{"id":11037,"date":"2011-06-01T23:01:38","date_gmt":"2011-06-01T20:01:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=11037"},"modified":"2017-06-01T23:10:42","modified_gmt":"2017-06-01T20:10:42","slug":"matematik-tarihindeki-cekismeler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2011\/06\/01\/matematik-tarihindeki-cekismeler","title":{"rendered":"Matematik tarihindeki \u00e7eki\u015fmeler"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130svi\u00e7reli \u00fcnl\u00fc matematik\u00e7i Daniel Bernoulli\u2019nin isyan\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cBabam hak etmedi\u011fi bir \u015feye sahip \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, ilk ve tek yazar\u0131 oldu\u011fum bulu\u015flar\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131, b\u00f6ylece bir saat i\u00e7inde on y\u0131ll\u0131k eme\u011fimi yitirmi\u015f oldum.\u201d Bu s\u00f6zler, matematik tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck matematik\u00e7ilerinden Johann Bernoulli i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Daniel Bernoulli (1700\u20131782)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Daniel Bernoulli y\u0131llarca yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucu olan ilk eserini 1738\u2019de yay\u0131mlar. Babas\u0131na olan sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kitab\u0131n ilk sayfas\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cHidrodinamik, Yazan Johann\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu Daniel Bernoulli\u201d c\u00fcmlesiyle ifade eder. Bir y\u0131l sonra 1739\u2019da baba Johann Bernoulli\u2019nin Hydraulics <\/em>isimli kitab\u0131 bas\u0131l\u0131r, ama kitaptaki bas\u0131m tarihi yedi y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine aittir. Baba, kendi kitab\u0131n\u0131 o\u011flununkinden daha \u00f6nce yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in yay\u0131nc\u0131ya kitab\u0131n bas\u0131m tarihini \u201c1732\u201d olarak yazd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daniel Bernoulli babas\u0131n\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131 eline ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131na d\u00f6ner ve hi\u00e7bir zaman kan\u0131tlayamayacak olmakla birlikte ya\u015fl\u0131 matematik\u00e7iyi h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kla su\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda bu olay baba o\u011ful aras\u0131ndaki ilk \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma de\u011fildir. 1734\u2019te Frans\u0131z Bilimler Akademisi taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen yar\u0131\u015fmaya birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar, birincilik \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc ikisi aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonucunu bildiren zarf\u0131 Daniel a\u00e7ar, \u00e7ok mutludur. Bu ortak ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 babas\u0131yla birlikte kutlaman\u0131n hayalini kurmaktad\u0131r. Babas\u0131 ak\u015fam eve geldi\u011finde heyecanla mektubu uzat\u0131r, tebrik edilmeyi beklemektedir. Ama Johann Bernoulli\u2019nin y\u00fcz\u00fcnde en ufak bir mutluluk belirtisi yoktur, tam tersine Daniel babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6fke dolu bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Baba Bernoulli o\u011flunun kendisiyle denk tutulmas\u0131na k\u0131zm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Akademi\u2019yi su\u00e7lar, tepkilerini Daniel Bernoulli\u2019ye de y\u00f6neltir. Birincilik \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kendisiyle payla\u015fmay\u0131 do\u011fal kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in o\u011flunu sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla su\u00e7lar. Gen\u00e7 adam \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k i\u00e7indedir, bir s\u00fcre sessiz kald\u0131ktan sonra kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n babas\u0131n\u0131nkinden daha iyi oldu\u011funu k\u00fcstah\u00e7a hayk\u0131r\u0131r. Kavga, baban\u0131n o\u011flunu evden kovmas\u0131yla sonlan\u0131r. Daniel Bernoulli sonraki y\u0131llarda Frans\u0131z Akademisi\u2019nin bu \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc sekiz kez daha kazanacakt\u0131r. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 Euler\u2019in ayn\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc on iki kez almas\u0131na dek t\u00fcm zamanlar\u0131n en iyi rekorudur.<\/p>\n

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Johann Bernoulli (1667\u20131748)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bernoulli\u2019ler \u00fc\u00e7 ku\u015fak boyunca babadan o\u011fula matematik\u00e7i olan, tarihte e\u015fi benzeri hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f ve belki de hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyecek bir ailedir. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l matemati\u011fine h\u00fckmeden, bir\u00e7ok se\u00e7kin matematik\u00e7inin yeti\u015fti\u011fi bu ailede sadece baba o\u011ful aras\u0131nda de\u011fil karde\u015fler aras\u0131nda da k\u0131yas\u0131ya bir rekabet ya\u015fan\u0131r. A\u011fabey Jakob Bernoulli gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131nda kendisinden on \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi Johann Bernoulli\u2019ye matematik dersleri vermi\u015ftir ama sonras\u0131nda karde\u015finin kendisinden daha iyi bir matematik\u00e7i olmas\u0131ndan endi\u015fe duymu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle de Johann\u2019\u0131n Liebniz\u2019le olan matematiksel payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve dostlu\u011funu \u00e7ok k\u0131skan\u0131r. Senato \u00fcyeleriyle olan arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak karde\u015finin Basel \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne girmesini engeller. Bunun \u00fczerine Johann, Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n Groningen \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kal\u0131r. Karde\u015fler aras\u0131ndaki kavga \u00f6ylesine deh\u015fet verici boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki Johann Bernoulli a\u011fabeyinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn sonras\u0131nda \u015fu s\u00f6zleri s\u00f6yler: \u201cBu beklenmedik haber beni \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtt\u0131 ve bunun hemen ard\u0131ndan karde\u015fimin kadrosuna ge\u00e7ebilece\u011fimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcm.\u201d\u00a0 Johann\u2019\u0131n bu iste\u011fi iki ay sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir, a\u011fabeyinden bo\u015falan kadroya profes\u00f6r olarak atan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Leopold Kronecker (1823 – 1891)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bernoulli\u2019ler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bu s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131, kavgal\u0131 ili\u015fkiler matematik tarihinin en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bernoulli ailesinde entelekt\u00fcel sermaye, ancak miras yoluyla aktar\u0131labilecek \u015fekilde aile reisinin tekelinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Matematiksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sert m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7inde o\u011flunu evden kovan Johann Bernoulli gen\u00e7li\u011finde benzer nedenlerle a\u011fabeyi taraf\u0131ndan evden kovulmu\u015f ve Jakob\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Jakob\u2019a ait olan bir izometrik problemin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kendisininmi\u015f gibi yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tutku, h\u0131rs, k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k, gurur, ego\u2026\u00a0 \u0130nsana ait t\u00fcm bu \u00f6zellikler d\u00fcnyevi \u00e7\u0131karlarla en az ba\u011fa sahip matematik\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Matematik\u00e7iler de insand\u0131r ve matematiksel ara\u015ft\u0131rma insan aktivitesidir. Tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 matematiksel ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ortak \u00e7aban\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu ortak \u00e7aban\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan bu \u00e7eki\u015fmeler belki de matemati\u011fin tarihiyle ya\u015f\u0131tt\u0131r. Ama g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daha \u00e7ok 15. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra ya\u015fanan tart\u0131\u015fmalar bilinmektedir. Bu zaman dilimine g\u00f6z att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015f baz\u0131 matematik\u00e7iler \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir: Tartaglia-Cardano, Descartes-Fermat,\u00a0 Newton-Leibniz, Bernoulli-Bernoulli, Abel ve Galois-Cauchy, Sylvester-Huxley, Kronecker-Cantor,\u00a0 Borel-Zermelo,\u00a0 Poincare-Russell, Hilbert-Brouwer.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da isimleri say\u0131lan matematik\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar farkl\u0131 nedenlere dayan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Tartaglia-Cardano \u00e7eki\u015fmesi s\u0131r olarak verilen bir bilginin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla ilgilidir: Tartaglia, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda pop\u00fcler olan, halk\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan matematik yar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015f bir matematik \u00f6\u011fretmenidir, y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememi\u015f olan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dereceden denklemlerin genel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bulmu\u015ftur. Bulu\u015funu bir s\u0131r gibi saklar. T\u0131p doktoru, astronom olan Cardano, Tartaglia\u2019y\u0131 bin bir u\u011fra\u015f sonucunda ikna ederek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6\u011frenir. Cardano, \u0130ncil \u00fczerine yemin edip \u00f6\u011frendiklerini hi\u00e7 kimseyle payla\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, hi\u00e7bir zaman yay\u0131mlamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc vermi\u015ftir Tartaglia\u2019ya. Ama bu s\u00f6zden alt\u0131 y\u0131l sonra 1545\u2019te yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ars Magna<\/em> isimli eserinde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dereceden denklemlerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klar. Kitab\u0131n giri\u015finde kimin