{"id":11370,"date":"2011-06-01T21:24:49","date_gmt":"2011-06-01T18:24:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=11370"},"modified":"2017-06-06T22:13:44","modified_gmt":"2017-06-06T19:13:44","slug":"buyuk-fransiz-devrimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2011\/06\/01\/buyuk-fransiz-devrimi","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z Devrimi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Yeni meclis, ulusal bir meclis, Konvansiyon Meclisi kuruldu ve Yasama Meclisinin yerini ald\u0131. Yeni meclisin se\u00e7iminde kralc\u0131lar haliyle elendiler. 25 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Cumhuriyet ilan edildi. Kas\u0131m\u2019da kral\u0131n gizli demir dolab\u0131 bulundu ve a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131, i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kanlar -da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan r\u00fc\u015fvetlerin, sat\u0131n al\u0131nanlar\u0131n, provokasyon planlar\u0131n\u0131n belgeleri, Avusturya\u2019yla yap\u0131lan yaz\u0131\u015fmalar ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u015fey- kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Aral\u0131k\u2019ta kraliyet ailesi yarg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 ve kral vatana ihanetten su\u00e7lu bulunarak Ocak 1793\u2019te giyotinle idam edildi. \u201cTaht y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re taht\u0131n sahibi de ortadan kalkmal\u0131\u201dyd\u0131. Krali\u00e7e ise daha sonra, 16 Ekim\u2019de, iki g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir yarg\u0131lanma sonunda giyotine g\u00f6nderilecekti. Kral\u0131n yarg\u0131lanarak idam edilmesi, Devrimin monar\u015fik ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ba\u011flar\u0131 tamamen koparmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131. <\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

DEVR\u0130ME DO\u011eRU\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u201cEski D\u00fczeni do\u011fumsuz fakat sonlu yapan nedenlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Devrim de do\u011fumlu ve sonsuzdur.<\/em>\u201d F. Furet (1)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayan Ayd\u0131nlanma, Frans\u0131z Devriminin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel, siyasal ve ideolojik temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00c7e\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131flar, rejime, rejimin uygulamalar\u0131na, merkezi ve yerel y\u00f6netimlere muhalefete ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Frans\u0131z Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin yazd\u0131klar\u0131ndan yararlanacaklard\u0131. Hatta Montesquieu, Voltaire ve Rousseau\u2019nun, devrimci havan\u0131n ve ortam\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda birincil \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde rol oynad\u0131klar\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201c1789\u201da do\u011fru ilerleyen g\u00fcnleri h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn kaynaklarca kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Y\u00fckselen s\u0131n\u0131f: burjuvazi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Her biri i\u015flevli olmamakla birlikte Fransa\u2019da ad\u0131na \u00c9tats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux denilen \u00fc\u00e7 meclisli bir sistem vard\u0131: Soylular Meclisi, Kilise Meclisi ve \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Meclis, Ti\u00e9rs \u00c9tat<\/em> yani halk meclisi. Ticaretle zenginle\u015fen yeni kent s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 burjuvazi, toplumsal ve siyasal haklar talep ediyordu. Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan bir s\u0131n\u0131ftan ba\u015fka bir s\u0131n\u0131fa ge\u00e7menin olanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da zorlu\u011funu yeni s\u0131n\u0131flar \u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla a\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ekonomik e\u015fitsizlikle uyum i\u00e7inde olan \u201chukuksal e\u015fitsizlik\u201d, yeni s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ekonomik y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle zorlan\u0131yordu. \u201cMali aristokrasi\u201d, siyasal ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal aristokrasi olmak pe\u015findeydi ve devletin y\u00f6netiminde hak sahibi olmak istiyordu. En az\u0131ndan kamu maliyesini denetlemek istiyordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc rejime bor\u00e7 para verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in alacakl\u0131 durumdayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, birinci ve ikinci tabakalar hi\u00e7 vergi vermezken, ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc olan s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda devletin vergi gelirini yaln\u0131zca onlar kar\u015f\u0131lamaktayd\u0131lar. \u00d6zenme de vard\u0131, hakl\u0131 bir istek de; aristokrat olmayan zenginler, soylu olmayan se\u00e7kinler kendilerine toplumsal bir yer bulmak, siyasal bir i\u015flev edinmek hevesindeydi. Bulunan yer, kazan\u0131lan siyasal hak, e\u011fer bu kesimlerin beklentisinden az olur ve ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcne dar gelirse -ki o g\u00fcn\u00fcn Fransa\u2019s\u0131nda \u00f6yleydi- muhalefet giderek \u015fiddetlenen bir \u00e7izgi izler; nitekim \u00f6yle de oldu.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lk iki meclise giremeyen burjuvazi \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Meclis\u201di de\u011ferlendirdi. Burada \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00f6n\u00fcne, meclisi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmay\u0131 hedef olarak koydu. Kral, yeni s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n dayatmalar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda kalacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Siyasette \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmak, karar mekanizmalar\u0131nda s\u00f6z sahibi olmak isteyen burjuvazi, program\u0131n\u0131 da olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. Feodal sistemin s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na, ili\u015fkilerine ve kurumlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olmak temelinde lonca \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerini da\u011f\u0131tmaktan g\u00fcmr\u00fck sistemlerini belirlemeye var\u0131ncaya kadar ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmakta olan bu program siyasette \u0130ngiliz parlamenter sistemini \u00f6rnek al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    Toplumu keskin \u00e7izgilerle b\u00f6len loncalar, \u00fcretim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen ekonomide \u00f6nemli i\u015flevlere ve b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahip tarikatlar, e\u015fitsizlikleri ve ileti\u015fimsizlikleri b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcyor, toplumun birli\u011fini bozuyor, b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeleri derinle\u015ftiriyordu. Standardizasyonun olmamas\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimlerinin \u00e7oklu\u011fu ekonomik ileti\u015fimi \u00f6nl\u00fcyor, verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

    \"\"
    Frans\u0131z Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri Montesquieu, Voltaire ve Rousseau\u2019nun, devrimci havan\u0131n ve ortam\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda birincil \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde rol oynad\u0131klar\u0131 bilinir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    \"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

    Saray\u0131n maliyesi iflasta<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna yakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Fransa\u2019daki ekonomik durum, k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler devreye girmezse d\u00fczeltilemeyecek kadar k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda k\u00f6t\u00fc olan, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik durumu de\u011fil, saray\u0131n maliyesiydi. (2) Tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc verimli oldu\u011fu gibi, XIV. Louis d\u00f6neminden sonra -her t\u00fcrl\u00fcs\u00fcyle- dokumac\u0131l\u0131k ve a\u011f\u0131r sanayi de \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Ama devlet, gelir-gider dengesini sa\u011flayam\u0131yordu, Frans\u0131z paras\u0131 de\u011fer kaybediyor, piyasa kontrol edilemiyor, g\u00f6revlilerin maa\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urum her g\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fcyordu. (3) Vergiler daha toplanmadan harcan\u0131yordu. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler vergi toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n esiri durumundayd\u0131. Maliyeden sorumlu g\u00f6revliler \u00e7aresizdi. G\u00f6reve getirilen maliye bakanlar\u0131n\u0131n hem yapmak istedikleri engelleniyor, hem de bir s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bulunarak g\u00f6revden al\u0131n\u0131yorlard\u0131. S\u0131ras\u0131yla Turgot, Necker, Calonne, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerine giderek kesin yarar sa\u011flayacak somut planlar\u0131 olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ne ticareti d\u00fczene sokabildiler, ne de vergi reformunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebildiler. Kraliyet, vergi ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmak ve y\u00fcksek s\u0131n\u0131flara y\u00fcklenmek istemiyordu. En b\u00fcy\u00fck gider kalemi olan saraylar\u0131n \u00f6zel harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131lmas\u0131, m\u00fcsrifli\u011fiyle bilinen Krali\u00e7e Marie Antoinette y\u00fcz\u00fcnden m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmuyordu. Vergi vermeyen varl\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flardan vergi al\u0131namay\u0131nca ve giderler k\u0131s\u0131lamay\u0131nca ekonomik buhran siyasi bir \u015fekle b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc. S\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan y\u00fcksek aristokrasi, kraldan, y\u00fcz elli y\u0131ld\u0131r toplanmayan \u00c9tats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux\u2019nun toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n

      K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Soylular\u0131 – Giyim Soylular\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Kraliyet, denetimi kaybetti\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde keyfiyeti y\u00fckseltmi\u015fti. Ancak bask\u0131lara da direnemedi. Devrimin y\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 ve kellesini giyotinle kesece\u011fi kral, ger\u00e7ek durumun ve olas\u0131 geli\u015fmelerin bilincinde de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

