Planck Evrimci Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden bilimciler bir Neandertal fosilinden edindikleri FOXP2\u2019nin dizilimini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar ve bu soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f insanlar\u0131n, belki de bizim gibi d\u00fczg\u00fcn sesler \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131na izin verecek \u015fekilde, bu genin modern insandaki kopyas\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu buldular. Neandertal ve modern insan soylar\u0131n\u0131n ne zaman ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kestirimler, FOXP2\u2019nin yeni halinin en az yar\u0131m milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. \u0130nsan dilini di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerdeki sesli ileti\u015fimden ay\u0131ran \u00f6zelliklerin \u00e7o\u011fu, fiziksel nedenlerden de\u011fil, s\u0131kl\u0131kla beyin boyutlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan bili\u015fsel yeteneklerden ileri geliyor. Primatlar genellikle v\u00fccut \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerinden beklenmeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck beyinlere sahipler. Ama insan beyninin hacmi, genetik ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n ancak \u015fimdilerde ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturduklar\u0131 geli\u015fimsel at\u0131l\u0131mla, \u015fempanze-insan ortak atas\u0131ndan bu yana \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131ndan fazla b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-10583\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015fempanze-el-300x166.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015fempanze-el-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015fempanze-el.jpg 301w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>HAR\u2019lar\u0131n rol\u00fc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsanda ve di\u011fer hayvanlardaki beyin boyutlar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 genler aras\u0131nda en iyi incelenen \u00f6rneklerden biri ASPM\u2019dir. Beynin y\u00fczde 70 oran\u0131na kadar daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olabildi\u011fi mikrosefali (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kafal\u0131l\u0131k) olarak bilinen bozuklu\u011fu ya\u015fayan insanlar \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen genetik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, ASPM ve di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 genin (MCPH1, CDK5RAP2 ve CENPJ) beyin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirlemedeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Daha yak\u0131n bir zamanda, Chicago ve Michigan \u00dcniversiteleri\u2019nden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, ASPM\u2019nin primatlar\u0131n evrim s\u00fcrecinde bir tak\u0131m patlamalar ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiler. Bu pozitif seleksiyonu g\u00f6steren bir modeldi. \u0130nsan ASPM\u2019si \u015fempanzelerinkinden farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re bu patlamalar\u0131n en az biri insan soyunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylelikle b\u00fcy\u00fck beyinlerimizin evriminde muhtemelen etkili oldu.<\/p>\n<p>Genomun di\u011fer par\u00e7alar\u0131 insan beyninin bu ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha dolayl\u0131 etkilemi\u015f olabilir. HAR1\u2019i tan\u0131mlayan bilgisayar taramas\u0131 ayr\u0131ca ba\u015fka 201 HAR daha buldu. Bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu protein hatta RNA kodlam\u0131yordu (\u0130ngiltere\u2019de Wellcome Trust Sanger Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ilgili bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ayn\u0131 HAR\u2019lardan pek \u00e7o\u011funu tespit etti). Bunun yerine yan\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki genlere ne zaman aktif olup ne zaman kapanacaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen d\u00fczenleyici diziler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde, HAR\u2019lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer alan genlerin yar\u0131dan \u00e7o\u011fu beynin geli\u015fimi ve i\u015fleviyle ilgili. Ve FOXP2 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu gibi, bu genlerin \u00e7o\u011funun \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc di\u011fer genleri d\u00fczenlemeye devam etmekte. Bu y\u00fczden, HAR\u2019lar genomun \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 meydana getiriyor olsa da, bu b\u00f6lgedeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, t\u00fcm gen \u015febekelerinin aktivitesini etkileyerek insan beynini derinden de\u011fi\u015ftirebiliyor.