neyi buldu\u011funa dair bilgi vermi\u015fse de Tartaglia taraf\u0131ndan h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kla su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Newton-Leibniz \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bir \u00f6ncelik sava\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Matematik\u00e7iler de bir\u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 gibi bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya taraf\u0131ndan bilinmesini isterler. En nihayetinde \u00e7o\u011funlukla parasal kazan\u00e7tan uzak bir \u00e7abayla itibar\u0131 ararlar. Diferansiyel hesab\u0131 ilk olarak Newton ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir ama \u00f6nce Leibniz yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f ve kullan\u0131ma ilk o sokmu\u015ftur. Bu durumda itibar kimindir? Newton, \u00f6ncelik hakk\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lan bulu\u015fun yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131nda de\u011fil, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve daha da ileri giderek Leibniz\u2019i h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kla su\u00e7lar. Oysa Leibniz, Newton\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bulu\u015flarla diferansiyel hesab\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ac\u0131 su\u00e7lamalara sahne olan bu olayda son s\u00f6z\u00fc tarih s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir: Her iki matematik\u00e7i de itibar\u0131 hak etmi\u015ftir. Kimi matematik tarih\u00e7ileri bu iki insan\u0131n birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 halinde \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ama bu \u00e7eki\u015fme diferansiyel ve integral hesab\u0131n ke\u015ffinin matematikte bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 engellememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789 – 1852)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1826\u2019da Norve\u00e7li matematik\u00e7i Abel \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dereceden denklemlerde ge\u00e7erli olan y\u00f6ntemin be\u015finci dereceden denklemlerde ge\u00e7erli olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Daha sonra modern matemati\u011fin ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilecek bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi i\u00e7in Frans\u0131z Bilimler Akademisi\u2019ne ba\u015fvurur. Akademi Abel\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulu\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelir, \u00a0Akademi ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan Cauchy bu makaleyi kaybeder. Abel bu durumu etkili bir bi\u00e7imde protesto edebilecek pozisyonda de\u011fildir. 1829\u2019da 27 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken t\u00fcberk\u00fclozdan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde herhangi bir akademik unvan\u0131 yoktur. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Alman matematik\u00e7iler Abel\u2019in di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 da bildiklerini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da skandal ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar, Norve\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Abel\u2019in makalesinin kaybedilmesini resmi olarak protesto eder. Bu bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalan Cauchy k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 bulur, Abel Akademi taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6d\u00fcle lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ama Abel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitireli bir y\u0131l olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Niccolo Tartaglia (1499 – 1557)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Benzer bir olay birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra tekrar meydana gelir. 1829\u2019da Evariste Galois\u2019nun matematikte \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an ke\u015fifleri Cauchy\u2019nin ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu Akademi\u2019de yok edilir. Galois\u2019nun yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 14 y\u0131l sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Matematik tarihindeki baz\u0131 \u00e7eki\u015fmeler iki ki\u015fi aras\u0131ndaki kabaca yeni ve eski olarak nitelendirebilece\u011fimiz farkl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Yeni bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce baz\u0131 matematik\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnemi\u015f olabilir. Bu durumda kaybeden taraf de\u011ferli kuram\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabullenemez. Hayat\u0131n di\u011fer alanlar\u0131nda da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu t\u00fcrden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n biri Kronecker ile Cantor, di\u011feri de Hilbert ile Brouwer aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cantor, matematik d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal ve y\u00f6ntemsel temelinde \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yaratacak olan sonsuz k\u00fcmeler<\/em> kuram\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir. Bu kuram matematiksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n merkezi olabilecek yeni bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kronecker, Cantor\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015farlatanl\u0131k olarak niteler ve \u201cAziz tanr\u0131 tamsay\u0131lar\u0131 yaratt\u0131, geri kalan insan i\u015fidir.