      Soylular s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, aileden gelen soylular olan \u201cK\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Soylular\u0131\u201d (noblesse d\u2019ep\u00e9e) ve sonradan soyluluk unvan\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f olan \u201cGiyim Soylular\u0131\u201d (noblesse de robe) olmak \u00fczere iki gruptan olu\u015fuyordu. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Soylular\u0131, merkezi krall\u0131k kurulmadan \u00f6nceki toprak sahiplerinin, \u00e7o\u011fu Frank k\u00f6kenli olan seny\u00f6rlerin nesliydi. Aralar\u0131na girmi\u015f \u00e7ok az say\u0131daki Gallo-Roman (Galyal\u0131 ve Romal\u0131) as\u0131ll\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Soylular\u0131n\u0131n hemen hepsi Frank k\u00f6kenliydi. Giyim Soylular\u0131 ise, kral taraf\u0131ndan verilen unvanla ya da ele ge\u00e7irdikleri memuriyetle soylu olanlard\u0131 (sonralar\u0131, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca bunlara parayla unvan sat\u0131n alanlar ve evlilik yoluyla s\u0131n\u0131fa kat\u0131lanlar eklenecektir). Saray da ekonomik zorluklar\u0131n\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in soyluluk unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131yordu. Bu sat\u0131\u015flar, gelirler i\u00e7inde zaman zaman en \u00f6nemli kalem oluyordu. Hatta bazen kral, ferman\u0131yla daha \u00f6nce verdi\u011fi unvanlar\u0131 geri \u00e7ekiyor, yeniden \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyebiliyordu. Bu i\u015f kraliyet i\u00e7in bir soyguna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130\u00e7 bor\u00e7lanmalar ve kraliyetin kendi bor\u00e7lar\u0131, bazen para al\u0131nmadan da, bor\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k say\u0131larak da \u201csoyluluk\u201dun geni\u015flemesini sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. \u201cSonradan g\u00f6rme\u201dler, paralar\u0131yla, \u201csonradan soylula\u015fm\u0131\u015flar\u201d aras\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Karar mekanizmalar\u0131nda fazla a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan Giyim Soylular\u0131 giderek bu \u015fekilde say\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fcmekle birlikte, gene de soylu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir grubu durumundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

      \"\"
      Fransa\u2019da ad\u0131na \u00c9tats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux denilen \u00fc\u00e7 meclisli bir sistem vard\u0131: Soylular Meclisi, Kilise Meclisi ve \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Meclis, Ti\u00e9rs \u00c9tat yani halk meclisi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

      Mali g\u00fc\u00e7, iktidar, ordu, yarg\u0131 ve en y\u00fcksek devlet g\u00f6revleri K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Soylular\u0131n\u0131n elindeydi. Say\u0131s\u0131 350 bin kadar olan bu esas soylular, n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 1,5\u2019uydu (4), ama topraklar\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birine, fief<\/strong>lerin ise \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa sahipti. Bunlar\u0131n merkezde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131, arazilerine, m\u00fclklerine, malik\u00e2nelerine hi\u00e7bir zaman gitmemi\u015fti ve gitmezdi. Tar\u0131m yap\u0131labilecek geni\u015f topraklar\u0131 olan \u201cFransa\u2019da, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tar\u0131m uygulan\u0131rd\u0131, onun i\u00e7in devrim b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetini\u201d y\u0131kacak, y\u0131kmak zorunda kalacakt\u0131. (5) Ta\u015fra soylular\u0131 ekonomik bak\u0131mdan etkili olabilmek i\u00e7in bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde halk\u0131 soymak, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden ald\u0131klar\u0131 hara\u00e7lar\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in hem bask\u0131 yap\u0131yorlar, hem de belge \u00fcreterek soygunlar\u0131na yasal k\u0131l\u0131flar giydiriyorlard\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin gemlenemeyen nefreti, belge yakma h\u0131rs\u0131, malik\u00e2neleri tahripten kendilerini alamamalar\u0131 bu y\u00fczden ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak soylular ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7lerini s\u00fcrekli kaybediyordu. M\u00fclklerinin par\u00e7alanma yoluyla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcleri de her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn verimsizle\u015fmi\u015fti. Bunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri, \u201cy\u00f6netimden ve y\u00f6neticilik ruhundan gittik\u00e7e yoksunla\u015fmalar\u0131\u201dyd\u0131. \u201c\u0130ktidarlar\u0131n\u0131 yitirdikleri oranda [da daha fazla] fakirle\u015fiyorlard\u0131.\u201d (6)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        \"\"
        Halk\u0131n, asalak olan soylular\u0131 ve ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131rt\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayan d\u00f6nemin bir karikat\u00fcr\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        \u201cSoylu\u201d kesimler aras\u0131ndaki gerilimler ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar g\u00fcndemi belirlemiyordu ama aristokrasinin asalak olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Giyim Soylular\u0131 bu s\u00fcrece hemen kat\u0131lmaktan hi\u00e7 \u00e7ekinmiyorlar, hedefi K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Soylular\u0131na \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kendilerini asalak olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorlard\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ekonomik zorluklar \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n otoritelerini sarst\u0131\u011f\u0131nda aristokrasi i\u00e7indeki b\u00fct\u00fcn kesimler ittifak yap\u0131yor, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ve Giyim Soylular\u0131 birbirlerine destek oluyor, b\u00f6ylece h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve yerel y\u00f6netimler \u00fczerindeki n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden elde ediyorlard\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Y\u00f6netenler art\u0131k y\u00f6netemiyor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          Kamu y\u00f6netiminde g\u00f6revleri olan soylular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, herhangi bir i\u015fe yaramamakta, makamlar\u0131nda bir s\u00fcs gibi oturmakta, yaln\u0131zca paralar\u0131n\u0131 almakta (bunlara sinemagor<\/strong> deniyordu) ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla da yolsuzluklar\u0131n sorumlular\u0131 olmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ileri gelenleri i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok soylu, bindikleri dal\u0131 kesercesine, krala ve bakanlar\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131na muhalefet ediyordu. \u00d6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda de\u011fildi. Hatta krali\u00e7e bile, kral\u0131n isteklerine, yapmak istediklerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, bakanlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor, \u00f6nerilerini be\u011fenmediklerinin g\u00f6revlerinden al\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

          Tarihinin en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fayan soylular\u0131n (7) i\u00e7indeki ayd\u0131nlar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere aristokrasinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131, kendi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvenlerini kaybetmi\u015flerdi. Saray\u0131 su\u00e7layan ve kraliyetten taleplerde bulunanlar aras\u0131nda bunlar da vard\u0131. Farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n merkezi y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 ortak cephe kurmas\u0131nda onlar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7iren nedenler b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda farkl\u0131yd\u0131, ama soylular aras\u0131nda ortak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, h\u00e2lihaz\u0131r rejimin art\u0131k aristokrasinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hizmet edemeyece\u011fiydi.<\/p>\n

          Adalet mekanizmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yordu. Yarg\u0131\u00e7lar, dava s\u00fcresine g\u00f6re para ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in davalar s\u00fcr\u00fcncemede kal\u0131yor, sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131yordu. Adliye g\u00f6revlileri ihbarlarla davalar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131yorlar, ki\u015fisel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n davalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini te\u015fvik ediyorlard\u0131. Yarg\u0131\u00e7lar o kadar itibar kaybetmi\u015fti ve onlara \u00f6yle k\u0131z\u0131l\u0131yordu ki, g\u00f6rev yerlerinden her \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda yuhalan\u0131yor, hatta bazen dayak bile yiyorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca hapishaneler neden geldi\u011fi belli olmayan san\u0131klarla, unutulmu\u015f tutuklularla ve ceza s\u00fcresini doldurmu\u015f mahk\u00fbmlarla doluydu.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Kilise g\u00f6revlileri i\u00e7indeki s\u0131n\u0131f farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          Mekanizmalar\u0131yla etkili ve hakim durumdaki Katolik Kilise, halktan tamamen kopuk bir siyasi kuruma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Kral XIV. Louis ve ailesini g\u00f6steren bir tablo.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Say\u0131lar\u0131 altm\u0131\u015f bin kadar olan ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, Kilisenin y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revlileriydi. Yirmi bine yak\u0131n\u0131 piskoposluk m\u00fc\u015faviri ve ba\u015frahipti. Elli bini ge\u00e7en k\u00f6y papaz\u0131 ve altm\u0131\u015f binden fazla kad\u0131nl\u0131 erkekli ke\u015fi\u015fler olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer kilise \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131\u201d 125 bini bulmaktayd\u0131. Ancak Kilisenin zenginli\u011finden nasiplenemeyen bu alt g\u00f6revliler kesimi toplumun en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tabakas\u0131na dahildi. K\u0131rsal alanlardaki manast\u0131r rahipleriyle k\u00f6y papazlar\u0131 \u201cruhban\u201da uzak, halka yak\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

          En y\u00fcksek din g\u00f6revlileri olarak \u201cKilise Babalar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n hem dinsel, hem hukuksal dokunulmazl\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131. Hi\u00e7bir konuda su\u00e7lanmalar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Kilise ve dinsel kurulu\u015flar\u0131n elinde, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclke topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri toplanm\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131. Kilise, kendi topraklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminden de d\u00eeme<\/strong> ad\u0131nda onda bir vergisi al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

          Katolik din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde geni\u015f arazileri olanlar, ticaret ve tefecilik yapanlar, hatta 40 bine yak\u0131n k\u00f6lesi olanlar bile vard\u0131. (8)<\/p>\n

