{"id":11003,"date":"2011-06-01T22:23:59","date_gmt":"2011-06-01T19:23:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=11003"},"modified":"2017-06-01T22:31:09","modified_gmt":"2017-06-01T19:31:09","slug":"yakisikli-bir-agac-goknar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2011\/06\/01\/yakisikli-bir-agac-goknar","title":{"rendered":"Yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 bir a\u011fa\u00e7: g\u00f6knar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Farkl\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenlere sahip insanlar\u0131 kendi kokusunun potas\u0131nda eriten, bitki merkezli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel uygulamalar\u0131 do\u011furan a\u011fa\u00e7lardan biri da g\u00f6knarlar\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Anadolu da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcsleyen g\u00fczelim g\u00f6knarlar\u0131m\u0131z, hem ila\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 potansiyelleri hem de g\u00fczel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleriyle Anadolu insan\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez hayat yolda\u015f\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131 ile ilgili ilk k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bilgiler Anadolu\u2019nun Neolitik \u00e7a\u011f tabakalar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lardan elde edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck Neolitik tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n kaz\u0131s\u0131 sonucunda, g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n tahta kaplar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u00f6knardan yap\u0131lan Troya at\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Homerus\u2019un \u0130lyada<\/em>\u2019s\u0131na g\u00f6re; Troya\u2019ya girmek isteyen Akha ordusu, 10 y\u0131l sava\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra bu amac\u0131na ula\u015famay\u0131nca tahtadan bir at yapar, bunun i\u00e7ine sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 koyar ve Troya\u2019y\u0131 bu y\u00f6ntemle i\u015fgal eder. (1) Ancak s\u00f6z konusu tahta at\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in sava\u015f alan\u0131ndan bir hayli uzak olan Kazda\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rlar. Troya at\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kazda\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6knar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bilimsel ad\u0131 da Abies nordmanniana <\/em>subsp. equi-trojani<\/em>\u2019dir. \u201cEquus<\/em>\u201d Latince\u2019de \u201cat\u201d anlam\u0131na geldi\u011finden, Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131n\u0131n literat\u00fcrdeki ad\u0131 asl\u0131nda \u201cTroya At\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6knar\u0131\u201dd\u0131r. Anadolu\u2019nun \u00f6zg\u00fcn s\u00f6ylencesinin kayna\u011f\u0131nda yine Anadolu\u2019nun \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir bitkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Her ne kadar Akhalar\u0131n Troya\u2019y\u0131 tahta at ile alt ettikleri s\u00f6ylenmekteyse de Troyal\u0131lar\u0131n bu kadar basit bir numaray\u0131 yutmayacaklar\u0131 akla daha yak\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Efsanevi Troya At\u0131, Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00f6knardan tahta at yap\u0131larak bir \u00fclkenin yok edilmesini o zaman\u0131n a\u011fa\u00e7larla ilgili inan\u00e7lar\u0131na ba\u011flamak daha mant\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim Troyal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 olan Hitit devletinin anla\u015fma metinlerinde g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131 ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler bu konuda bizlere ipucu verir. Hitit devleti ile Hurri devleti aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir anla\u015fma metninde \u201cHurriler bu antla\u015fman\u0131n ve yeminin s\u00f6zlerine uymazsa, bir g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131 kesilip devrildi\u011finde art\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyece\u011fi gibi… biz Hurrileri kar\u0131m\u0131z, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131z ve \u00fclkemizle birlikte bu g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131 gibi b\u0131rak. Kesilmi\u015f g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l z\u00fcrriyeti yoksa… Biz Hurrileri \u00fclkemizle birlikte ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131zla birlikte z\u00fcrriyetsiz b\u0131rak\u201d (2) denilmektedir. Yukar\u0131daki Hitit metninden hareketle; Troya\u2019y\u0131 alamayan ya\u011fmac\u0131 Akhalar\u0131n en sonunda b\u00fcy\u00fcsel ve simgesel bir yola ba\u015fvurduklar\u0131, mahvetmek istedikleri \u00fclkenin insanlar\u0131n\u0131 yok edebilmek i\u00e7in Kazda\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki g\u00f6knar a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 keserek bunlardan heykeller yapt\u0131klar\u0131 akla daha mant\u0131kl\u0131 gelmektedir. Zira Hitit inanc\u0131nda, \u00fclkenin g\u00f6knarlar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi ile bu g\u00f6knarlar\u0131n yeti\u015fti\u011fi topraklardaki insanlar\u0131n yok olmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda paralellik kuruldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Sava\u015f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Troya b\u00f6lgesi, Hititlerle benzer k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip ve onlara akraba Luvilerin \u00fclkesidir. Belki de Akha ordusu yerel halk\u0131n bu inanc\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011finden ve onlar\u0131n moralini bozmak istedi\u011finden, onlar\u0131 koruyan Anatanr\u0131\u00e7a \u0130da ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen Kazda\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6knarlar\u0131n\u0131 keserek Troya halk\u0131na umutsuzluk a\u015f\u0131lamay\u0131 planlam\u0131\u015f da olabilir. Di\u011fer bir olas\u0131l\u0131k da Troya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren ve halk\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren Akhalar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bu soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n simgesi ve zaferlerinin sembol\u00fc olarak g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitli heykeller yapm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n

