{"id":11091,"date":"2011-06-01T23:47:19","date_gmt":"2011-06-01T20:47:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=11091"},"modified":"2017-06-01T23:52:33","modified_gmt":"2017-06-01T20:52:33","slug":"denizler-arasi-yapay-kanallar-ve-ekosistem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2011\/06\/01\/denizler-arasi-yapay-kanallar-ve-ekosistem","title":{"rendered":"Denizler aras\u0131 yapay kanallar ve ekosistem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Marmara Denizi ve Karadeniz aras\u0131nda yeni bir suyolu a\u00e7ma projesi olarak g\u00fcndeme gelen Kanal \u0130stanbul, b\u00f6yle bir durumda ekosistemin ne y\u00f6nde etkilenece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da ele al\u0131nmal\u0131. Bir fikir vermesi i\u00e7in, iki deniz aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan d\u00fcnyadaki iki yapay kanal, S\u00fcvey\u015f ve Panama Kanallar\u0131n\u0131n denizel ekosisteme etkilerini \u00f6zetlemek istedik. <\/em><\/p>\n

Marmara Denizi ve Karadeniz aras\u0131nda yeni bir suyolu a\u00e7ma projesi olarak g\u00fcndemimize d\u00fc\u015fen Kanal \u0130stanbul, \u00e7o\u011fu insan gibi beni de, ilk olarak, b\u00f6yle bir durumda ekosistemin ne y\u00f6nde etkilenece\u011fine ili\u015fkin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye y\u00f6neltti. Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7inse \u00f6ncelikle d\u00fcnyada var olan ve iki deniz aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yapay kanallar\u0131, \u00f6zelliklerini ve bu kanallar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerin ekosistemine etkilerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak gerekliydi. Nitekim bu yaz\u0131, iki deniz aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan d\u00fcnyadaki iki yapay kanal, S\u00fcvey\u015f ve Panama Kanallar\u0131 ile denizel ekosisteme etkileri \u00fczerine bir derleme olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Suyollar\u0131 ve kanallar\u0131n tarih\u00e7esine \u015f\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6z atmak, bir anda y\u00fckl\u00fc bir k\u00fclliyatla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131yor insan\u0131. Eski uygarl\u0131klar, \u00f6ncelikle, seyir yap\u0131labilen nehirlerin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda geli\u015fmi\u015f ve ilerlemi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte ilk an\u0131tsal hidrolojik in\u015faat projeleri de sulama ve ta\u015f\u0131ma ile ilgili geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. M\u00d6 2200 civar\u0131nda ilk seyir yap\u0131labilen kanal; Mezopotamya\u2019da Dicle ve F\u0131rat nehirlerini ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u015eatt\u00fcl Hai Kanal\u0131 kaz\u0131ld\u0131. Yine M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Nil Nehri ve K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019in kuzeyi bir kanalla birle\u015ftirildi. M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in\u2019de ise, aralar\u0131nda 1000 km\u2019lik mesafe bulunan Pekin ile Hangzhou, B\u00fcy\u00fck Kanal ile birbirine ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen teknolojik yenilikler; i\u00e7 sulardaki suyolu a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetlerinin ve seferlerin artmas\u0131na olanak verdi. Takip eden 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde ise kazma y\u00f6ntemiyle, denizler aras\u0131 hatta okyanuslar aras\u0131 kanallar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131: Akdeniz\u2019den Hint-Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019na direkt bir rota \u00e7izen S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 ve Atlantik Okyanusu ile Do\u011fu Pasifik Okyanusu aras\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7it sa\u011flayan Panama Kanal\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Hemen burada, ekosistem ile ilgili baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla kanallar\u0131n etkisine k\u0131sa bir giri\u015f yapal\u0131m. \u00d6ncelikle \u201cbiyolojik istila ya da biyolojik yay\u0131l\u0131m\u201d, t\u00fcrlerin do\u011fal ortamlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, yabanc\u0131 olduklar\u0131 ba\u015fka bir b\u00f6lgede kolonile\u015fmesi olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlere egzotik t\u00fcrler denir. Egzotik t\u00fcrlerin yeni ortamlar\u0131na giri\u015fi \u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla olur. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca yollar \u015funlard\u0131r: 1) Yeti\u015ftiricilik amac\u0131yla bilin\u00e7li ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m. 2) Gemi balast sular\u0131 ile tesad\u00fcf\u00ee ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m. 3) Ortamlar aras\u0131ndaki engellerin kalkmas\u0131yla t\u00fcrlerin ge\u00e7i\u015fine imk\u00e2n verilmesi (S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ile Akdeniz\u2019e ge\u00e7i\u015f). 4) Do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7ler (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Cebelitar\u0131k Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan Akdeniz\u2019e ge\u00e7i\u015f). (1)<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131, Frans\u0131z diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps\u2019in giri\u015fiminde 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir in\u015fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 164 km uzunlukta ve olduk\u00e7a s\u0131\u011f, 8 m derinlikteydi. Ancak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelene kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli derinle\u015ftirme ve geni\u015fletme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla 193 km uzunlu\u011funda 205-220 m geni\u015flikte ve 24 m derinli\u011findedir. Kuzeyde Said Liman\u0131\u2019ndan ba\u015flay\u0131p Timsah G\u00f6l\u00fc ve Ac\u0131 G\u00f6l\u2019den de ge\u00e7erek g\u00fcneyde S\u00fcvey\u015f Kenti ve S\u00fcvey\u015f K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne kadar uzan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \"\"
    S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 ve i\u015flevi. Kaynak: www.epochtimestr.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Akdeniz ile K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019i birbirine ba\u011flayan bir suyolu a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olsa da, bu konudaki fikirler olduk\u00e7a eskidir. M\u00d6 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, M\u0131s\u0131r H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sesostris, K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz ve Nil Nehri\u2019ni birle\u015ftirecek bir kanal projesi \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. Bu konuyla ilgili Aristoteles, Meteorologia<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde \u015f\u00f6yle yazar:<\/p>\n