          K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Soylular\u0131yla bu ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131 ve vergiden ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131. Haklar\u0131nda soru\u015fturma da a\u00e7\u0131lamayan bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar Fransa\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131na sahipti. Ayr\u0131ca aralar\u0131nda, hi\u00e7bir i\u015f yapmadan b\u00fcy\u00fck paralar alan \u00e7ok say\u0131da asalak \u201cg\u00f6revli\u201d de bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          K\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn durumu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          N\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 80\u2019inden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu topraks\u0131zd\u0131 ve topra\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. (9) Devrime esas \u00f6zelli\u011fini verecek olan bu topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 son derece yoksuldu ve \u00e7aresiz durumdayd\u0131. (10) Fakat k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yoksulluk i\u00e7inde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, tar\u0131mdan al\u0131nmak istenen y\u00fcksek vergiler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7ok yoksul olmayan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin de kendilerini yoksul g\u00f6stermek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ekti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o d\u00f6nemde Fransa\u2019da verimli ve d\u00fczenli bir tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc vard\u0131, Avrupa\u2019da en ileri tar\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k Fransa\u2019dayd\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck i\u00e7in yoksulluk kadar \u00f6nemli olan \u015fey, haklar\u0131 konusu idi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cavlanma hakk\u0131\u201d seny\u00f6rlere aitti ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler avlanamazd\u0131. Yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 da \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Tav\u015fan bile avlasalar kollar\u0131 ve bacaklar\u0131 kopana kadar \u00e7arklarda gerilerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrlerdi. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine zarar veren hayvanlar\u0131 bile \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek hakk\u0131na sahip de\u011fildi. B\u00fcy\u00fck ho\u015fnutsuzluklar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131nda, de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilecek ama ciddiye al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 g\u00fcndeme gelmeyen bu gibi sa\u00e7mal\u0131klar bulunuyordu. Ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6y yoksullar\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u0131rsal yoksulla\u015fman\u0131n yan\u0131nda becerikli ve uyan\u0131k k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden olu\u015fan bir \u201ck\u00f6y burjuvazisi\u201d de ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Devrim \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde topraks\u0131z (fief<\/strong>siz) soylular oldu\u011fu gibi, soylu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde b\u00fcy\u00fck topraklar eline ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olanlar da vard\u0131. Feodal sistemle soyluluk aras\u0131ndaki kopmaz ili\u015fki bozulmu\u015f, sistem \u201cyozla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d. (11) Soyluluk bozulurken, feodal sistem de her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha fazla yozla\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

          Soylularla soylu olmayanlar\u0131n hukuku farkl\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130ki ayr\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131ftan insan aras\u0131ndaki yasal ili\u015fkilerde de e\u015fitlik yoktu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, fief (toprak) sat\u0131n alan ki\u015fi e\u011fer soylu de\u011filse fazladan vergi de \u00f6demek zorundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Kentlerde yoksulluk u\u00e7 noktalara varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devrimin de merkezi olacak olan ba\u015fkent, kraliyetin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6nlemlerine, engellemelerine, hatta yasaklamalar\u0131na (12) ra\u011fmen \u00f6nlenemez ve \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcyordu. Surlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fm\u0131\u015f kentten, kral ve b\u00fct\u00fcn soylular art\u0131k korkuyordu; hakl\u0131yd\u0131lar\u2026<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Amerika\u2019dan gelen devrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0130ngiltere ile rekabet y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte olan Fransa, Kuzey Amerika\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye zarar verece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle olumlu g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bu sava\u015fa maddi olarak da yard\u0131mda bulunmas\u0131 (bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yaln\u0131z para olarak 2 milyon Frank g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti), Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdi. Bu arada Amerikan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Fransa\u2019ya siyasal ve ideolojik yans\u0131malar\u0131 da oluyor, devrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler bu y\u00fczden de yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

          Amerikan Devrimini destekleme, Bastille\u2019in ele ge\u00e7irilmesinden daha bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce Amerikan Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131yla kraliyet ve devlet \u00e7evrelerinde yerini bocalamaya b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bile. Zaten kral Amerika\u2019y\u0131 desteklemenin, \u201cayaklananlar\u0131\u201d, \u201cisyanc\u0131lar\u0131\u201d desteklemek oldu\u011fundan rahats\u0131zd\u0131 ve bunu her vesileyle s\u00fcrekli s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti, s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Amerika\u2019ya deste\u011finin \u0130ngilizlerle Amerikal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131n uzamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 elbette yerindeydi, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131nayd\u0131, ama yard\u0131mlar sonunda \u201cayaklananlara\u201d, \u201cisyanc\u0131lara\u201d verilmi\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n

          1770\u2019lerde b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flayan b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, 80\u2019lerin sonuna do\u011fru tam bir iflas durumuna geldi. 1786\u2019da \u0130ngiltere ile yap\u0131lan bir anla\u015fma ile Britanya\u2019n\u0131n sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin Fransa\u2019ya yay\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 iflas ettirdi. Soyluluk ve Kilise, krizin y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenme veya payla\u015fma konusunda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131. Kitleler katlanma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na dayand\u0131.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          N\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 80\u2019inden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu topraks\u0131zd\u0131 ve topra\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Kentlerde Rousseau\u2019nun yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 okuyarak haklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f, kom\u015fu ve rakip \u0130ngiltere\u2019de y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminin \u00f6zenilecek bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu kabullenmi\u015f, uzaktaki yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke Amerika\u2019dan gelenlerin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe imrenen \u00f6nemli bir kitle olu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Devrimin arifesinde<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          Bu ko\u015fullar Fransa\u2019y\u0131 devrime do\u011fru g\u00f6t\u00fcrmekteydi. Sonunda Frans\u0131z Devrimini mali bunal\u0131m do\u011furdu. 1787\u2019de ba\u015flayan siyasal bunal\u0131ma bir de iktisadi bunal\u0131m eklenmi\u015fti. Tar\u0131msal, end\u00fcstriyel, meteorolojik (13) ve toplumsal zorluklar Fransa\u2019y\u0131 patlama noktas\u0131na getirdi. Devrimin \u00f6nderi olacak burjuvazi, kent emek\u00e7ilerini, esnaf\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, liberal soylular\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeylerde olmayan bir k\u0131s\u0131m din adam\u0131n\u0131 yan\u0131na \u00e7ekecek ve onlara dayanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          Sefaletin devrime neden oldu\u011fu genel bir kabul g\u00f6rmekle birlikte, Frans\u0131z Devriminin, \u00fclke ve ekonomi en k\u00f6t\u00fc durumdayken de\u011fil, hatta \u015fartlar \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde iyiyken ve daha da iyile\u015fmekteyken patlak verdi\u011fi de ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (14) Furet, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Fransa i\u00e7in \u201cmutlu bir y\u00fczy\u0131l\u201d oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. \u201c… daha az sava\u015f g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, daha az bunal\u0131m ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, daha az k\u0131tl\u0131k \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir, … [bu sayede] krall\u0131k n\u00fcfusu, \u00f6nce bir toparlanma d\u00f6nemine girip, sonra da h\u0131zla artarak … 27 milyona\u201d \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (15) Kald\u0131 ki 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fransa Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ekonomisi en istikrarl\u0131 olan en bay\u0131nd\u0131r \u00fclkesiydi. Avrupa\u2019daki nakit paran\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 Fransa\u2019n\u0131n elindeydi. 1788 y\u0131l\u0131, d\u0131\u015f ticaretin elli y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve elli-altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131l ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fczeye varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (16)<\/p>\n

          Devrimin ve sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 saracak ve sarsacak hareketlenmelerin demografik bir temeli de vard\u0131. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ve k\u0131tan\u0131n n\u00fcfusu ani bir \u015fekilde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Avrupa 1700\u2019de 100 milyonken, 1800\u2019de 200 milyon olmu\u015ftu. Fransa 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda 18 milyonken, 1770\u2019lere do\u011fru 25 milyonu ge\u00e7iyordu. (17)<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Frans\u0131z Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde Almanya<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          Frank Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f Kutsal Roma Cermen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Avrupa\u2019daki en geni\u015f topraklara sahip devlet olmakla birlikte iyi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmemi\u015fti ve merkezi bir yap\u0131s\u0131 yoktu. Ondan sonraki en \u00f6nemli ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Alman devleti Prusya\u2019yd\u0131. \u00c7ok say\u0131daki prenslik ve beylikten olu\u015fan Alman d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n sorunu, birle\u015fik bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelememek ve geli\u015fememekti. \u0130mparatorlukla Prusya krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birbirleriyle sava\u015fmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prenslikler de birbirleriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7indeydiler.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Y\u00fckselen ve zenginle\u015fen s\u0131n\u0131f burjuvazi siyasette \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmak, karar mekanizmalar\u0131nda s\u00f6z sahibi olmak istiyordu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Alman devletlerinde verimli tar\u0131m yap\u0131lam\u0131yordu, end\u00fcstriyel bir geli\u015fme olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, okyanus yollar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ticaret Balt\u0131k limanlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6reltmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

          100 Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n (18) neden oldu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131m, kendini 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda da b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019da g\u00f6stermeye devam ediyordu. K\u0131rl\u0131k alanlar \u0131ss\u0131zla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, kentlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 terk edilmi\u015f gibiydi. Almanya\u2019da Hamburg ve Leipzig d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, o da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak, ticaret faaliyeti neredeyse yoktu. \u0130\u00e7 dinamiklerle durumun d\u00fczelme \u015fans\u0131 bulunmuyordu. Alman h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n birbirleriyle yar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve bunun sonucu olan gereksiz harcamalar, toplumsal bir bedele kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geliyor, b\u00fcrokrasinin yerle\u015fmi\u015f zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve otoriter uygulamalar\u0131 yollar\u0131 t\u0131k\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

          \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Hollanda\u2019daki end\u00fcstriyel ve tar\u0131msal geli\u015fme Almanya\u2019ya yans\u0131yamam\u0131\u015f, Ayd\u0131nlanma ile bilimsel geli\u015fmeler Almanya\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclememi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

          Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra baz\u0131 \u015feyler de\u011fi\u015fti. \u0130ngiltere ile sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey limanlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak zorunda kalmas\u0131 Hamburg\u2019u parlatt\u0131. Y\u0131lda 2 bin geminin geldi\u011fi Hamburg\u2019da ticaret d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k da geli\u015fti. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Almanya genelinde keten dokumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6m\u00fcr madenlerinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve end\u00fcstri olarak madencilikte olumlu bir tablo ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Ancak Fransa\u2019da geni\u015f bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Ren Nehri\u2019nin do\u011fu yakas\u0131nda bunun izine bile rastlanm\u0131yordu. Ekilir topraklar\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131 i\u015fletici-toprak sahiplerinin elindeydi. (19)<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Amerikan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Fransa\u2019ya siyasal ve ideolojik yans\u0131malar\u0131 da oluyor, devrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler bu y\u00fczden de yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Ayd\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda zaten zor ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilerici ak\u0131mlar hemen bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. 1784\u2019te Bavyera\u2019da geli\u015fme ve yay\u0131lma g\u00f6stermi\u015f, i\u00e7inde Weishaupt ve Lessing (20) gibi \u00f6nemli ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu Illuminati hareketi kolayca yok edilmi\u015fti. Hareketin y\u00fczlerce \u00fcyesi i\u015fkenceler i\u00e7inde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

          Kilisenin bask\u0131c\u0131 ve yobaz anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7ine hapsedilmi\u015f halk, siyasal otoritelerin kitleleri itaate zorlayan tutumlar\u0131yla inisiyatifsiz ve suskundu.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

          1) Furet, 1998, s.35.<\/p>\n

          2) \u0130yi bir kay\u0131t sistemiyle ortada olmayan, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilip kontrol edilemeyen b\u00fct\u00e7enin en b\u00fcy\u00fck gideri saray\u0131n kalemleriydi. Devletin borcunun 4,5 milyar Frank oldu\u011fu 1789\u2019da y\u0131ll\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k da 60 milyondu ve s\u00fcrekli y\u00fckselme e\u011filimi g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n

          3) \u00dclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda devlet g\u00f6revlilerine verilen maa\u015flar\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k tutar\u0131, saraya mensup soylular\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7ok yak\u0131nd\u0131. Ordu giderlerinin yar\u0131s\u0131 9 bin (soylu) subaya, di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131 150 bine yak\u0131n askere veriliyordu.<\/p>\n

          4) \u00c7e\u015fitli kaynaklarda bu rakamlar farkl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Hobsbawm, 23 milyonluk n\u00fcfusun 400 bininin soylu oldu\u011funu yazmaktad\u0131r (s.66). Buna g\u00f6re soylular\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 1,7\u2019yi ge\u00e7mektedir. B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla bu farklar, zamanla soylulu\u011fun Giyim Soylular\u0131 olarak kat\u0131lanlarla birlikte say\u0131ca art\u0131\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve her ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik tarihsel kesitleri ele almas\u0131ndan ileri gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

          5) Karl Marx, Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131<\/em>, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1979, s.264.<\/p>\n

          6) Tocqueville\u2019den akt. Furet, 1998, s.168-169.<\/p>\n

          7) \u201cSoyluluk bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda tarihinin en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, herhangi bir uygarl\u0131k da hi\u00e7bir zaman Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6nemi Frans\u0131z uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar aristokratik olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d (Furet, 1998, s.132)<\/p>\n

          8) Lloyd M. Graham, Deceptions and Myths of the Bible, Is the Holy Bible Holy? Is it the Word of God?<\/em>, New York 1979, s. 459; akt. \u0130lhan Arsel, Tevrat ve \u0130ncil\u2019in Ele\u015ftirisi \/ Semavi Dinlerin \u201cKutsal\u201d Bilinen Kitaplar\u0131: 1<\/em>, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1997, s.246.<\/p>\n

          9) Asl\u0131nda toprak k\u00f6leli\u011fi Turgot taraf\u0131ndan 1779\u2019de resmen ilga edilmi\u015fti. Ama taahh\u00fctlere uyulmamas\u0131ndan, kay\u0131tlardaki cambazl\u0131klardan, sat\u0131\u015f ve m\u00fclkiyet i\u015flemlerinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yapay zorluklardan, belge sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131klar\u0131ndan, d\u00fczmece su\u00e7lamalar ve tutuklamalardan, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ise haklar\u0131n\u0131 bilecek ve kullanacak d\u00fczeylerde olmamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 fiiliyatta ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k aynen s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

          10) Din adamlar\u0131n\u0131 ve soylular\u0131 s\u0131rt\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131yan k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri g\u00f6steren karikat\u00fcrler devrim g\u00fcnlerinde son derece yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201cDevrim karikat\u00fcrleri\u201dnin karikat\u00fcr sanat\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesindeki etkisinden \u00e7ok yerde s\u00f6z edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Devrim halka karikat\u00fcr ve \u015fark\u0131larla hitap ediyor, halk ise Devrime bunlarla sar\u0131l\u0131yordu. Kar\u015f\u0131devrim de halk\u0131 etkilemek amac\u0131yla karikat\u00fcrler kullanma yoluna girdi. Kralc\u0131lar neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn Devrim \u00f6nderlerinin ama \u00f6nemlilerinin hepsinin \u00e7irkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015f karikat\u00fcrlerini d\u00fczenli da\u011f\u0131t\u0131yorlard\u0131. Devrim s\u00fcrecinde \u015fark\u0131lar ve mar\u015flar \u00e7ok \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Bu \u015fark\u0131 ve mar\u015flar\u0131n beste ve g\u00fcfteleri derlemelerde ve Devrim tarihini konu edinen bir\u00e7ok kitapta, karikat\u00fcrlerle birlikte yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

          11) Albert Soboul, Die Gro\u00dfe Franz\u00f6zische Revolution \/ Ein Abri\u00df ihrer Geschichte (1789-1799)<\/em>, Athen\u00e4um, Frankfurt\/M 1988 (s.34-39); Server Tanilli, Y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n Ger\u00e7e\u011fi ve Miras\u0131 \/ \u0130nsanl\u0131k Tarihine Giri\u015f \u2013 IV \/ XVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/em>, Say Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1989 (s.445-581).<\/p>\n

          12) \u00d6rne\u011fin, yeni ev yapmak yasakt\u0131r. Kral\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn emirnamelerinin \u201cbir \u00f6ncekine ra\u011fmen, Paris\u2019in geni\u015fledi\u011fini\u201d g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ortadad\u0131r (Tocqueville, s.141).<\/p>\n

          13) 1787 ve 1788 y\u0131llar\u0131 hava \u015fartlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc olmu\u015ftu. 1789 y\u0131l\u0131 bahar\u0131nda ise Fransa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn kuzey b\u00f6lgelerini etkisi alt\u0131na alan dolu ve sa\u011fanak ya\u011fmurlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden neredeyse hi\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131namayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

          14) Marx, k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen \u015fartlar\u0131n Devrimin yarar\u0131na oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu (Stephen J. Lee, Avrupa Tarihinden Kesitler \/ 1789-1980<\/em>, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara 2004, s. 12), Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019e g\u00f6re ise en k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fartlarda devrim olmazd\u0131 (s.144, 264-273).<\/p>\n

          15) 1989, s.131. Bu n\u00fcfus Avrupa\u2019daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfustu (Gaxotte, s. 29).<\/p>\n

          16) Tanilli, D\u00fcnyay\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftiren On Y\u0131l<\/em>, s.24-27 ve M. Mathiez, akt. Gaxotte, s.19; ayr\u0131ca Gaxotte, s.20 vd.<\/p>\n

          17) Tanilli, ayn\u0131 yerde, s.23.<\/p>\n

          18) 1337\u2019de ba\u015flay\u0131p 1453\u2019te sona eren Y\u00fcz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131, \u0130ngiltere ile Fransa aras\u0131ndaki hanedan sava\u015flar\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde Lorrainli bir gen\u00e7 k\u0131z olan Jeanne d\u2019Arc\u2019\u0131n (Orleans Bakiresi, 1410\/12-1431) \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve bir kahramanl\u0131k simgesi olarak Fransa i\u00e7in \u00f6nder rol\u00fc, sava\u015flar\u0131n seyrini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. \u00dcst\u00fcn durumda olan \u0130ngiltere Fransa topraklar\u0131ndan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fc ama Jeanne d\u2019Arc \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan daha 20\u2019li ya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda diri diri yak\u0131lmaktan kurtulamad\u0131. Bu sava\u015flar d\u00f6neminde iki \u00fclke de \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklar i\u00e7inde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