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Sadece insanda geli\u015fmekte olan genler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bir\u00e7ok genetik ara\u015ft\u0131rma karma\u015f\u0131k beyinlerimizi ayd\u0131nlatmaya odaklanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar par\u00e7alar\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek insan v\u00fccudunun di\u011fer e\u015fsiz taraflar\u0131n\u0131n da nas\u0131l bug\u00fcnk\u00fc haline geldi\u011fini anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktalar. Gen d\u00fczenleyici k\u0131s\u0131m ve listemdeki en h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen ikinci b\u00f6lge olan HAR2, bu bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli. 2008\u2019de Lawrence Berkeley Ulusal Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019ndan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, HAR2\u2019nin HACNS1 olarak da bilinen insandaki kopyas\u0131nda, insan olmayan primatlardaki kopyaya g\u00f6re spesifik baz farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, bu DNA dizisinin cenin geli\u015fimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bilek ve parmaklardaki gen aktivitesini harekete ge\u00e7irmesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiler. Oysa di\u011fer primatlardaki atasal kopya bunu yapam\u0131yordu. Bu bulu\u015f \u00f6zellikle k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu, karma\u015f\u0131k aletler yapmak ve kullanmak i\u00e7in gerekli mahareti insan eline kazand\u0131ran morfolojik de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri desteklemi\u015f olabilirdi.<\/p>\n<p>Atalar\u0131m\u0131z bedenlerinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler bir yana, bir de de\u011fi\u015fen \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flamakta ve yeni \u00e7evrelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmekte i\u015flerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak davran\u0131\u015fsal ve fizyolojik de\u011fi\u015fimler ge\u00e7irdiler. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir milyon y\u0131ldan \u00f6nce ate\u015fin bulunmas\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k on bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fanan tar\u0131msal devrim, ni\u015fasta bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin g\u0131dalar\u0131 daha ula\u015f\u0131labilir k\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak bu zengin kalorili yiyeceklerden yeterince faydalanmak i\u00e7in tek ba\u015f\u0131na k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fimler yeterli de\u011fildi. Atalar\u0131m\u0131z genetik olarak da bunlara uyum sa\u011flamak zorunda kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Ni\u015fasta sindiriminde g\u00f6revli olan t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fckteki amilaz enzimini kodlayan AMY1 genindeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, bu t\u00fcrden bir adaptasyonun en bilinen \u00f6rneklerindendir. Memelilerin genomu bu genin birden fazla kopyas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r, t\u00fcrden t\u00fcre ve hatta insandan insana de\u011fi\u015fen say\u0131larda. Ama toplamda, di\u011fer primatlarla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda insanlar \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok say\u0131da AMY1 kopyas\u0131na sahiptir. 2007\u2019de Arizona State \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden genetik\u00e7iler daha fazla AMY1 kopyas\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bireylerin t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fcklerinde daha fazla amilaz enzimi bulundu\u011funu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha fazla ni\u015fasta sindirebildiklerini g\u00f6sterdi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, AMY1\u2019in evriminin hem gendeki kopya say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hem de DNA dizisindeki spesifik de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Beslenme rejimleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uyum sa\u011flamayla ilgili bir ba\u015fka \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6rnek, memelilerin s\u00fct \u015fekeri olarak da bilinen karbonhidrat laktozu sindirmelerini sa\u011flayan laktaz (LCT) enzimiyle ilgili gendir. Bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcrde sadece emzirme d\u00f6nemindeki bebekler laktozu i\u015fleyebilirken, evrimsel olarak \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre, yakla\u015f\u0131k 9000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, insan genomundaki de\u011fi\u015fimler yeti\u015fkinlerin de laktozu sindirebilmelerini sa\u011flayan LCT\u2019nin bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fram\u0131\u015f haldeki LCT birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak Avrupal\u0131 ve Afrikal\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlarda geli\u015fti ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n evcil hayvanlar\u0131n s\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc sindirebilmelerini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131. Bug\u00fcn bu eski \u00e7oban atalar\u0131n soyundan gelen yeti\u015fkinlerin beslenme rejimlerindeki laktoz tolerans\u0131, Asya ve Latin Amerika dahil d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer yerlerinde ya\u015fayan ve bu genin atasal primat versiyonuna sahip olmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu laktoz toleranss\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan mustarip yeti\u015fkinlerinkinden b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10584\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015femp-ins.