    \u201cOnlar\u0131n krallar\u0131ndan biri (eski kral Sesostris), t\u00fcm b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in seyir yap\u0131labilmesine olanak verecek olup, onlara \u00e7ok az yarar sa\u011flayacak bir kanal yapt\u0131rmay\u0131 denedi. Fakat g\u00f6rd\u00fc ki, deniz karadan y\u00fcksektir. Bu y\u00fczden \u00f6nce O, ard\u0131ndan Darius, kanal yapt\u0131rmaktan, deniz nehrin suyuyla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p onu kullan\u0131lmaz hale getirmesin diye vazge\u00e7tiler.\u201d<\/p>\n

    K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019den Nil Nehri\u2019ne ba\u011flanarak Akdeniz\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131lma fikrinden vazge\u00e7ilse de, M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l civar\u0131nda Firavun Nekao zaman\u0131nda Nil, Timsah G\u00f6l\u00fc ve K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz aras\u0131nda bir kanal a\u00e7ma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. M\u00d6 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda II. Ptolemaios zaman\u0131nda bitirilen bu kanal MS. 8 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar kullan\u0131ld\u0131, ancak sonra tamamen b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131lar 16-18. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda Akdeniz ile K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz aras\u0131nda bir kanal a\u00e7ma fikri \u00fcst\u00fcnde durdularsa da ancak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Napolyon\u2019un b\u00f6lgeye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferde kanal plan\u0131 kesinle\u015fti. Kanal tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Napolyon\u2019un seferine kat\u0131lan ba\u015fm\u00fchendis J. M. Le Pere haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f, tasar\u0131y\u0131 Limand de Bellefonds d\u00fcz bir hat olarak d\u00fczeltmi\u015f ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u0130skenderiye konsolosu Ferdinand de Lesseps son karar\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bu olaylar s\u0131ras\u0131nda yo\u011fun politik oyunlar\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bu kanal\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenerek sanayi devriminin g\u00f6rkemini ya\u015fayan Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck elde etme yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve tabii ki \u00f6zellikle \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Hindistan yolu i\u00e7in duydu\u011fu kayg\u0131yla kanal\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in say\u0131s\u0131z giri\u015fimi oldu\u011funu unutmamak gerek.<\/p>\n

