{"id":10916,"date":"2010-04-01T14:05:50","date_gmt":"2010-04-01T11:05:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=10916"},"modified":"2017-05-31T15:18:58","modified_gmt":"2017-05-31T12:18:58","slug":"berenisin-saclari-eratostenin-dunyayi-olcmesini-anlatiyor-dunyanin-cevresi-kac-adim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2010\/04\/01\/berenisin-saclari-eratostenin-dunyayi-olcmesini-anlatiyor-dunyanin-cevresi-kac-adim","title":{"rendered":"Berenis&#8217;in Sa\u00e7lar\u0131 Eratosten&#8217;in d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mesini anlat\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresi ka\u00e7 ad\u0131m?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131zda google earth y\u00fckl\u00fc m\u00fc? T\u0131klay\u0131n, d\u00fcnya a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131versin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcze. Bir ucundan tutun \u015fimdi d\u00fcnyay\u0131, \u00e7evirin, \u00e7evirin. Buldunuz mu evinizi? Merak etti\u011finiz neresi var, Kuzey Kutbu mu? D\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcn farenizin tekerini, yakla\u015f\u0131n d\u00fcnyaya, neredeyse g\u00f6receksiniz suda y\u00fczen buz k\u00fctlelerini. Yukar\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir cetvelcik var. Bas\u0131n \u00fczerine, \u015fimdi t\u0131klay\u0131n evinizin \u00fcst\u00fcne, sonra bir ucunu g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcverin \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nun tam ucuna mesela. Eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fcney ucu ka\u00e7 kilometre uza\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdaym\u0131\u015f, \u00f6\u011frendiniz mi? \u0130sterseniz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcverin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bir ucundan ucuna. Ya da daha kolay\u0131, arama motorunuza yaz\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresi ne kadar diye. Kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan bir milyon d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz bin sonu\u00e7tan birine t\u0131klay\u0131n, \u00f6\u011frenin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresinin 40 bin 75 kilometre oldu\u011funu. Ya da\u2026<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10917\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10917\" style=\"width: 181px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10917\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/1-71.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"181\" height=\"279\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10917\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berenis\u2019in Sa\u00e7lar\u0131, Denis Guedj, G\u00fcncel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ocak 2004,<br \/>320 s.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ya da gelin iki bin iki y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine gidelim. Merak etmek ile \u00f6\u011frenmek aras\u0131ndaki mesafenin da\u011flar kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck, ama merak\u0131n tutkuyla neredeyse e\u015f anlaml\u0131 oldu\u011fu zamanlara. <em>Berenis\u2019in Sa\u00e7lar\u0131<\/em> d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresinin Eratosten taraf\u0131ndan ilk olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesini anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsan\u0131n \u00fczerine ayak bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 tan\u0131y\u0131p \u00f6\u011frenme s\u00fcrecinin belki de en \u00f6nemli halkalar\u0131ndan biridir bu. Hikayeyi bilirsiniz, k\u0131saca \u00f6zetleyelim. Eratosten b\u00fcy\u00fck co\u011frafyac\u0131, matematik\u00e7i, ayn\u0131 zamanda me\u015fhur \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nin en parlak d\u00f6neminde y\u00f6neticisidir. K\u00fct\u00fcphane zaman\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve bilimsel birikiminin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir merkez olurken, binlerce el yazmas\u0131n\u0131 tek tek elden ge\u00e7iren ihtiyar Eratosten de bu birikimin cisimle\u015fmi\u015f halidir.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bulmak, Helenistik M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kral Everget ile payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tutkusudur Eratosten\u2019in. Merakl\u0131 kral\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn deste\u011fi Eratosten\u2019in arkas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Zira \u00f6lmeden bunu g\u00f6rmek, ad\u0131n\u0131 tarihe b\u00f6yle yazd\u0131rmak ister. Eratosten\u2019in bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc yapmak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015fmas\u0131na bile raz\u0131d\u0131r ama yine de bu fikir ho\u015funa gitmez. B\u00f6yle bir yolculu\u011fun sonunu g\u00f6rmeye \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn yetmeyece\u011finden endi\u015felidir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc. Dahas\u0131, bilinen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ne vard\u0131r, hi\u00e7 gidilmemi\u015f kara ve denizlerin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ne kadard\u0131r kim bilir? B\u00f6yle bir yolculuk belki de imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. Ama neyse ki gereksizdir de. Eratosten kral\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcre\u011fine su serper; nas\u0131l ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir kral bir \u00fclkeyi fethetmek i\u00e7in \u00fclkenin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fgal etmek zorunda de\u011filse, do\u011fru se\u00e7ilmi\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek b\u00fct\u00fcn bir \u00fclkeyi elde etmek i\u00e7in yeterli olabiliyorsa, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek yeterli olabilir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Bana bir a\u00e7\u0131 verin, size d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini s\u00f6yleyeyim<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ama do\u011fru par\u00e7a neresidir, bunu kestirebilmek her \u015feyden \u00f6nce d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015fekli konusunda bir fikre sahip olmay\u0131 gerektirir. Eratosten\u2019in bunun i\u00e7in de b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 gezmesi gerekmez, k\u00fct\u00fcphane koridorlar\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu yolculuk ona fazlas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015ftir. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n muazzam geometri, matematik ve astronomi bilgisi, Yunan filozof ve matematik\u00e7ilerinin d\u00fcnya ve g\u00f6ksel cisimler \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 cilt cilt kitaplar k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin raflar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Anaksimandros, Anaksagoras ve hatta Herodot d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fcz bir disk \u015feklinde oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n boyu geni\u015fli\u011finin \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131 olan bir silindir oldu\u011funu iddia edenler de olmu\u015ftur. Eski Babil ve M\u0131s\u0131r astronomlar\u0131 ise d\u00fcnyan\u0131n k\u00fcre \u015feklinde yuvarlak oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Pisagor\u2019da \u00f6yle. G\u00fcne\u015f ve di\u011fer g\u00f6kcisimlerinin hareketini, g\u00f6lge uzunluklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn boyunca nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini yak\u0131ndan g\u00f6zleyen Eratosten de ayn\u0131 \u015feyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. <strong>D\u00fcnya k\u00fcre \u015feklinde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> \u0130\u015fin iyi taraf\u0131, k\u00fcre di\u011fer t\u00fcm alternatiflere g\u00f6re matematiksel olarak daha \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekle sahiptir. Neresinden bak\u0131l\u0131rsa bak\u0131ls\u0131n ayn\u0131 yuvarlak \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir, neresini \u00f6l\u00e7erseniz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn her noktas\u0131nda ayn\u0131 e\u011fikli\u011fe sahiptir. Kral Eratosten\u2019e tak\u0131l\u0131r; \u201cbelki de tanr\u0131lar sen \u00f6l\u00e7ebil diye d\u00fcnyay\u0131 k\u00fcre \u015feklinde yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Eratosten kral\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne bir \u00e7ember \u00e7izer, \u00e7ember \u00fczerinde iki nokta i\u015faretler. Merkezden bu noktalara uzanan do\u011frular\u0131 \u00e7izer. Aradaki a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcp iki nokta aras\u0131ndaki yay\u0131 buldu muydu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini hesaplamak \u00e7ocuk oyunca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun matemati\u011fi, Euclid ve Thales\u2019in \u00e7ok \u00f6ncesinden beri Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da vard\u0131r. Eratosten\u2019in plan\u0131 budur. \u0130yi ama d\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezindeki a\u00e7\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecektir? Kral i\u00e7in bu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc dola\u015fmakla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bile, hem imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hem de mant\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu sorunu a\u015fmak i\u00e7in yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir zek\u00e2, iyi bir matematik ve keskin bir g\u00f6zlem gereklidir. \u015eimdiye dek b\u00f6ylesi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler hep g\u00f6\u011fe, y\u0131ld\u0131zlara bak\u0131larak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eratosten g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yere, g\u00f6lgelere \u00e7evirir. Ayn\u0131 anda ayn\u0131 meridyen \u00fczerinde iki noktada g\u00fcne\u015f saatinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6lgeleri \u00f6l\u00e7ebilirse, bu g\u00f6lgelerin uzunlu\u011funun farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ya ula\u015facakt\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 an, her iki noktada da g\u00f6lgelerin en k\u0131sa oldu\u011fu and\u0131r. Eratosten yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplara g\u00f6re \u0130stanbul, Rodos ve \u0130skenderiye\u2019nin ayn\u0131 meridyen \u00fczerinde oldu\u011funu, Nil Nehri\u2019nin de g\u00fcneyden kuzeye ayn\u0131 meridyen boyunca akt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak do\u011frudur da. Eski s\u00f6ylencelere g\u00f6re, g\u00fcneyde Nil \u00fczerinde Asvan\u2019da, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fcn en uzun gecenin en k\u0131sa oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n derinliklerini ayd\u0131nlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kuyudan s\u00f6z edilmektedir. O halde i\u015f daha kolayla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Asvan\u2019da g\u00f6lgelerin kayboldu\u011fu anda \u0130skenderiye\u2019de yap\u0131lacak tek bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yetecektir. Eratosten bunun i\u00e7in \u0130skenderiye\u2019de kusursuz bir g\u00fcne\u015f saati in\u015fa ettirir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Eratosten plan\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplarken kral Everget \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, yerine o\u011flu Philopator ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Astronomi ve matemati\u011fe ilgili olsa da esas merak\u0131 saray e\u011flenceleri olan yeni kral Eratosten\u2019in hesaplar\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r, ama \u00d6klid\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi \u201cmatematikte krallar i\u00e7in daha k\u0131sa bir yol yoktur.