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"259\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015femp-ins.jpg 259w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015femp-ins-80x60.jpg 80w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015femp-ins-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015femp-ins-180x135.jpg 180w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/\u015femp-ins-238x178.jpg 238w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsanlarda \u015fu an geli\u015fmekte oldu\u011fu bilinen tek gen LCT de\u011fildir. \u015eempanze genom projesi, insans\u0131 maymun atalar\u0131m\u0131zda kusursuz \u015fekilde normal olan ve di\u011fer memelilerde de hatas\u0131z i\u015fleyen kopyadan uzakla\u015fma s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde 15 ba\u015fka gen tespit etmi\u015ftir. Bu genlerin eski hallerinin modern insanda Alzheimer ve kanser gibi hastal\u0131klarla ili\u015fkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu bozukluklar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 ya sadece insana musallat olmakta ya da di\u011fer primatlara g\u00f6re insanda \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek oranlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta. Bilimciler \u015fu anda bu genlerin fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlar ve bu genlerin atasal versiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n neden bizde adaptasyon sorunu ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar t\u0131p alan\u0131ndaki pratisyenlere bu \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hastal\u0131klara yakalanma riski y\u00fcksek hastalar\u0131 te\u015fhis etmelerinde yard\u0131m\u0131 olabilir ve bu sayede hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n atlat\u0131lmas\u0131 umudu artar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara yeni tedaviler bulmalar\u0131nda da yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: normal !msorm; font-style: normal !msorm;\"><strong><em>Evrim bazen bir ad\u0131m ileri atarken iki ad\u0131m geri atabilir<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Hastal\u0131klarla m\u00fccadele ederek genlerimizi gelecek nesillere ge\u00e7irmek, t\u00fcm t\u00fcrler i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu gibi insan i\u00e7in de de\u011fi\u015fmeyen bir nakaratt\u0131r. Bu m\u00fccadelenin ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir yerde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar a\u00e7\u0131ktan ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar insan genomunda pozitif seleksiyonun kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 ararken, en ba\u015fta yer alan adaylar \u00e7o\u011fu kez ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemiyle ilgili olanlard\u0131. Evrimin bu genleri habire onar\u0131p de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil; antibiyotiklerin ve a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n yoklu\u011funda bireylerin bu genler yoluyla aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en muhtemel engel b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla do\u011furganl\u0131k ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonuna gelmeden \u00f6nce vuran \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir enfeksiyon olabilir. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sisteminin evrimini daha da h\u0131zland\u0131ran etken patojenlerin bizim savunmam\u0131za uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve bunun mikroplarla konak aras\u0131nda evrimsel bir silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Bu m\u00fccadelenin kay\u0131tlar\u0131 DNA\u2019m\u0131zda kal\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zellikle HIV gibi, kendi genetik materyalini bizim genomumuza ekleyerek hayatta kalan ve \u00e7o\u011falan retrovir\u00fcsler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. \u0130nsan DNA\u2019s\u0131, bir\u00e7o\u011fu milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce hastal\u0131klara sebep olmu\u015f ve art\u0131k tedav\u00fclden kalkm\u0131\u015f vir\u00fcslerden kalan bu k\u0131sa retroviral genomlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir \u00e7\u00f6p y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131na d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Zamanla bu retroviral diziler di\u011fer dizilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi rastlant\u0131sal mutasyonlar\u0131 biriktirirler, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla farkl\u0131 kopyalar benzer olsalar da birbirinin ayn\u0131 olmazlar. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu kopyalar aras\u0131nda olu\u015fan farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7erek, orijinal retroviral enfeksiyonu tarihlemek \u00fczere molek\u00fcler saat teknikleri kullanabilirler. Bu eski enfeksiyonlar\u0131n izleri, kendisini durmak bilmeden evrimle\u015fen retrovir\u00fcslere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli uyarlayan ev sahibi ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi genlerinde de g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir.<\/p>\n<p>PtERV1 bu kal\u0131nt\u0131 vir\u00fcslerden biridir. Modern insanlarda, TRIM5\u03b1 ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan protein PtERV1 ve akraba retrovir\u00fcslerin b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcp \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleme i\u015fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Genetik bulgular yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rt milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce bir PtERV1 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Afrika\u2019da ya\u015fayan \u015fempanzeler, goriller ve insanlara musallat oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. De\u011fi\u015fik primatlar\u0131n PtERV1\u2019e nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in, 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Seattle\u2019daki Fred Hutchinson