    S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131, her iki d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131nda da stratejik rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanal\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in 1950\u2019li y\u0131llardan \u00f6nce Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, Almanya, T\u00fcrkiye, M\u0131s\u0131r aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir yar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlenirken; d\u00fcnya dengelerinin de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle so\u011fuk sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde SSCB ve ABD aras\u0131nda gerilimler olmu\u015ftur. Yine, \u0130srail ve Arap sava\u015flar\u0131nda kanal \u00fczerindeki h\u00e2kimiyet de \u00f6nemli rol oynamaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu olaylar, Kanal\u2019\u0131n tarihinde d\u00f6nemsel olarak uluslararas\u0131 trafi\u011fe kapat\u0131lmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \"\"
    S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 ve Akdeniz\u2019deki Said Liman\u0131. Kaynak: www.followthecontainer.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131, s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir yap\u0131t olarak birbirinden tamamen farkl\u0131 2 b\u00fcy\u00fck su k\u00fctlesini birle\u015ftirmesiyle b\u00f6lgenin do\u011fa tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 projesine imza atanlar yaln\u0131zca Avrupa\u2019dan Hindistan ve Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019ya kestirme bir ticaret yolu a\u00e7ma niyetindeyken b\u00f6ylesi zooco\u011frafik ve ekolojik de\u011fi\u015fimlerin meydana gelebilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rememi\u015flerdir. \u0130ndo-Pasifik b\u00f6lgesinin en kuzey ucunu olu\u015fturan K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz ile bat\u0131 ucundan Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019na a\u00e7\u0131lan Akdeniz\u2019in birbirinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 canl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131 ve hidrografik \u00f6zellikleri vard\u0131r. Bu fark\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan temel etken s\u0131cakl\u0131k rejimidir. Tropikal karakterdeki K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019de y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131, yani y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kaydedilen en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve en y\u00fcksek de\u011ferler, 23,5-28,5 \u00b0<\/sup>C aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015firken, d\u00f6nencealt\u0131 (subtropik) Akdeniz\u2019de y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 15-30,5 \u00b0<\/sup>C ile b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6stermektedir. K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz, \u0130ndo-Pasifik (Hint-Pasifik) k\u00f6kenli, \u00fcreme ve geli\u015fim i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara adapte olmu\u015f tropikal bir hayvan toplulu\u011funa (fauna) sahiptir. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u0131l\u0131man Atlantik k\u00f6kenli Akdeniz hayvan topluluklar\u0131 i\u00e7in ideal olan minimum k\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131, K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl d\u00fczeydedir. (2)<\/p>\n