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Uluda\u011f g\u00f6knar\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131, uygun ko\u015fullar olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 10-15 y\u0131l bekleyip zor ko\u015fullara (a\u011fa\u00e7 alt\u0131 g\u00f6lgelere) direnerek (Troyal\u0131lar da 10 y\u0131l direndiler) f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 buldu\u011funda aniden boy atarak 60 y\u0131l ya\u015fayabilir. 60 y\u0131ll\u0131k ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi insanlar\u0131n \u00f6m\u00fcr s\u00fcreleri ile benze\u015fmektedir. G\u00f6knar\u0131n insanlarla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmesinin en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden birisi a\u011fac\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu biyolojik \u00f6zellikleri olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6knar\u0131n u\u00e7 dallar\u0131n\u0131n insan eli gibi 5 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 da onun insani ve anatanr\u0131\u00e7a ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 veriyor olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zira Anadolu anatanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Meter\u2019in (\u0130da) kutsal say\u0131s\u0131 5 olup 5 parmakl\u0131 el de onun g\u00f6stergesidir. Akhalar\u0131 destekleyen Poseidon\u2019un sembol\u00fc att\u0131r. Troyal\u0131lar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli tanr\u0131s\u0131 ise koruyucu ve kurtar\u0131c\u0131 anatanr\u0131\u00e7a \u0130da\u2019d\u0131r. \u0130da\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergesi ise onun bitkileri, \u00f6zellikle insan soyu ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen g\u00f6knarlar\u0131d\u0131r. Tahta at\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131; \u201cBen deste\u011fini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m deniz tanr\u0131s\u0131 Poseidon\u2019un yard\u0131m\u0131yla gemilerle senin yurduna geldim, Poseidon\u2019un sembol\u00fc atlarla senin \u00fclkeni soyk\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011fratt\u0131m, insan soyu ve Troyal\u0131lar ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen g\u00f6knarlardan tahta at yapt\u0131m. Yani g\u00f6knarlar\u0131n\u0131 (insanlar\u0131n\u0131) keserek ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Poseidon k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc bu topraklara yerle\u015ftirdim\u201ddir. (5)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u00f6knar yapra\u011f\u0131 ila\u00e7 gibi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kazda\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde, Bayrami\u00e7 il\u00e7esinin 10 km do\u011fusundaki Kur\u015funlu Tepe\u2019de kurulu bulunan antik Skepsis (Evciler) kenti paralar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131 motifi vard\u0131r. Bu da a\u011fac\u0131n eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri kutsand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sembol olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.Troyal\u0131lar\u0131n Aeneas \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u0130talya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7lerinde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gemi malzemeleri Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131ndan imal edilmi\u015ftir. Troyal\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7lerinde Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmalar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Kibele k\u00fclt\u00fcne sonradan eklenen ve Attis\u2019i sembolize eden kozalak motifinin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da yine g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. (6)<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Bal\u0131kesir ve \u00c7anakkale insan\u0131, endemik Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131n\u0131n yapraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ti\u011fi \u00e7ay\u0131n i\u00e7ine atar, \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131 re\u00e7ine kokulu bir \u015fekilde i\u00e7er. G\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ay\u0131n i\u00e7ine kat\u0131lmas\u0131 muhtemelen antik \u00e7a\u011flardan kalan bir uygulamad\u0131r. Zira \u00fcreme ve soyun devam\u0131 ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen bu a\u011fac\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n yapra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7aya sadece koku vermedi\u011fi, muhtemelen insanlar\u0131n soyunu devam ettirmek istemesi ile ilgili bir uygulama oldu\u011fu akla gelmektedir. Ancak bu uygulaman\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel nedenlerinin yan\u0131nda bilimsel dayanaklar\u0131n\u0131n da oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde tespitlere ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Genellikle yemeklerden sonra i\u00e7ilen \u00e7aylara Kazda\u011f\u0131 dolay\u0131nda g\u00f6knar yapra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden biri a\u011fac\u0131n besin zehirlenmesine neden olan bakteriye kar\u015f\u0131 etkili olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda; Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131n\u0131n dal kabu\u011fundan haz\u0131rlanan metanol ekstresinin, besin zehirlenmesine sebep olan Salmonella typhimurium<\/em>\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 etki g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi, a\u011fac\u0131n g\u00f6vde ve kozalaklar\u0131ndan elde edilen ekstre ile yapra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn ekstrelerinin de S. aureus<\/em> bakterisine kar\u015f\u0131 aktivite g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi, bu aktivitenin penisilinden daha fazla oldu\u011fu, bitkinin de\u011fi\u015fik k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n mantarlara kar\u015f\u0131 da etkili oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir. (4)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6v\u00fclmesinin arac\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Toros g\u00f6knar\u0131 dal ve yapraklar\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