          19) Furet, 1989, s.116-117.<\/p>\n

          20) Johann Adam Weisshaupt (1748-1830) ve Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781), 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki en \u00f6nemli Alman yazarlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          DEVR\u0130M VE DEVR\u0130M\u0130N G\u00dcC\u00dc<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u201cBug\u00fcn, burada, insanl\u0131k tarihinin yeni bir devri ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/em>\u201d Goethe (21)<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Aristokrasi kendi kuyusunu kaz\u0131yor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          1778\u2019de Fransa, Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki kolonilerin \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 her bak\u0131mdan desteklemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. (22) Frans\u0131zlar Amerikan ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin ve Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n etkisi sonucu oldu\u011funu san\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek ve siyasal hesaplarla yap\u0131lan yard\u0131mlar Fransa\u2019ya \u00e7ok pahal\u0131ya mal olacakt\u0131. Zaten a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc kapanamayan hazine, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler \u00fcst\u00fcnde bor\u00e7lu duruma girdi. Ayr\u0131ca 1783\u2019teki Versailles Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131yla Amerikan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131 sona erince, bu sefer Amerika\u2019dan Fransa\u2019ya \u00f6nlenemez bir devrimci heyecan dalgas\u0131 yay\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          XVI. Louis\u2019nin yeni vergileri Fransa\u2019y\u0131 aya\u011fa kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Fransa\u2019ya b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i olarak gelen Benjamin Franklin, soylular ve ayd\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici bir etki yapt\u0131, Amerika\u2019y\u0131 ve Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesini efsanele\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

          Fransa\u2019n\u0131n devlet yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revlilerinden yazar Beaumarchais (23), Amerika\u2019dan Paris\u2019e d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tiyatro oyunlar\u0131yla Amerikan devrimini k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda Fransa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. \u201cTehlike\u201d hemen hissedilecekti. Kral XVI. Louis, baz\u0131 soylular\u0131n da k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131yla, yazar\u0131 tutuklatt\u0131, Beuamarchais\u2019nin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Seville Berberi<\/em> ve Figaro\u2019nun D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em> adl\u0131 iki oyunun sahnelenmesini yasaklad\u0131. Ancak yasak, Amerika\u2019dan halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde kahramanla\u015farak d\u00f6nen yazar\u0131n \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ve desteklenmesini, oyunlar\u0131n ise sahnelenmesi isteklerini art\u0131rmaktan ba\u015fka bir i\u015fe yaramad\u0131. 27 Nisan 1784 g\u00fcn\u00fc Figaro\u2019nun D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em> yetkililerin izniyle Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Fran\u00e7ais\u2019de sahnelenince Frans\u0131z Devrimi -fiilen de\u011fil ama heyecan olarak- ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. (24) Seville Berberi<\/em> ise, soylular\u0131n, hatta saraydaki kraliyet mensuplar\u0131 ve \u00e7evresinin \u201cyasa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnemek i\u00e7in\u201d oyunu Versailler Saray\u0131\u2019nda sahneleyince me\u015frula\u015facakt\u0131. Oyunda krali\u00e7e Rosina\u2019y\u0131, kral\u0131n bir karde\u015fi de Figaro\u2019yu oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Beaumarchais\u2019nin hapse at\u0131lmas\u0131 o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tepki g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ki, oyunlar\u0131n yasaklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz olmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan hemen serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmak zorunda kal\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

          \u201cYozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f sosyete i\u00e7in pek karakteristik olan o esrarengiz kendini mahvetme i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc\u201dn\u00fcn etkisiyle oyunlara hayran olan aristokrasi, kendi kuyusunu kaz\u0131yordu. Kraliyete ilk siyasal darbeyi 1787\u2019de, g\u00fcvenli konumuna dayanarak aristokrasi vurdu. Bu durum, 1580 gibi erken bir tarihte Montaigne\u2019nin, \u201cdevlete ilk darbeyi vuranlar\u0131n kendileri de, \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ilk mahvolanlar aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r\u201d \u015feklindeki \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frulayacakt\u0131r. Aristokrasinin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, burjuvazinin ve di\u011fer muhalif kesimlerin cesaretlenmelerine ve ortaya at\u0131lmalar\u0131na yetti.<\/p>\n

          Devletin b\u00fct\u00e7esi denkle\u015ftirilemiyor, her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha k\u00f6t\u00fcye gidiyordu. XVI. Louis\u2019nin Maliye Bakan\u0131 Necker\u2019i g\u00f6revden almas\u0131, yeni bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurma giri\u015fimi, meclise kapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 mevkileri tekrar ele ge\u00e7irmeye kalk\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, geli\u015fmeleri \u00f6yle h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131 ki, kral\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu art\u0131k hi\u00e7 anlamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

          Ekonomik durum yeni vergiler gerektirdi\u011finde kral\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise, daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131yd\u0131. XIV. Louis ve XV. Louis de kitlelerin katlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 vergiler koymak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak o d\u00f6nemde yayg\u0131n bir toplumsal muhalefet olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kitlelerin itiraz\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Aristokrasi uysal, burjuvazi biraz utanga\u00e7, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ise tamamen cesaretsiz ve \u00e7aresizdi. XVI. Louis\u2019nin yeni vergileri ise Fransa\u2019y\u0131 aya\u011fa kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Devrimin program\u0131 h\u0131zla \u015fekilleniyor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          14 Temmuz 1789\u2019da Paris\u2019teki hapishane Bastille\u2019in halk taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesiyle (ki kraliyet otoritesinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn simgesi olacakt\u0131) mutlak\u0131yete, krala kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc zafer kazan\u0131lacakt\u0131. Kral, sonradan Frans\u0131z bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturacak olan renklerle (beyaz, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, mavi) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ayaklanma sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (\u201c\u00fc\u00e7 renkli kokart\u201d\u0131n) kendisine verilmesine raz\u0131 olarak yenilgisini kabul etti, geri ad\u0131m att\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde devrimciler aras\u0131nda hen\u00fcz kral kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoktur, \u201ckral kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131\u201d da kralc\u0131d\u0131r. Ama\u00e7, krala baz\u0131 \u015feyleri kabul ettirmek; hedef, haklar elde etmektir. Hatta Devrim \u00f6ncesinde, b\u0131rakal\u0131m, kral, kraliyet ve aristokrasi kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u201cmuhalefet\u201d, d\u00fczeni y\u0131kmak gibi bir \u015fey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fi gibi, isteklerini belirlemi\u015f ve sistemle\u015ftirmi\u015f bile de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

          Ancak \u00f6nderler ve kitleler aniden de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irdi. Burjuvazi \u00f6nderli\u011fini peki\u015ftirmenin ve ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n verdi\u011fi g\u00fcvenle k\u00f6ktencile\u015fti, yoksullar durdurulamaz olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce eylemlerini yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Ama\u00e7lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, hedefler kondu. A\u011fustostan ba\u015flayarak soylular\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 ve feodal haklar\u0131 ellerinden al\u0131nd\u0131, manast\u0131rlar ve tarikatlar kapat\u0131ld\u0131, okullar\u0131 devletle\u015ftirildi, evlili\u011fe Kilise d\u0131\u015f\u0131 nik\u00e2h getirildi. Kilisenin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hara\u00e7lar yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n

          26 A\u011fustos, \u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirisiyle s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ve s\u0131n\u0131f devletinin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 tarihiydi. On yedi maddeden olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n

          Kurucu Meclis, mahkeme karar\u0131 olmadan san\u0131klar\u0131n su\u00e7lu say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi\u011finden \u201csu\u00e7u ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan i\u015fkence\u201d, 9 Ekim 1789\u2019da yasakland\u0131. Bu konudaki yasa, i\u015fkence cezas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz\u0131ndan \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan i\u015fkenceleri de yok ediyordu. Devrimin su\u00e7lu bile olsa insana ac\u0131 \u00e7ektirmeme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, 1792\u2019den sonra idam cezalar\u0131n\u0131n giyotinle yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131. (25)<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          14 Temmuz 1789\u2019da Paris\u2019teki hapishane Bastille\u2019in halk taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesi kraliyet otoritesinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn simgesi olacakt\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          \u0130lk g\u00fcnlerde Katolisizmle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir belirtisi yokken, hatta ruhban grubu Meclisin \u00fc\u00e7te birinden bile fazlayken, Kilisenin en \u00f6nemli geliri olan \u00f6\u015f\u00fcr vergisi A\u011fustos\u2019ta kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda arkas\u0131 \u00e7orap s\u00f6k\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi gelecektir. Kas\u0131m\u2019da din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u201culusun m\u00fclk\u00fcne\u201d ge\u00e7iren, \u015eubat 1790\u2019da ruhban z\u00fcmresini ortadan kald\u0131ran, Nisan\u2019da ise Kilisenin b\u00fct\u00fcn mallar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00fclklerini kamula\u015ft\u0131ran kararlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kilise m\u00fclkleri, 19 Eyl\u00fcl 1789\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yeni para assignate<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, teminat\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. (26)<\/p>\n

          \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik ilkelerinin medeni haklar konusundaki uygulamalar\u0131, bir d\u00f6nem sonra Kilisenin ideolojik ve pratik hakimiyetine bir darbe daha vuracakt\u0131. 20 Eyl\u00fcl 1792\u2019de, Katolisizmin bozulamaz evlili\u011fi yerine bo\u015fanabilmeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6ren medeni bir contrate<\/strong> (anla\u015fma) y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokulacak, Kilise evlili\u011fi tamamen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

          S\u00f6ze ve yaz\u0131ya getirilen \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde onlarca yeni gazete \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131, y\u00fczlerce bro\u015f\u00fcr bas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          E\u015fitlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fince s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n hukuksal e\u015fitli\u011fini melezlerin de se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 izledi (3 Aral\u0131k 1789). Ayr\u0131ca, yaln\u0131z Frans\u0131zlar i\u00e7in \u201cbencilce\u201d savunulan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, \u201cevrensel\u201d \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde de \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hareketi ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. \u201cBundan b\u00f6yle renklerine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n herkes Frans\u0131z yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131ndan yararlanacakt\u0131\u201d. (27)<\/p>\n