Kanser Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u2019nden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u015fempanze genomundaki rastlant\u0131sal mutasyona u\u011fram\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da PtERV1 kopyas\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak orijinal PtERV1 dizisini yeniden in\u015fa etmeye ve eski retrovir\u00fcs\u00fc yeniden yaratmaya giri\u015ftiler. Sonras\u0131nda TRIM5\u03b1 geninin insan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck insans\u0131 maymun versiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n, orijinal haliyle canland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f PtERV1 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn aktivitesini ne kadar s\u0131n\u0131rlayabildi\u011fini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in deneyler yapt\u0131lar. Sonu\u00e7lar insan TRIM5\u03b1\u2019s\u0131ndaki tek bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n PtERV1\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 primat kuzenlerimizin yapabildi\u011finden \u00e7ok daha etkili bir \u015fekilde sava\u015fabilmesine imk\u00e2n verdi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. \u0130nsan TRIM5\u03b1\u2019s\u0131ndaki ek de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ise ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir retrovir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f olabilir. Di\u011fer primatlar\u0131n TRIM5\u03b1\u2019lar\u0131, muhtemelen \u00f6nceki ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n kazand\u0131klar\u0131 retroviral m\u00fccadeleleri yans\u0131tan kendilerine has bir tak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6stermekteler.<\/p>\n<p>Bir tipteki retrovir\u00fcs\u00fc ma\u011flup etmek, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak di\u011ferleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme g\u00fcvencesi anlam\u0131na gelmez. \u0130nsan TRIM5\u03b1\u2019s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimler PtERV1 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hayatta kalmam\u0131za yard\u0131m etmi\u015f olsa da, bu ayn\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler HIV\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta i\u015fimizi daha da g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu bulgu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara neden HIV vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn insan d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki primatlarda de\u011fil de insanda AIDS\u2019e yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamakta yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, evrim bir ad\u0131m ileri atarken iki ad\u0131m geri atabilmektedir. Bazen bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar da ayn\u0131 duyguyu ya\u015far. \u0130nsan\u0131n kendine has \u00f6zelliklerinin genetik temellerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya aday \u00e7ok say\u0131da heyecan verici gen dizisi tespit etmi\u015f durumday\u0131z. Buna ra\u011fmen bir\u00e7ok durumda, bu dizilerin i\u015flevleri hakk\u0131nda sadece baz\u0131 temel bilgileri bilmekteyiz. Bilgilerimizdeki bo\u015fluklar, \u00f6zellikle HAR1 ve HAR2 gibi protein kodlamayan b\u00f6lgeler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda \u00e7ok daha derin.<\/p>\n<p>Bu h\u0131zl\u0131 evrimle\u015fen, sadece insana has diziler ileriye do\u011fru giden bir yolu g\u00f6steriyor. Bizi insan yapan\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu anlatacak \u00f6yk\u00fc, muhtemelen protein yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131m\u0131zdaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden ziyade, evrimin bu birimleri, v\u00fccutta farkl\u0131 genlerin ne zaman ve nerede aktifle\u015fip nerede kapanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek, yeni bi\u00e7imlerde nas\u0131l bir araya getirdi\u011fine odaklanacak. \u015eimdi t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada binlerce laboratuvarda, deneysel ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar genomumuzun protein kodlamayan y\u00fczde 98,5\u2019lik k\u0131sm\u0131nda neler olup bitti\u011fini ayd\u0131nlatma umuduyla yola koyulmu\u015f durumdalar. DNA\u2019n\u0131n bu k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcze her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha az \u201c\u00e7\u00f6p\u201d gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ya\u015fayan en yak\u0131n akrabam\u0131z olan \u015fempanzelerle, DNA\u2019m\u0131z\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 99\u2019u ayn\u0131. Neredeyse \u00f6zde\u015f bir DNA plan\u0131na sahip olmam\u0131za ra\u011fmen bu kadar temel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6stermemiz, farkl\u0131 olan DNA par\u00e7alar\u0131m\u0131za ba\u011fl\u0131. \u0130nsan ve \u015fempanze genomlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve insan genomunun, \u015fempanze ve insan\u0131n ortak bir atadan t\u00fcreyip ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana en fazla de\u011fi\u015fen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fhis etme \u00e7abalar\u0131 sadece [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":329,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,32],"tags":[272,200,554],"class_list":["post-10578","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-65-sayi","category-evrim","tag-dna","tag-evrim","tag-sempanze"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Katherine S. 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