D\u00fcnyada sadece T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131nda yeti\u015fen, \u00fclkemize endemik bir g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131 olan Abies nordmanniana <\/em>subsp. bornmuelleriana<\/em>\u2019ya literat\u00fcrde ilk ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi yer olan Uluda\u011f\u2019\u0131n ismiyle an\u0131larak \u201cUluda\u011f G\u00f6knar\u0131\u201d denilmesine ra\u011fmen y\u00f6re halk\u0131 bu g\u00fczel a\u011fac\u0131 ayr\u0131ca Osmanl\u0131ca bir niteleme olan \u201cSenaver\u201d olarak da isimlendirmektedir. Senaver\u2019in Osmanl\u0131ca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00f6ven, metheden\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00c7ok dekoratif ve yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 olan bu a\u011fac\u0131m\u0131za acaba Anadolu halk\u0131 neden \u201cmetheden\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen bir isim takm\u0131\u015f olabilir? Antik \u00e7a\u011flarda da g\u00f6knar a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 tanr\u0131lara \u00f6zg\u00fclenen a\u011fa\u00e7lardand\u0131. Bir Afrodit ilahisinde; \u201cBa\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6\u011fe eren g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fi renkli g\u00f6knarlar<\/strong>\u2026 \/ \u00c7\u0131kar insano\u011flunu besleyen topraktan \/ Bu g\u00fczelim a\u011fa\u00e7lar ye\u015ferip boy yatarlar da\u011flarda, sarp kayal\u0131klarda \/ \u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fczlerin (Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n) kutsal alan\u0131 derler bunlara \/ \u00d6l\u00fcml\u00fcler de buday\u0131p kesmezler onlar\u0131 demir baltalarla\u201d (8) denilmektedir. G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere g\u00f6knarlar \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz tanr\u0131lar\u0131n mek\u00e2nlar\u0131nda yeti\u015fmekte ve tanr\u0131 ile tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 sembolize etmektedirler. Asl\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ve antik \u00e7a\u011fda yap\u0131lan dualar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi Tanr\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ven metinler olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6knar a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 da binlerce y\u0131ldan bu yana tanr\u0131 ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131n \u00f6v\u00fclmesinin bir arac\u0131d\u0131rlar. Bu y\u00fczden Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde endemik g\u00f6knar\u0131m\u0131za senaver isminin verilmesi \u00e7ok da yak\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r bu yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131m\u0131za. Bursa\u2019n\u0131n endemik senaverini g\u00f6rmek isterseniz antik \u00e7a\u011fda tanr\u0131lar\u0131n mek\u00e2n\u0131 olarak bilinen ve Bitinya Olympos\u2019u olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Uluda\u011f\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131z gerekecektir. E\u011fer \u015fans\u0131n\u0131z varsa Tanr\u0131\u00e7a Afrodit\u2019in izlerini de bulursunuz belki buralarda.<\/p>\n