          Arkas\u0131ndan, ge\u00e7mi\u015f k\u0131y\u0131mlardan kurtulmu\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Fransa\u2019da say\u0131lar\u0131 40 bin kadar olan Yahudilerin \u201cFrans\u0131z yurtta\u015f\u0131\u201d say\u0131lmalar\u0131 karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

          \u201cAv yasa\u011f\u0131\u201d kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Bu k\u00f6kl\u00fc uygulamalar kitleleri her yerde harekete ge\u00e7irdi, devrimci ayaklanmalar 90 y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca yay\u0131ld\u0131, istekler kapsaml\u0131 bir hale geldi, Anayasa ilan edildi. 19 Haziran 1790\u2019da \u201cbabadan o\u011fla ge\u00e7en soyluluk\u201d ve soylulu\u011fun b\u00fct\u00fcn unvanlar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, \u201cdo\u011fu\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131racak\u201d b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6ndermeler ve i\u015faretler art\u0131k kullan\u0131lamayacakt\u0131. Soyluluk simgesi olarak kullan\u0131lan perukalar topland\u0131 (b\u00fct\u00fcn soylu erkekler peruka takarlard\u0131). Kral heykelleri devrildi, binalardaki ta\u015ftan ta\u00e7 fig\u00fcrleri par\u00e7aland\u0131, kraliyetin alameti zambaklar, bulunduklar\u0131 her yerden kaz\u0131nd\u0131. 1790 yaz\u0131nda halk\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn feodal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve feodal vergiler yasaklanarak yok edildi.<\/p>\n

          \u00dclkenin k\u0131rl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde k\u00f6yl\u00fcler topraklara el koydular, \u015fatolar\u0131 ya\u011fmalad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Katolisizm Devrimin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7iyor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          1791 y\u0131l\u0131nda din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa yemini etmeleri zorunlulu\u011fu getirildi\u011finde Katolisizm Devrime tam cephe ald\u0131, edilgen bir durumdayken aristokrasinin ve kraliyetin saf\u0131na ge\u00e7erek kar\u015f\u0131devrimci bir rol oynayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Papa VI. Pius, Devrimi lanetledi, ruhban\u0131 itaate zorlayan Anayasay\u0131 dine kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in mahk\u00fbm etti, Tanr\u0131sal otoriteyi d\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cinsan haklar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 su\u00e7lay\u0131p reddetti. Soyluluk ve ruhban, birlikte etkiledikleri Katolik kitleleri k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak ayakland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin ayakland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri desteklediler. Her yerde yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcler i\u015fgaller yapar ve derebeylerin sahiplik belgelerini yakarken, baz\u0131 yerlerde de k\u00f6yl\u00fcler Kilisenin ve soylular\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131na kap\u0131larak ve onlar\u0131n beklentilerine uygun bir \u015fekilde Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 ve direni\u015fleri ba\u015flatt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Kral ve krali\u00e7e ka\u00e7arken yakalan\u0131yor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \"\"
          26 A\u011fustos 1789\u2019da \u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirisi ilan edildi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Kraliyet ailesi geli\u015fmeleri kayg\u0131yla izliyordu. Kralla krali\u00e7e, Mirabeau\u2019nun (28) \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine Devrimin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilme umutlar\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak kaybettiklerinden 20 Haziran 1791\u2019de Paris\u2019ten k\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirerek ve gizlice (29) ka\u00e7t\u0131lar. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Avusturya el\u00e7isinin planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131\u015fla, Avusturya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bulunan Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n komutas\u0131 alt\u0131na girmi\u015f Frans\u0131z generali -halk aras\u0131nda lakab\u0131 \u201ccell\u00e2t\u201d olan- Marki de Bouill\u00e9\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131devrimci ordusunun Montmedy\u2019deki mevzilerine ula\u015fmak istiyorlard\u0131. Fransa kral\u0131yla krali\u00e7esi Avusturya topraklar\u0131na var\u0131nca Avusturya ordular\u0131yla birlikte Devrimin \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmek amac\u0131ndayd\u0131, b\u00f6ylece \u201ceski rejim\u201di (Anci\u00e9n R\u00e9gime) \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d m\u00fcdahalesiyle geri getireceklerdi. Ama Fransa topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kamadan ve ka\u00e7\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan be\u015f g\u00fcn sonra s\u0131n\u0131ra yak\u0131n Varennes kasabas\u0131nda yakalanarak geri getirildiler. (30)<\/p>\n

          Kralla krali\u00e7enin ka\u00e7mas\u0131, Avusturya yolundayken yakalanmalar\u0131, Paris\u2019te bomba etkisi yapt\u0131, geri getirilmeleri ise, kitleleri sessiz bir \u015fekilde kinlendirecek ve kraliyeti savunmak isteyenlerin durumunu bu tarihten sonra d\u00fczeltilemez bir \u015fekilde zorla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Avrupa monar\u015fileri Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131yor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u015eu bizim \u00fcnl\u00fc Prusyal\u0131lar\u0131n<\/em><\/p>\n

          Bak\u0131n neler oldu tarihlerinde:<\/em><\/p>\n

          Zafere y\u00fcr\u00fcyorken ad\u0131m ad\u0131m<\/em><\/p>\n

          Avusturyal\u0131yla verip el ele,<\/em><\/p>\n

          Pe\u015findeyken \u015f\u00f6hretin, zafer tac\u0131n\u0131n,<\/em><\/p>\n

          \u00dcz\u00fcm dev\u015firdiler o ta\u00e7 yerine.<\/em><\/p>\n

          \u201cYurtsever Ne\u015fe\u201d (31)<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          1791 g\u00fcz\u00fcnde Eski Rejim silahl\u0131 direni\u015fe ge\u00e7ti. \u00c7ok yerde Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmalar ba\u015flad\u0131. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n illerinin \u00e7o\u011funda kar\u015f\u0131devrimci bir direni\u015f vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          \u015eubat 1790\u2019da ruhban z\u00fcmresini ortadan kald\u0131ran, Nisan\u2019da ise Kilisenin b\u00fct\u00fcn mallar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00fclklerini kamula\u015ft\u0131ran kararlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Monar\u015finin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Kilisenin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmesi sonucunu do\u011furan yeni s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n halk ayaklanmas\u0131yla iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi, en ba\u015fta Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck monar\u015fisi olan Avusturya\u2019y\u0131 rahats\u0131z etmi\u015fti. Prusya da Devrime kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131 ama kendi d\u00fczenine ve disiplinli toplumuna duydu\u011fu g\u00fcvenle Devrimden Avusturya kadar korkmamaktayd\u0131. Hatta Avusturya Paris\u2019e ceplerine para koyarak \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6nderirken, Prusya, kendisine rakip olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n zarar\u0131na olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle ba\u015flarda, devrimcilere gizlice para deste\u011finde bile bulunmu\u015ftu. Bir\u00e7ok kaynak, Avusturya Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 koalisyon g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri i\u00e7indeyken Paris\u2019te Devrim \u00f6nderlerine verilen Prusya paralar\u0131ndan, Prusya\u2019n\u0131n Fransa el\u00e7isinin Devrimin en sol \u00f6nderlerinden olan P\u00e9tion\u2019la s\u0131k s\u0131k yemek yedi\u011finden s\u00f6z etmektedir.<\/p>\n

          Devrimi bo\u011fmak ve Devrim g\u00fc\u00e7lerini da\u011f\u0131tmak \u00fczere i\u015fbirli\u011finin gene de \u015fartlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Prusya do\u011fudaki askeri g\u00fc\u00e7lerini \u00e7ekmeye, bat\u0131ya do\u011fru kayd\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131, Avusturya Osmanl\u0131yla sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rmaya y\u00f6neldi. Habsburg imparatorlu\u011fu 1791 A\u011fustosunda Zi\u015ftovi Anla\u015fmas\u0131yla, \u00fcst\u00fcn durumda oldu\u011fu halde Osmanl\u0131ya tavizler vererek \u00e7ekilecek, bu anla\u015fma sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan zarar\u0131n\u0131 ve kayb\u0131n\u0131 bir daha hi\u00e7 telafi edemeyecekti. Osmanl\u0131, Frans\u0131z Devrimi sayesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framaktan, belki de \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131saltacak bir Bat\u0131 hamlesine maruz kalmaktan kurtulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

          Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n Avusturya hakimiyeti alt\u0131nda bulunan kesimi olan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bel\u00e7ika topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de Frans\u0131z Devriminin etkisiyle bir devrim patlam\u0131\u015f ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ilan edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Kral ve Krali\u00e7e ka\u00e7\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan be\u015f g\u00fcn sonra s\u0131n\u0131ra yak\u0131n Varennes kasabas\u0131nda yakalanarak geri getirildiler (25 Haziran 1791). Kral ve ailesinin Paris\u2019e geri getirili\u015fini resmeden bir tablo.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Fransa\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Alman prenslikler, seny\u00f6rl\u00fck haklar\u0131 zedelendi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u0130mparatorluk Y\u00fcksek Meclisine \u015fik\u00e2yette bulunmu\u015f, duruma el konmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