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi i\u015f Asvan ile \u0130skenderiye aras\u0131ndaki mesafenin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesine kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bematist diye bir meslek duydunuz mu hi\u00e7? \u015ea\u015fmaz ad\u0131mlar\u0131yla mesafeleri \u00f6l\u00e7en adamlara deniyor. Bu meslek muhtemelen ilk defa, Nil\u2019in her y\u0131l ta\u015farak b\u00fct\u00fcn arazi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 alt\u00fcst etti\u011fi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, arazi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini yeniden yapmak i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. \u0130skender\u2019in de seferlerinde en \u00fcnl\u00fc bematistleri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor.<\/p>\n<p>Eratosten d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in, 1 stad uzunlu\u011fundaki \u0130skenderiye stadyumunu \u015fa\u015fmaz ad\u0131mlar\u0131yla her defas\u0131nda tam 240 ad\u0131mda turlayan bematist Beton\u2019u yan\u0131na al\u0131r. Ekibiyle birlikte \u0130skenderiye\u2019den Asvan\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131karlar. Beton ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sayarken, Eratosten de elindeki e\u011fim hesaplamas\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 trigonometri tablosuyla Nil\u2019in k\u0131vr\u0131mlar\u0131 boyunca do\u011frusal \u00e7izgiyi hesaplar. \u0130skenderiye\u2019den Asvan\u2019a mesafe 5000 stad\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Asvan\u2019da g\u00fcne\u015f kuyunun dibini ayd\u0131nlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc yapmak \u00fczere \u0130skenderiye\u2019ye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olan Eratosten\u2019de g\u00fcne\u015f saatinin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi en k\u0131sa g\u00f6lgeyi \u00f6l\u00e7er. \u00c7ubukla g\u00f6lgenin uzunluklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki oran\u2019dan, iki kent aras\u0131ndaki mesafenin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresinin ellide biri oldu\u011funu hesaplar. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresi 250.000 stad, yani bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcyle 40.000 km olarak bulunur.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00d6 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fckte bir sapmayla yap\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn hik\u00e2yesi b\u00f6yledir. Bilim tarihini romanla\u015ft\u0131rmak kolay bir i\u015f olmasa gerek. Okuru rakamlar\u0131n, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin, hesaplar\u0131n i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekecek bir kurgu yoksa pek \u00e7abuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcverir kitap okurun elinden. Paris \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde bilim tarihi profes\u00f6r\u00fc Denis Guedj\u2019in roman\u0131nda bu kurgu fazlas\u0131yla zengin. Kitaba ad\u0131n\u0131 veren Berenis\u2019in Sa\u00e7lar\u0131 tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n mitolojik \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130skender\u2019in cenazesine sahip \u00e7\u0131kmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ard\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi, \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nin olu\u015fturulma hik\u00e2yesi, entrikas\u0131z bir g\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7meyen saray hayat\u0131, firavunlar aras\u0131nda matemati\u011fin \u00e7izdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 zorlayan en b\u00fcy\u00fck piramidi yapt\u0131rma rekabeti, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Nil ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n takvimine g\u00f6re belirlenen ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131\u2026 En fazla da ya\u015fl\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r ve gen\u00e7 Yunan uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve kayna\u015fmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fck uygarl\u0131k birikimiyle bu uygarl\u0131k birikiminin arka plan\u0131nda, Yunan egemenli\u011finde ya\u015famay\u0131 kendine yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131ramayan M\u0131s\u0131r soylular\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011frur gururu, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin bu egemenli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 isyan\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Bilim tarihini romanla\u015ft\u0131rmak kolay bir i\u015f olmasa gerek. <em>Berenis\u2019in Sa\u00e7lar\u0131 <\/em>zengin kurgusuyla, hi\u00e7 s\u0131kmadan okuru rakamlar\u0131n, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin, hesaplar\u0131n i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekiveriyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131zda google earth y\u00fckl\u00fc m\u00fc? T\u0131klay\u0131n, d\u00fcnya a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131versin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcze. Bir ucundan tutun \u015fimdi d\u00fcnyay\u0131, \u00e7evirin, \u00e7evirin. Buldunuz mu evinizi? Merak etti\u011finiz neresi var, Kuzey Kutbu mu? D\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcn farenizin tekerini, yakla\u015f\u0131n d\u00fcnyaya, neredeyse g\u00f6receksiniz suda y\u00fczen buz k\u00fctlelerini. Yukar\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir cetvelcik var. Bas\u0131n \u00fczerine, \u015fimdi t\u0131klay\u0131n evinizin \u00fcst\u00fcne, sonra bir ucunu g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcverin \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nun tam [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":227,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[111,511],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10916","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-74-sayi","category-yayin-dunyasi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10916","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/227"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10916"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10916\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10916"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10916"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10916"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}