    Deniz suyu beslemeli S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131, K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz ve \u0130ndo-Pasifik canl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n Akdeniz\u2019e neredeyse tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc ge\u00e7i\u015fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanal\u2019\u0131n olduk\u00e7a uzun olu\u015fu, s\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, tuzluluk ve bulan\u0131kl\u0131k d\u00fczeylerinin s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmesi gibi t\u00fcm olumsuz ko\u015fullara ra\u011fmen; 1980 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri, Akdeniz t\u00fcr listesine 1000\u2019in \u00fczerinde yeni t\u00fcr kaydedildi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu duruma neden olarak, yeni co\u011frafik b\u00f6lgelerin ke\u015ffi, yeni batimetrik zonlarda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, yeni teknolojilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 (taksonomi alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lan genetik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar) ve biyolojik istila g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 kaynaklar, 500 t\u00fcr\u00fcn net olarak K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. Canl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019den Akdeniz\u2019e giri\u015fine \u201cLessepsiyen G\u00f6\u00e7\u201d ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Lessepsiyen kelimesi ilk olarak 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ferdinand de Lesseps\u2019e ithafen kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akdeniz\u2019den K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7 ise \u201cAnti-Lessepsiyen G\u00f6\u00e7\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019den Akdeniz\u2019e do\u011fru olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri: 1) K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019in daha y\u00fcksek t\u00fcr zenginli\u011fi ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131. 2) Zengin Bat\u0131 \u0130ndo-Pasifik bal\u0131k topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz bal\u0131k toplulu\u011funun birbirinden farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ortama (ekolojik ni\u015fe) uyum sa\u011flayabilmesi sayesinde Akdeniz\u2019in yerli t\u00fcrleriyle daha iyi rekabet edebilmesi. 3) Hakim r\u00fczg\u00e2r ve ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle t\u00fcrlere ait yumurta ve larvalar\u0131n g\u00fcney-kuzey do\u011frultusunda ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 olarak s\u0131ralanmaktad\u0131r. (3)<\/p>\n