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G\u00f6knar kozalaklar\u0131 bol re\u00e7inelidir. Donmu\u015f re\u00e7ineler toplanarak sak\u0131z gibi \u00e7i\u011fnenir. Bu re\u00e7ineye \u201cmezde\u011fi\u201d veya sorgu\u00e7 ad\u0131 verilir. \u201cMezde\u011fi\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Hellence sak\u0131z anlam\u0131ndaki \u201cMastikha\u201ddan geldi\u011fi bilinmektedir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hititler, \u201ca\u015fuhu\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 (18) g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n kozalaklar\u0131n\u0131 tanr\u0131lar\u0131na yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sunularda da kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hitit dini rit\u00fcellerinde tanr\u0131lara ekmek sunusu yap\u0131lmas\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda \u201c\u0130nce ekme\u011fin ortas\u0131na bir delik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve onun \u00fczerinde bir k\u00f6knar kozala\u011f\u0131 durur\u201d ibaresi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Hititler g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ila\u00e7 literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde Resina abiatis <\/em>diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan maddeye benzer drog (ila\u00e7, kokulu madde) elde ediyorlard\u0131. (7)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u00f6knar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada 35-40 g\u00f6knar t\u00fcr\u00fc bulunmakta olup, \u00fclkemizde do\u011fal olarak yeti\u015fen 4 t\u00fcr bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lgin\u00e7 olan husus \u00fclkemizdeki t\u00fcrlerin hi\u00e7birinin di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerle ayn\u0131 ortamda ya\u015famamas\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6knarlar genelde derin toprakl\u0131, y\u00fcksek nemli, temiz haval\u0131, donlu d\u00f6nemlerin ya\u015fanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ilk \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda g\u00f6lgeli ortamlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanlar\u0131 tercih ederler. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hava kirlili\u011fi olan kentlere g\u00f6knar ekilmesi sonu\u00e7suz bir \u00e7abad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 630.000 hektar saf g\u00f6knar orman\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r. Eskiden \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f g\u00f6knar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, odununun son derece kolay i\u015flenebilmesi ve re\u00e7inesiz olmas\u0131, kereste ve ka\u011f\u0131t yap\u0131m\u0131nda tercih edilmesi t\u00fcketimini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (9)<\/p>\n