\u201d diyerek reddeder. Cantor bu olayda mazlum bir yenilik\u00e7idir. Akademik d\u00fcnyada g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir konuma sahip olan Kronecker, Cantor\u2019u sak\u0131ncal\u0131 bir devrimci olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr, makalelerinin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller, matematik toplulu\u011fundan d\u0131\u015flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu bask\u0131lar Cantor\u2019un var olan psikolojik rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 daha da art\u0131r\u0131r ve de\u011fi\u015fik zaman aral\u0131klar\u0131nda ak\u0131l hastanesinde kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

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N. H. Abel (1802- 1829)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kronecker-Cantor \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir di\u011fer \u00e7eki\u015fmeyse Hilbert-Brouwer aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hilbert, Cantor\u2019un yarat\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na hayrand\u0131r, Brouwer ise Kronecker\u2019in izinden gider. Her ikisi de yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda matematik d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen isimlerindendir. Hilbert, d\u00f6nemin en etkili matematik dergisi Alman Mathematische Annalen<\/em>\u2019in yay\u0131n kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131, Brouwer ise edit\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. Brouwer\u2019in Cantor\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yok sayarak y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kampanya Hilbert\u2019i endi\u015felendirir. Brouwer ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 matematikte kendilerine uymayan her \u015feyi f\u0131rlat\u0131p atmak ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulamakla ele\u015ftirir. Asl\u0131nda farkl\u0131 matematik felsefeleri temelinde geli\u015fen bu \u00e7eli\u015fki Hilbert\u2019in Brouwer\u2019i dergi edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6revinden almas\u0131yla daha da alevlenir, trajikomik bir kavgaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.1928\u2019de Hilbert, Brouwer\u2019e\u00a0 \u201cBundan b\u00f6yle Annalen<\/em>\u2019in edit\u00f6r\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve yay\u0131n kurulundan isminizin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmek isterim.\u201d c\u00fcmlesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir mektup g\u00f6nderir. Bu mektup, Brouwer\u2019de sars\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yarat\u0131r, on \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc edit\u00f6rl\u00fck g\u00f6revinden el \u00e7ektirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 kabullenemez, Hilbert\u2019in ak\u0131l sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrer. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma iki taraf\u0131n birbirini psikopatl\u0131kla su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla devam eder. Sonunda \u201cMatemati\u011fin g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndedir.\u201d diyen Cantor hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar, Brouwer kaybeder. Bir daha matematikte herhangi bir etkin rol oynama g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olamayan Brouwer, bir arkada\u015f\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta yenilgisini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle dile getirir: \u201cHayat\u0131m\u0131 verdi\u011fim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma elimden al\u0131nd\u0131. Korku, utan\u00e7 ve g\u00fcvensizlik duygular\u0131 her yan\u0131m\u0131 sard\u0131. Pusuya yatm\u0131\u015f i\u015fkencecilerin eline d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131l ve tutku, erdemli insan ve \u201c\u015feytani\u201d insan aras\u0131nda tarih boyunca ya\u015fanan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar matematik\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ku\u015fkusuz bu \u00e7eki\u015fmeler t\u00fcm\u00fcyle bir ki\u015filikler \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Matemati\u011fin geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci boyunca her tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131nca belirlenen farkl\u0131 boyutlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ama bu kavgalar bir yan\u0131yla bize, matemati\u011fin m\u00fckemmel kusursuzlu\u011funun matematik yapanlarda da aranmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Johann Bernoulli, Cauchy, Kronecker gibi matematik\u00e7ilerin bilim eti\u011fine ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir ahlaki sorundur; fakat matematik, sonucu ne olursa olsun her tart\u0131\u015fmadan g\u00fc\u00e7lenerek \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, kaybedenler olsa da kazanan hep matematik olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n