    K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz k\u00f6kenli yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrler, tahmin edilebilece\u011fi gibi, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Levantin havzas\u0131 olarak bilinen Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen, her y\u0131l pek \u00e7ok yeni bilimsel yay\u0131n, yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin Akdeniz\u2019deki yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 takip etmeye olanak vermekte ve bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinden, eklem bacakl\u0131lar\u0131n yenge\u00e7, \u0131stakoz gruplar\u0131na hatta midye, deniz minaresi, salyangoz gibi yumu\u015fak\u00e7alara kadar pek \u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fcn; Tunus, Adriyatik Denizi, Sicilya gibi Bat\u0131 Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesinde de g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fi bildirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Do\u011fu Akdeniz ya da Levantin Havzas\u0131, Bat\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019e g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve tuzluluk de\u011ferleri g\u00f6sterir. Bu durumun en \u00f6nemli nedeni; Cebelitar\u0131k Bo\u011faz\u0131 sayesinde Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019ndan giren nispeten so\u011fuk ve tuzlulu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sular\u0131n bat\u0131 tarafta kalmas\u0131 ve etkisinin do\u011fu taraf i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a az olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar 70\u2019li y\u0131llarda Nil Nehri \u00fczerinde in\u015fa edilen Aswan Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131n devreye sokulmas\u0131 ile Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019e Nil suyu girdisinin kesilerek, tuzluluk de\u011ferlerinin y\u00fckseldi\u011fini ve \u0130ndo-Pasifik k\u00f6kenli t\u00fcrlerin Akdeniz\u2019e uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli bir engel olan tuzluluk fark\u0131n\u0131n etkisinin olduk\u00e7a azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. \u0130\u015fte, Bat\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019de yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin \u00e7ok daha az g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin bir nedeni de s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve tuzluluk rejimindeki bu farkl\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen, yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin yay\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 bat\u0131ya do\u011fru geni\u015fletebilmeleri bu t\u00fcrlerin farkl\u0131 ko\u015fullara ili\u015fkin uyum sa\u011flayabilme d\u00fczeyleriyle ilgili bilgi vermekle birlikte, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin deniz suyu s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131na etkisini de hesaba katmak gerekir. Yine baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz yay\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinden en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlar\u0131n, k\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemi su s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemlere rast gelerek bu f\u0131rsat\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rmay\u0131p say\u0131ca art\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda patlama yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktad\u0131r. Gelgelelim \u015fu anda Levantin Havzas\u0131\u2019nda 30-40 m derinli\u011fe kadar olan k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinin canl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikleri tamamen K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz k\u00f6kenli yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin bask\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki Akdeniz yerel (endemik) t\u00fcrlerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu populasyonlar yava\u015f yava\u015f ortamdan uzakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. (2)<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin zararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu, ortamda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunun yan\u0131nda baz\u0131 istilac\u0131lar\u0131n ekonomik \u00f6neme sahip oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerek. Yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin, Akdeniz havzas\u0131na ekolojik olarak olumsuz etkilerini genel olarak \u00f6zetledik. Bunun yan\u0131nda, Levantin Havzas\u0131 trol bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ana av\u0131n y\u00fczde 50\u2019sini hali haz\u0131rda K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz k\u00f6kenli karidesler ve bal\u0131klar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim \u00fclkemizde yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki bal\u0131k \u00fcretiminde g\u00f6zlenen art\u0131\u015f\u0131, yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmelerine ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Yine bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7men t\u00fcrlerin hedef b\u00f6lgede doldurulamam\u0131\u015f, kendine has \u00f6zelikleri olan ortam\u0131 (ekolojik ni\u015fi) de\u011ferlendirdikleri i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirmektedir. (4) Bu durumun olduk\u00e7a tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fini ve hem olumlu hem de olumsuz taraf\u0131n\u0131, 2002-2006 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Dat\u00e7a ve G\u00f6kova\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemleme f\u0131rsat\u0131m\u0131z oldu: Akdeniz\u2019in ekonomik bal\u0131k t\u00fcrleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla etobur beslenme bi\u00e7imi g\u00f6sterir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla denizel bitkilerinden deniz algleri (yosun) \u00fczerinden beslenen, otobur bal\u0131k t\u00fcrleri olduk\u00e7a azd\u0131r. Yani bu ekolojik ni\u015f \u00e7ok az de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Ege\u2019de avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131lan ve yerel a\u011f\u0131zla salpa olarak an\u0131lan (Sarpa salpa<\/em>) ekonomik bal\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fc otobur beslenme g\u00f6sterir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00f6nemde olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz k\u00f6kenli iki bal\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de (Siganus rivulatus<\/em> ve Siganus luridus<\/em>) otobur beslenme g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini g\u00f6zlemledik. Bu t\u00fcrlerin beslenme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar her iki t\u00fcr\u00fcn de obur oldu\u011funu ve \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda alg t\u00fcketti\u011fini belirtmektedir. Olumlu anlamda yabanc\u0131 Siganid t\u00fcrleri bir bo\u015flu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Ancak, projenin devam etti\u011fi birka\u00e7 sene i\u00e7inde yerel bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131larla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda, salpan\u0131n giderek azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, avdan \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hep yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin avland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark ettik. Bunun nedeni, salpan\u0131n, ayn\u0131 ekolojik ni\u015fi payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu iki yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrle rekabet edemeyip ortam\u0131 terk etmesidir. Ek olarak, ba\u015flarda yabanc\u0131 bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerine tepki duyan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar, giderek ortamda bolca avlanan Siganid t\u00fcrlerini sevmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar ve bu iki yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcr, bug\u00fcn yerel bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta belli bir ekonomik \u00f6neme sahip. (5, 6)<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Panama Kanal\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Panama Kanal\u0131, 1904-1914 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir ve Atlantik Okyanusu ile Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nu birbirine ba\u011flar. Orta Amerika\u2019da bulunan Kanal, do\u011fuda Karayip Denizi\u2019nden ba\u015flay\u0131p Gatun G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne uzanarak bat\u0131da Panama K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nde son bulur. Frans\u0131z-Amerikan ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Kanal\u2019\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ABD tam 352 milyon dolar harcama yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki bu mebla\u011f, o g\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en y\u00fcksek harcamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \"\"
    Panama Kanal\u0131. Kaynak: http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Panama Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tarih\u00e7esine bakarsak, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l yani ke\u015fifler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na uzanmak gerekir. \u0130spanyollar, Orta Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015f\u0131r ula\u015fmaz, yerlilerin iki denizi birle\u015ftiren bir kanaldan s\u00f6z ettiklerini duymu\u015flar. D\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli k\u00e2\u015fifleri; Colomb, Bastidas, La Cosa ve Vespucci denizle tatl\u0131 suyun birle\u015fti\u011fi hali\u00e7lerde ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapm\u0131\u015flar ancak s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen kanal\u0131 bulamam\u0131\u015flar. Ancak, Rio Chagres Nehri\u2019nin yan\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015flar ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar bu yoldan, Peru\u2019nun alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan kat\u0131r kervanlar\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015f yapm\u0131\u015f. Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nun ke\u015ffi ve ilerleyen y\u00fczy\u0131llarda haritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle, okyanuslar aras\u0131nda kanal a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 fikri g\u00fcndeme gelince, yabanc\u0131 gemilerin Peru\u2019ya ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak \u0130spanyollar\u0131n i\u015fine gelmemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda tan\u0131d\u0131k bir isim ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ncaya kadar kanal fikri rafa kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 esinle okyanuslar aras\u0131 bir kanal a\u00e7mak istedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan Ferdinand de Lesseps ve ekibi, ince eleyip s\u0131k dokuyarak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131lar ve Panama\u2019da karar k\u0131ld\u0131lar. Uluslararas\u0131 bir \u015firket olan Okyanus Kanal\u0131 \u015eirketi\u2019ni kurdular ve ABD-Fransa i\u015fbirli\u011finde Panama Kanal\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 10 y\u0131l kadar, \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015firketler kuruldu; bu \u015firketler \u00e7e\u015fitli imtiyazlar ve devlet deste\u011finden yararlanmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak harcamalar\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131, \u015firketler da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. 1904 y\u0131l\u0131nda kanal\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015flanana kadar, pek \u00e7ok el de\u011fi\u015ftirme, ba\u015flama giri\u015fimleri oldu. En sonunda ABD\u2019nin hamlesiyle yapt\u0131r\u0131lan Kanal\u2019\u0131n hem idaresi hem de iki taraf\u0131nda uzanan 18 kilometrelik toprak par\u00e7alar\u0131 ABD\u2019nin y\u00f6netiminde bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