1999 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Anadolu\u2019da 3 adet endemik g\u00f6knar \u00e7e\u015fidi biliniyordu. Bunlardan Abies cilicica<\/em> subsp. isaurica<\/em> Antalya ve Konya illerinde, A. nordmanniana<\/em> subsp. equi-trojani <\/em>Bal\u0131kesir\u2019de, A. nordmanniana <\/em>subsp. bornmuelleriana<\/em> ise Bolu, \u00c7orum, Samsun, Tokat, Kastamonu ve Bursa illerinde yeti\u015fmektedir. Ancak 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan yeni bir ke\u015fifle birlikte endemik g\u00f6knar taksonu say\u0131s\u0131 4\u2019e y\u00fckselmi\u015f, Mersin\u2019in G\u00fclnar il\u00e7esinin S\u00f6\u011f\u00fctda\u011f\u0131 dolaylar\u0131nda \u201cKilikya \u0130sauryas\u0131n\u0131n Piramidal G\u00f6knar\u0131\u201d (Abies cilicica<\/strong> <\/em>subsp. isaurica<\/strong> var. pyramidata)<\/em> adl\u0131 lokal endemik g\u00f6knar varyetesi ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. (3) Hititlerce kutsal say\u0131lan, ba\u015ftanr\u0131 Taru\u2019nun \u00fclkesi Toroslarda kutsal g\u00f6knar a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 ya\u015famakta, g\u00f6knar\u0131n lokal endemik \u00e7e\u015fitleri h\u00e2l\u00e2 ke\u015ffedilmektedir. Yukar\u0131daki illerden Konya, Kastamonu, Tokat, \u00c7orum, Samsun ve Mersin Hitit \u00fclkesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalmaktad\u0131r. Hititler hayal g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ve siyasi kudretlerini topraklar\u0131nda yeti\u015fen \u00f6zg\u00fcn bitkilerden alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (3)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Halk ila\u00e7lar\u0131nda g\u00f6knar<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hititlerden bu yana g\u00f6knar t\u00fcrlerimiz halk ilac\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ankara\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcd\u00fcl il\u00e7esi dolay\u0131nda g\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6ke yak\u0131n kabu\u011funun re\u00e7inesi balla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p yenir, kabu\u011funun suyu i\u00e7ilmek suretiyle bron\u015fit ve nefes darl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (16) G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane\u2019nin K\u00f6seda\u011f\u0131 dolay\u0131nda Abies nordmanniana <\/em>subsp. nordmanniana <\/em>(Kafkas g\u00f6knar\u0131)\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6vdelerinden elde edilen re\u00e7ine antiseptik ve yara iyile\u015ftirici olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (12) Artvin dolay\u0131nda da A. nordmanniana<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n katran\u0131ndan elde edilen merhem yara iyi edici ve apseyi olgunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (13) Benzer bir \u015fekilde \u00fclkemize \"\"endemik bir g\u00f6knar olan Abies cilicica <\/em>subsp. isaurica<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n sak\u0131z\u0131 antiseptik olarak ve \u00e7\u0131ban tedavisinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (14) Bart\u0131n\u2019\u0131n Ulus il\u00e7esi dolaylar\u0131ndaki k\u00f6ylerde Kafkas g\u00f6knar\u0131 Abies bornmuelleriana<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n sak\u0131z\u0131 ve kozalaklar\u0131 ila\u00e7 yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yaralarda, el ve ayak \u00e7atlaklar\u0131nda a\u011fac\u0131n sak\u0131z\u0131 yumu\u015fat\u0131larak rahats\u0131z yerin \u00fczerine konur. Ayr\u0131ca yaralarda kozalaklar kaynat\u0131l\u0131r, suyu s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr, elde edilen s\u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc ile yara y\u0131kan\u0131r; bu i\u015flem yaray\u0131 temizler ve iyile\u015fmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. (15)<\/p>\n