          Bunlar da \u00f6nemliydi ve gerek\u00e7e yap\u0131ld\u0131lar. Prusya ve Avusturya, birbirleriyle sava\u015f halinde olduklar\u0131 halde aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmeleri \u201cunutarak\u201d, \u015eubat ay\u0131nda gizlice g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130ki \u00fclkenin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u201cPillnitz Bildirgesi\u201dinde anla\u015farak (27 A\u011fustos 1791), ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n XVI. Louis\u2019nin iktidar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden kurmak oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a imzalad\u0131lar. (32) Fransa\u2019da d\u00fczenin tekrar kurulmas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ilgilendiren bir konuydu!<\/p>\n

          \u00c7e\u015fitli hesaplar ve isteksizlikler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden hemen harekete ge\u00e7ilemedi. Prusya, bir yandan yeni \u015fartlar dayat\u0131yor, birli\u011fi zora ko\u015fuyordu. Asl\u0131nda taraflar yapmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nacaklar\u0131 taahh\u00fctlerde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

          7 \u015eubat 1792\u2019de yap\u0131lan aleni bir ittifak anla\u015fmas\u0131yla ordular\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirme karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar ve Devrim \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcler. Avusturya-Prusya ortak ordular\u0131 Fransa\u2019ya girdi.<\/p>\n

          Devrim, i\u00e7te s\u0131n\u0131f d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yla bo\u011fu\u015furken Alman devletlerinin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu iki Alman \u00fclkesinde burjuvazi siyasal iktidar m\u00fccadelesini y\u00fcr\u00fctebilecek g\u00fc\u00e7te olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Avusturya ve Prusya\u2019dan Devrime destek, hatta Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 olmayan \u201ctarafs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d, \u201chay\u0131rhahl\u0131k\u201d gibi politikalar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma \u015fans\u0131 yoktu. Bu iki \u00fclkeyi Fransa\u2019dan ay\u0131ran temel \u00f6zellik buydu.<\/p>\n

          Avrupa\u2019daki di\u011fer monar\u015filer de dikkatlerini Fransa\u2019ya \u00e7evirdiler. Saltanatlar\u0131 konusunda Devrim y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kayg\u0131lanmakta hakl\u0131yd\u0131lar ama ayn\u0131 zamanda Devrimin Fransa\u2019y\u0131 i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrece\u011fi zaaftan yararlanma olanaklar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Belki bu sayede Fransa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde ve hakimiyet alanlar\u0131nda hak sahibi olacaklar, belki Fransa\u2019dan toprak bile koparabileceklerdi. Onlar i\u00e7in Fransa\u2019ya istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k gerekiyordu, Devrim ise mutlaka ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Kral\u0131n hesaplar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          Kral XVI. Louis, o d\u00f6nemde \u0130spanya taht\u0131nda oturan ye\u011feni IV. Charles\u2019tan, \u0130talya prensi olan karde\u015fi Charlot\u2019dan, \u201cdurum k\u00f6t\u00fcye giderse\u201d kendisine yard\u0131m etmelerini istemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

          Fransa\u2019da Kurucu Meclis yerini Yasama Meclisine b\u0131rakt\u0131. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u201ci\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ve Fransa\u2019ya sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle Kral meclisten Avusturya\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan\u0131n\u0131 istedi. D\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kararak i\u00e7teki tehdidi savu\u015fturmak niyetindeydi. Ayr\u0131ca hesaplar\u0131n\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yenilgisiyle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M\u00fcttefiklerin, yani d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131 kazanaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu. \u201cKral\u0131n zaferi\u201d, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n Fransa\u2019y\u0131 yenmesiyle olacakt\u0131. Zaten ordu da sava\u015fa haz\u0131r olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yenilgi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda, her iki olas\u0131 durumda da, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n zaferi ya da \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n zaferi olan iki durumda da, Kral, taht\u0131n\u0131 sava\u015f sayesinde kurtaraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Kaybedilirse Avusturya, kazan\u0131l\u0131rsa muzaffer ordu, kraliyeti ayakta tutacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Kral XVI. Louis vatana ihanetten su\u00e7lu bulunarak 310\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 380 oyla mahk\u00fbm oldu, Ocak 1793\u2019te giyotinle idam edildi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Kar\u015f\u0131devrim ancak d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin i\u015fgaliyle ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabilirdi. Krali\u00e7e, ye\u011feni olan Avusturya imparatorunun \u00fc\u00e7 hafta i\u00e7inde Paris\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irece\u011fini umuyor ve buna g\u00fcveniyordu.<\/p>\n

          Hesaplar\u0131n bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in sonu\u00e7 bir an \u00f6nce al\u0131nmal\u0131yd\u0131. \u201cKazanamayacaksak bir an \u00f6nce kaybetmeliyiz\u201d deniyordu.<\/p>\n

          Krali\u00e7e Marie Antoinette\u2019in kurdu\u011fu comit\u00e9 autrichien<\/strong>\u2019in (\u201cAvusturya Komitesi\u201dnin) yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cyenilgi haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, 23 May\u0131s 1792\u2019de Yasama Meclisinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a te\u015fhir edildi ve su\u00e7land\u0131. Komitede \u201cyenilgi i\u00e7in sava\u015facak generaller\u201d de bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Devrimciler, \u201cKral\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u201d vatan savunmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Krali\u00e7e Marie Antoinette\u2019i giyotini beklerken g\u00f6steren bir \u00e7izim.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Robespierre (33) tek ba\u015f\u0131na sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00c7ok az say\u0131daki devrimcinin ve sava\u015ftan korktu\u011fu i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 utanga\u00e7 F\u00f6yyan (Feuillants) grubu \u00fcyesinin direnmesine ra\u011fmen \u00e7o\u011funluk sava\u015ftan yana olarak kral\u0131n oyununa geldi, kar\u015f\u0131 oylar yaln\u0131zca yedi taneydi. Jirondenler (Girondins), kraliyete ve aristokrasiye d\u00fc\u015fman olarak sava\u015f\u0131n onlar\u0131 yok edece\u011fi yorumunu yaparak (sava\u015f \u201cmonar\u015fiyi y\u0131kabilir\u201ddi de); \u201caristokrat devrimciler\u201d, kraliyetin sava\u015f sayesinde kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek; halk\u0131n temsilcileri, sava\u015fla vatan\u0131 savunduklar\u0131na inanarak kral\u0131n giri\u015fimin arkas\u0131nda oldular. \u201cAvusturya ile sava\u015f, Bastille\u2019in zapt\u0131 kadar gerekli\u201dydi. Brissot (34), sava\u015f\u0131n \u201cDevrim d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n maskesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrece\u011fini\u201d, \u201cDevrimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirece\u011fini\u201d ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in sava\u015f \u015fart\u201dt\u0131, \u201ckorkulacak biricik felaket, sava\u015f olmamas\u0131\u201dyd\u0131, \u201culusun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 gerektiriyor\u201ddu. Ayr\u0131ca \u201csava\u015f tehlikesiz\u201ddi. Devrimin \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck ihanetlere ihtiyac\u0131 var\u201dd\u0131, \u201cbizi kurtaracak olan ihanetlerdi\u201d. (35)<\/p>\n

          Sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan Montanyarlar grubu (Montagnard<\/strong>, \u201cda\u011fl\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na geliyordu; \u201cda\u011f\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, mecliste en arka ve en y\u00fcksek s\u0131ralarda oturduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131) sonuna kadar sava\u015f\u0131n partisi olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Devrim, sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131, devletin sava\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek zorunda kal\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

          Sava\u015f\u0131n Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n zaferleriyle ilerlemesi ile A\u011fustos 1792\u2019de kurulan Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn kraliyet ailesini tutuklamas\u0131, yeni bir d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flatt\u0131. 3 A\u011fustos\u2019ta Paris\u2019e yakla\u015fan Avusturya-Prusya ordusu komutan\u0131 Prusya Kral\u0131 II. Friedrich\u2019in ye\u011feni Brunswick, \u201cAvusturya \u0130mparatoru ve Prusya Kral\u0131 ad\u0131na\u201d, Fransa Kral\u0131na dokunulmamas\u0131n\u0131 ve ona sayg\u0131da kusur edilmemesini istedi, \u2018bir zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcrse yakar\u0131m, y\u0131kar\u0131m\u2019 gibisinden tehditler savurdu (g\u00f6nderilen metinde \u201cSaray\u201da en ufak bir zarar gelecek olursa Paris halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilece\u011fi bile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131). Fakat bu m\u00fcdahale giri\u015fimi ters tepki yapacak, halk\u0131n \u00f6fkesi b\u00fcy\u00fcyecek, Brunswick\u2019in \u00fcltimatomundan yaln\u0131zca iki g\u00fcn sonra Paris\u2019teki 48 b\u00f6lgeden biri hari\u00e7 hepsi, kral\u0131n tahttan indirilmesinden yana olacakt\u0131. \u201cSaray\u201d \u00e7ok zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