    S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n aksine Panama Kanal\u0131, bir tatl\u0131 su koridorudur. Gatun G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Karayip yamac\u0131nda Rio Chagres Nehri\u2019ne ve Pasifik yamac\u0131nda ise Rio Grande Nehri\u2019ne ba\u011flanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, hayvan topluluklar\u0131 \u00e7evreden yal\u0131t\u0131k bir yap\u0131 arz eder. Gatun G\u00f6l\u00fc, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tuzlulu\u011fa uyum sa\u011flayabilen denizel canl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyici bir yap\u0131 sunar. \u015eimdiye kadar Atlantik k\u00f6kenli 7 yenge\u00e7 ve \u0131stakoz t\u00fcr\u00fc Kanal\u2019\u0131n Pasifik\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde; Pasifik k\u00f6kenli tek bir yenge\u00e7 Kanal\u2019\u0131n Atlantik\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Esas \u00f6nemli nokta bu t\u00fcrlerden hi\u00e7birinin Kanal \u00e7evresi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir topluluk olu\u015fturmamas\u0131d\u0131r. (2)<\/p>\n

    Panama Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n her iki taraf\u0131nda tropikal denizler olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Pasifik taraf\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k su s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 Atlantik taraf\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha fazlad\u0131r. Su s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir: 1) Mevsimsel olarak meydana gelen, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve sert r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar sonucu k\u0131y\u0131daki y\u00fczey suyunun a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesi ve dipte bulunan suyun onun yerini almas\u0131, b\u00f6ylece birbirinden farkl\u0131 su k\u00fctlerinin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi. 2) Aral\u0131kl\u0131 olarak olu\u015fan El Ni\u00f1o etkisi.<\/p>\n