\u201cMezde\u011fi, mezda, mezekki, mezle, mezla\u201d gibi yerel adlarla adland\u0131r\u0131lan, literat\u00fcrde Toros g\u00f6knar\u0131 veya Adana g\u00f6knar\u0131 olarak da bilinen Abies cilicica<\/em> 40 metreye kadar boylanabilir. Bu a\u011fa\u00e7, Anadolu g\u00f6knarlar\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fck kozala\u011fa sahip olan\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131rsal \u00e7evrede yapraklar\u0131 hayvanlara yem olarak verildi\u011finden dallar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak kesilir. Kozalaklar\u0131 bol re\u00e7inelidir. Bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde kozalaklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki donmu\u015f re\u00e7ineleri toplanarak sak\u0131z gibi \u00e7i\u011fnenir. Bu re\u00e7ineye \u201cmezde\u011fi\u201d veya sorgu\u00e7 ad\u0131 verilir. \u201cMezde\u011fi\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Hellence sak\u0131z anlam\u0131ndaki \u201cMastikha\u201ddan geldi\u011fi bilinmektedir. (17) Konya\u2019da, Toros g\u00f6knar\u0131 Abies cilicica <\/em>subsp. cilicica<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n re\u00e7inesi bal ile hap \u015fekline getirilerek mide hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00fclserde, Karaman\u2019da re\u00e7inesinden elde edilen merhem yara iyi edici ve meyvesinin suyu damar hastal\u0131klar\u0131nda, Mersin\u2019de re\u00e7inesinin hap\u0131 \u00fclserde ve b\u00f6brek ta\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olarak; Hatay\u2019da re\u00e7inesinin \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi s\u00fctle kaynat\u0131l\u0131p i\u00e7ilmek suretiyle bron\u015fit ve so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Mara\u015f\u2019ta re\u00e7inesi balla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak yap\u0131lan hap\u0131 vereme kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (13) Kahramanmara\u015f\u2019\u0131n G\u00f6ksun il\u00e7esinde \u201cmezle\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Abies cilicica<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6vdesinden akan sak\u0131z\u0131 bal ile veya bals\u0131z, dahilen mide \u00fclseri tedavisine kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (10) Kayseri\u2019nin Yahyal\u0131 il\u00e7esi dolay\u0131ndaki Alada\u011flar y\u00f6resinde Abies cilicica <\/em>subsp. cilicica <\/em>(Toros g\u00f6knar\u0131) a\u011fac\u0131ndan elde edilen sak\u0131z a\u00e7 karn\u0131na bal ile yenilerek mide ve \u00fclser hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. (11)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Hellenler masthika, T\u00fcrkler de mezdeki demi\u015f<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere g\u00f6knar a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z gerek estetik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri ve gerekse t\u0131bbi kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anadolu tarihinin her a\u015famas\u0131nda ba\u015f tac\u0131 edilen a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131zdand\u0131r. G\u00f6knar \u00e7e\u015fitlerimizin bakteri ve mantar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkileri, \u00fclseri ve yaralar\u0131 iyi edici \u00f6zellikleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Anadolu halk\u0131n\u0131n binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden miras ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 halk t\u0131bb\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel nedenlerinin oldu\u011funu da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6knar\u0131n iyile\u015ftirici \u00f6zellikleri ge\u00e7mi\u015f Anadolu uygarl\u0131klar\u0131nda ona daha duygusal ve rit\u00fcel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla bak\u0131lmas\u0131na da yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Antik d\u00f6nemlerden beri Anadolu insan\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel k\u00f6ken g\u00f6zetmeksizin g\u00f6knardan sak\u0131z da elde etmi\u015f, bu sak\u0131za Hellenler masthika, T\u00fcrkler de mezdeki demi\u015ftir. Farkl\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenlere sahip insanlar\u0131 kendi kokusunun potas\u0131nda eriten, bitki merkezli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel uygulamalar\u0131 do\u011furan a\u011fa\u00e7lardan biri da g\u00f6knarlar\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Anadolu da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcsleyen g\u00fczelim g\u00f6knarlar\u0131m\u0131z, hem ila\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 potansiyelleri hem de g\u00fczel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleriyle Anadolu insan\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez hayat yolda\u015f\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Homeros, \u0130lyada (\u00c7ev: Azra Erhat\/A. Kadir), Can Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,13. Bas\u0131m, \u0130stanbul, 2002.<\/p>\n

2) G\u00fcng\u00f6r Karau\u011fuz, Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y ve Ugarit \u00c7ivi Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Belgelerine G\u00f6re Hitit Devletinin Siyasi Antla\u015fma Metinleri, \u00c7izgi Kitabevi, Konya, 2002.<\/p>\n

3) Neriman \u00d6zhatay, \u015e\u00fckran K\u00fclt\u00fcr, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Floras\u0131na \u0130lave Edilen T\u00fcrlerin Listesi\u201d, T\u00fcrk Botanik Dergisi, Say\u0131: 4, Ankara, 2006.<\/p>\n

4) M. Koray Sakar, Dilek Ercil, A. \u00dcsame Tamer, Nurettin \u015eahin; \u201cA. nordmanniana subsp equi-trojani<\/em> Ekstrelerinin Antimikrobiyal ve Sitotoksin Aktiviteleri\u201d , XI Bitkisel \u0130la\u00e7 Hammaddeleri Toplant\u0131s\u0131 Bildiri Kitab\u0131, Ank. \u00dc. Ecz. Fak. 22-24 May\u0131s, 1996.<\/p>\n