    Karayip taraf\u0131 ise fiziksel \u015fartlarda olu\u015fan d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel d\u00fczensizliklerin bile belirli bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi, olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k\u0131 ko\u015fullara sahip bir b\u00f6lgedir. Nitekim bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan canl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131 da en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlere bile uyum sa\u011flayamamalar\u0131 ile karakterizedir. Bu durum K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz k\u00f6kenli yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin farkl\u0131 ko\u015fullardaki Akdeniz\u2019de yay\u0131lma stratejilerinin tam tersi \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip canl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n Karayip Denizi\u2019nde bulundu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. (2)<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Denizcilik faaliyetleri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"
    Panama Kanal\u0131. Kaynak: http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Denizler aras\u0131 yapay kanallar\u0131n ekosistem \u00fczerinde \u00e7e\u015fitli etkileri oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k. Ne yaz\u0131k ki sadece kanallar aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimler de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda denizcilik faaliyetleri ve y\u00fck gemilerinin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda dola\u015farak ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k yapmas\u0131 da denizel ekosisteme \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilemez zararlar verebiliyor. 90\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Karadeniz ekosistemini b\u00fcy\u00fck tahribata u\u011fratan yabanc\u0131 bir med\u00fcz t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn (Mnemiopsis leidyi<\/em>) Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019nun do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan bir t\u00fcr oldu\u011fu ve Karadeniz\u2019e y\u00fck gemilerinin balast sular\u0131 yoluyla geldi\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015fti. Karadeniz\u2019de ilk olarak 1982 Kas\u0131m\u2019\u0131nda Sudak K\u00f6rfezi, Ukrayna k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunan bu med\u00fcz t\u00fcr\u00fc 10 y\u0131l kadar sonra Karadeniz hamsi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe vurmu\u015f ve t\u00fcm Karadeniz \u00fclkelerine ekonomik olarak ciddi zarar vermi\u015ftir. (7)<\/p>\n

    Balast sular\u0131 yoluyla t\u00fcrlerin ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda gemi bordalar\u0131na kendini tespit eden tutunucu organizmalar da, yabanc\u0131\/yay\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 t\u00fcr tan\u0131m\u0131na bir di\u011fer \u00f6rnektir. Uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019nda gemilerin su alt\u0131nda kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in izin verilen y\u00fckseklik ve Panama Kanal\u0131\u2019nda gemilerin aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 havuzlar\u0131n boyutlar\u0131; bu kanallardan ge\u00e7ecek gemilerin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirlemektedir. Akdeniz\u2019de yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu durumu ele\u015ftirerek, kapasitesi b\u00fcy\u00fck ve dalgaya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ancak balast suyu tanklar\u0131 ve gemi bordalar\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan b\u00f6ylece d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda organizmalar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek gemilerin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 geciktirdi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. \u00d6yle ki S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 ve Panama Kanal\u0131, gemiyle yap\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131ma faaliyetlerinin maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve derin ekonomik, sosyal ve politik de\u011fi\u015fimlere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deniz ticaretinin artmas\u0131, nakliye yollar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ile deniz ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, her iki kanal da gemi ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 biyolojik yay\u0131l\u0131mda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysa S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in tam bir ge\u00e7it sunarken, Panama Kanal\u0131, hem Gutan G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn bariyer \u00f6zelli\u011fi hem de Kanal\u2019da bulunan gemi havuzlar\u0131 sayesinde denizel organizmalar i\u00e7in uygun ortam sa\u011flamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (2)<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Kanal \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Denizler aras\u0131 yapay kanallar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nlerden deniz ekosistemine etkilerini geni\u015f\u00e7e \u00f6zetledikten sonra, Kanal \u0130stanbul projesinin etkileri \u00fczerine de bir iki \u015fey s\u00f6ylemek zorunda hissettim. Marmara Denizi olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 bir deniz, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck alan\u0131na ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Akdeniz ve Ege\u2019den \u00f6nde. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, \u201850\u2019li y\u0131llarda Karadeniz\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7 eden palamut, l\u00fcfer s\u00fcr\u00fclerinin ak\u0131n\u0131na u\u011frayan, kep\u00e7eyle Bo\u011faz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan bal\u0131k tutuldu\u011fu anlat\u0131lan, benim ya\u015f\u0131mdaki herkes i\u00e7in siyah-beyaz bir nostalji. Bug\u00fcn, gemi trafi\u011fi, yo\u011fun \u015fehirle\u015fme dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kirlilik ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131k nedeniyle Marmara Denizi\u2019nden Karadeniz\u2019e bal\u0131k g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin nerdeyse hi\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi bir deniz \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc. Bu nedenle projeyle, Bo\u011faz\u2019daki gemi trafi\u011finin durdurulmas\u0131 vaadi bal\u0131k g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin zamanla tekrar ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in umut verici gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckse de, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k konusundaki uygulamalar\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi Bo\u011faz\u2019\u0131n giri\u015finde hemen avlanan istavrit-hamsi s\u00fcr\u00fcleri bunun pek olas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu yaz\u0131da bahsedilen yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve gemi ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ili\u015fkisi, projenin y\u0131ll\u0131k kapasitesinin Bo\u011faz\u2019dan fazla olmas\u0131yla bir tehdit olu\u015fturabilir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki projenin denizel ekosistem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tam olarak ne ifade edece\u011fini kestirmek zor. Ancak Terkos G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ve b\u00f6lgedeki ormanlar\u0131n tahribat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck\u00e7e \u201cneye gerek?\u201d diye sormadan edemiyorum.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1) http:\/\/www.iasonnet.gr\/abstracts\/zenetos.html<\/a><\/p>\n

    2) Biological Invasions; Ed. W. Nentwig, Springer, 2007.<\/p>\n

    3) D. Golani, Distribution of Lessepsian migrant fish in the Mediterranean. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65 (supplement):95-99, 1998.<\/p>\n

    4) S. Mavruk ve D. Av\u015far, Lesepsiyen bal\u0131klar\u0131n Akdeniz ekosistemine etkileri. III. Ulusal Su \u00dcr\u00fcnleri \u00d6\u011frenci Sempozyumu\/Mu\u011fla. 2006.<\/p>\n

    5) M. \u0130dil \u00d6z; Dat\u00e7a-Bozburun \u00d6zel \u00c7evre Koruma B\u00f6lgesi Lessepsiyen Bal\u0131k Faunas\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir \u0130nceleme, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, 2005.<\/p>\n

    6) E. Oku\u015f ve ark., Dat\u00e7a-Bozburun \u00d6zel \u00c7evre Koruma B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin Denizel ve K\u0131y\u0131sal Biyolojik \u00c7e\u015fitlili\u011finin Tespiti Projesi. 2004.<\/p>\n

    7) Ahmet K\u0131dey\u015f, Fall and rise of the Black Sea Ecosystem, Science, 297, 1482-1484, 2002.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Marmara Denizi ve Karadeniz aras\u0131nda yeni bir suyolu a\u00e7ma projesi olarak g\u00fcndeme gelen Kanal \u0130stanbul, b\u00f6yle bir durumda ekosistemin ne y\u00f6nde etkilenece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da ele al\u0131nmal\u0131. Bir fikir vermesi i\u00e7in, iki deniz aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan d\u00fcnyadaki iki yapay kanal, S\u00fcvey\u015f ve Panama Kanallar\u0131n\u0131n denizel ekosisteme etkilerini \u00f6zetlemek istedik. Marmara Denizi ve Karadeniz aras\u0131nda yeni bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":159,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[125,217],"tags":[198,736],"class_list":["post-11091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-88-sayi","category-cevre-bilimleri","tag-cevre","tag-kanal-istanbul"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t