5) Hasan Torlak, Mecit Vural, Zeki Ayta\u00e7; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Endemik Bitkileri, K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2010.<\/p>\n

6) Lynn E. Roller (\u00c7ev: Bet\u00fcl Avun\u00e7); Anatanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n \u0130zinde; Anadolu Kibele K\u00fclt\u00fc, Homer Kitabevi, 2004.<\/p>\n

7) Turhan Baytop; \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de T\u0131bbi ve kokulu Bitkilerin Kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na Tarihsel Bir Bak\u0131\u015f, T\u0131bbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler B\u00fclteni, Temmuz 1994, say\u0131:10.<\/p>\n

8) Ay\u015fe Eti S\u0131ra; Homeros \u0130lahileri, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2008.<\/p>\n

9) Y\u00fccel \u00c7a\u011flar; Anadolu Ye\u015fillemesi, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2010.<\/p>\n

10) Ertan Tuzlac\u0131; \u015eifa Niyetine; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Bitkisel Halk \u0130la\u00e7lar\u0131, Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2006.<\/p>\n

11) Yavuz Ba\u011fc\u0131; Alada\u011flar Kayseri-Yahyal\u0131 ve \u00c7evresinin Etnobotanik \u00d6zellikleri, Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 2000\/1.<\/p>\n

12) A. Kandemir, O. Beyzao\u011flu; \u201cK\u00f6se Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane) T\u0131bbi ve Ekonomik Bitkileri, SD\u00dc Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi, 6-3 (2002).<\/p>\n

13) Ekrem Sezik, Erdem Ye\u015filada; \u201cU\u00e7ucu Ya\u011f Ta\u015f\u0131yan T\u00fcrk Halk \u0130la\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d, U\u00e7ucu Ya\u011flar, Prof. Dr. K. H\u00fcsn\u00fc Can Ba\u015fer\u2019e 50. Ya\u015f Arma\u011fan\u0131, 1999.<\/p>\n

14) H\u00fcseyin Fakir, Mehmet Korkmaz, Bilgin G\u00fcller; \u201cMedicinal Diversity of Western Mediterennean Region in Turkey\u201d, JABS, Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 3(2), 2009.<\/p>\n

15) Solmaz Karaba\u015fa, Ay\u015fe Mine Gen\u00e7ler \u00d6zkan; K\u00fcre Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Bilgisi, Ulus A\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u00e7er\u00e7i, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u00e7er\u00e7i K\u00f6y\u00fc G\u00fczelle\u015ftirme Derne\u011fi, 2009.<\/p>\n

16) Burcu El\u00e7i, Sad\u0131k Erik; \u201cG\u00fcd\u00fcl (Ankara) \u00c7evresinin Etnobotanik \u00d6zellikleri,\u201d Hacettepe \u00dcnv. Ecz. Fak. Dergisi, 26\/2, 2006.<\/p>\n

17) Tu\u011frul Matarac\u0131; \u201cToros G\u00f6knar\u0131\u201d, Ba\u011fbah\u00e7e Dergisi, Say\u0131:28, Mart-Nisan 2010<\/p>\n

18) Hayri Ertem; Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y Metinlerine G\u00f6re Hititler Devri Anadolu\u2019nun Floras\u0131, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara, 1987.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Farkl\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenlere sahip insanlar\u0131 kendi kokusunun potas\u0131nda eriten, bitki merkezli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel uygulamalar\u0131 do\u011furan a\u011fa\u00e7lardan biri da g\u00f6knarlar\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Anadolu da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcsleyen g\u00fczelim g\u00f6knarlar\u0131m\u0131z, hem ila\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 potansiyelleri hem de g\u00fczel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleriyle Anadolu insan\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez hayat yolda\u015f\u0131d\u0131rlar. G\u00f6knar a\u011fac\u0131 ile ilgili ilk k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bilgiler Anadolu\u2019nun Neolitik \u00e7a\u011f tabakalar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lardan elde edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck Neolitik tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":55,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[125],"tags":[198,673],"class_list":["post-11003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-88-sayi","tag-cevre","tag-doga"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t