          Devrimciler, gerici sava\u015f\u0131 devrimci sava\u015fa, \u201ckral\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u201d vatan savunmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fcler, Devrimin savunmas\u0131n\u0131 Fransa\u2019n\u0131n savunmas\u0131yla birle\u015ftirdiler, Devrimin sava\u015fma potansiyelini, kendilerinin sava\u015f yeteneklerini ke\u015ffettiler. Avusturya-Prusya\u2019n\u0131n Fransa\u2019ya sald\u0131rmas\u0131, \u201cdevrimi daha da devrimcile\u015ftirmi\u015f\u201d, \u201cdevrimin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015f\u201d, sava\u015fla Devrim tek bir \u015fey olup \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, sava\u015f, devrimcileri daha at\u0131lgan ve etkili hale getirmi\u015fti. Bu heyecan ve do\u011fru strateji ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131, 20 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Valmy\u2019de Frans\u0131z kuvvetlerince Avusturya-Prusya ordular\u0131 durduruldu ve Devrimci Frans\u0131z ordular\u0131 savunmadan taarruza ge\u00e7ti, bunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 1792 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Kas\u0131m\u0131nda al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flanacak, Ren b\u00f6lgesi, Worms ve Frankfurt ele ge\u00e7irilecekti.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Kral ve Krali\u00e7e giyotine\u2026 <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u201cK\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapmadan krall\u0131k yap\u0131lamaz. Her kral gas\u0131pt\u0131r.\u201d Saint-Just<\/em><\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Bu d\u00f6nemde yeni meclis, ulusal bir meclis, Konvansiyon Meclisi kuruldu ve Yasama Meclisinin yerini ald\u0131. Yeni meclisin se\u00e7iminde kralc\u0131lar haliyle elendiler, iktidar 165 Jironden ve 145 Montanyar aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. 25 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Cumhuriyet ilan edildi. Kas\u0131mda kral\u0131n gizli demir dolab\u0131 bulundu ve a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131, i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kanlar -da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan r\u00fc\u015fvetlerin, sat\u0131n al\u0131nanlar\u0131n, provokasyon planlar\u0131n\u0131n belgeleri, Avusturya\u2019yla yap\u0131lan yaz\u0131\u015fmalar ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u015fey- kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Aral\u0131k\u2019ta kraliyet ailesi yarg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 ve kral vatana ihanetten su\u00e7lu bulunarak 310\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 380 oyla mahk\u00fbm oldu, Ocak 1793\u2019te giyotinle idam edildi. \u201cTaht y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re taht\u0131n sahibi de ortadan kalkmal\u0131\u201dyd\u0131. Krali\u00e7e ise daha sonra, 16 Ekim\u2019de, iki g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir yarg\u0131lanma sonunda (36) giyotine g\u00f6nderilecekti.<\/p>\n

          Kral\u0131n yarg\u0131lanarak idam edilmesi, Devrimin monar\u015fik ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ba\u011flar\u0131 tamamen koparmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131. Frans\u0131z tarihinde, bir kral\u0131n de\u011fil idam\u0131, yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile o g\u00fcne kadar g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015fti. Kral\u0131n iyi oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Olumsuz her \u015fey, ya kral\u0131n bilmemesinden olurdu, ya da \u00e7evresindeki k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00f6revlilerin ve bakanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fiydi. Hatta kral\u0131n, Frans\u0131z krallar\u0131n\u0131n kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuydu. (37) Bu bak\u0131mdan idam, yaln\u0131z \u00f6nemli de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131yd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece k\u00f6pr\u00fcler at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, feodal sistemle ba\u011flar kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, geleneklerden kurtulunmu\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n

          Bu sars\u0131c\u0131 durum Devrimi daha da devrimcile\u015ftirmi\u015fti, ancak hem halk kitlelerinde, hem de Devrim saflar\u0131nda bocalamalar, fazla ileri gidildi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kayg\u0131lar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Devrimin \u00f6nderleri aras\u0131nda bile g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu teredd\u00fctler, Jakoben Kul\u00fcb\u00fc i\u00e7inde tart\u0131\u015fmalara ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar sonunda ayr\u0131lmalara yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131. Baz\u0131 \"\"yeni gruplar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 kral\u0131n idam\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131ylayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Eski idari sistem daha Konvansiyon d\u00f6neminde yerini yeni uygulamalara b\u0131rakt\u0131. Ulusal Konvansiyon \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 11250 yasa \u00e7\u0131karacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

          21) Prusya ordusunun arkas\u0131ndan gelerek Valmy\u2019de Alman bozgununa tan\u0131k olan Goethe\u2019nin bu s\u00f6zleri Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n sava\u015f alan\u0131ndaki \u015fehitler an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          22) 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan beri Fransa \u0130ngiltere ile \u201ckolonilerde sava\u015f\u201d y\u00fcr\u00fctmekteydi. Genel olarak Fransa\u2019n\u0131n zararl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sava\u015flar s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k geli\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

          23) Kral\u0131n talimat\u0131yla Almanya\u2019ya gizli g\u00f6revle giden Pierre-Augustin Caron Beaumarchais (1732-1799), daha sonra g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi Amerika\u2019dan d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra kral nezdinde g\u00fcven kaybetti ve devrim kahraman\u0131 oldu, ancak bu sefer servet ve para d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fcz\u00fcnden 1792\u2019de hapse girdi.<\/p>\n

          24) Furet-Richet, s.32. Soylulu\u011fu ele\u015ftiren ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131tan oyun, Mozart\u2019\u0131n besteledi\u011fi ayn\u0131 adl\u0131 opera olarak Viyana\u2019da 1788\u2019de sahnelendi\u011finde devrim heyecan\u0131 Avusturya\u2019ya ilk kez o g\u00fcnlerde Figaro\u2019nun D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em> ile ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Robertson ve Stevens, Geschichte der Musik, III, Klassik und Romantik<\/em>, Atlantis, M\u00fcnchen 1990, s.38, 102-105; Af\u015far Timu\u00e7in, Ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Geli\u015fimi<\/em>, de yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 1986, s.344-45).<\/p>\n

          25) Baltayla yap\u0131lan idam cezas\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 idam mahk\u00fbmunun bazen saatlerce \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclememesiyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131yor, idam cezas\u0131 bir i\u015fkenceye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Ad\u0131, o zamana kadar benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir d\u00fczenekle idam\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ve ac\u0131s\u0131z yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan yeni icada verilen Dr. Jos\u00e9phe-Ignace Guillotin (1738-1814), asl\u0131nda bu aletin mucidi de\u011fildi. \u0130cat eden meslekta\u015f\u0131 Antonie Louis\u2019ydi (bu y\u00fczden giyotinin ilk ad\u0131 \u201cLouison\u201ddu, ama sonradan adland\u0131rma de\u011fi\u015fecekti). Dr. Guillotin\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu yeni insanc\u0131l infaz makinesini Ulusal Meclisin benimsemesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakt\u0131, savunucusu olarak alet onun ad\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fti. (Davies, s. 748; geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Hans-Eberhard Lex, Der Henker von Paris \/ Charles-Henri Sanson, die Guillotine, die Opfer<\/em>, Rasch und R\u00f6hring Verlag, Hamburg 1989) Kral\u0131n idam\u0131ndan sonra giyotine alay olsun diye uzun s\u00fcre \u201cCapet\u2019nin penceresi\u201d denmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

          26) Lex, An den St\u00e4tten der Franz\u00f6sischen Revolution<\/em>, s.230.<\/p>\n

          27) Delacroix\u2019dan akt. Luciano Canfora, Avrupa\u2019da Demokrasi \/ Bir \u0130deolojinin Tarihi<\/em>, Literat\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2010, s.44.<\/p>\n

          28) \u201cDevrimin sesi\u201d Honor\u00e9 de Mirabeau (1749-1791), sarayla meclis aras\u0131nda uzla\u015fma yanl\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r ve ili\u015fkiyi sa\u011flayan tek insand\u0131r. Cesur \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kralla s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkileri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden g\u00fcvenilmezdir.<\/p>\n

          29) Bilimci ve hekim olan Marat\u2019n\u0131n (Jean-Paul, 1743-1793) gazetesi P\u00e9re Duchesne <\/em>(\u201cDuchesne Baba\u201d) kral\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nceden duyurmu\u015f, ancak b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey yap\u0131labilece\u011fine kimse ihtimal vermemi\u015fti. Marat, en radikal gruplardan birinin, Montagnarlar\u0131n \u00f6nderiydi, devrim y\u0131llar\u0131nda hep gazetecilik yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

          30) Varennes\u2019den Paris\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f o kadar korkun\u00e7 bir a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanma ve ezilmeyle olmu\u015ftu ki, buna \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc, uykusuzluk, yorgunluk ve \u00e7ok s\u0131cak havada s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k arabada yap\u0131lan rahats\u0131z yolculuk eklenince, Paris\u2019te saraya sokulan krali\u00e7e o gecenin sabah\u0131nda sa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bembeyaz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6recekti.<\/p>\n

          31) Anonim bir halk \u015fark\u0131s\u0131ndan; bkz. Alkan, s.125. K\u0131tan\u0131n sonunda \u201ckom\u015funun ba\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc dikme, yoksa barsaklar\u0131n bozulur\u201d yolundaki alaylara g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

          32) Pillnitz \u015eatosunda Saksonya elekt\u00f6r\u00fcne konuk gelmi\u015f olan Prusya Kral\u0131 Friedrich-Wilhelm ile imparator Leopold, Paris\u2019ten ilk ka\u00e7an g\u00f6\u00e7men grubunun (ba\u015flar\u0131nda kral\u0131n karde\u015fi Artois Kontu vard\u0131) dayatmalar\u0131na muhatap olmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

          33) Hukuk e\u011fitimi g\u00f6ren, \u00f6nce hakim ve sonra avukat olarak meslek hayat\u0131na at\u0131lan Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) Flandrl\u0131 (Kuzey Bel\u00e7ika) bir aileden geliyordu. Soylu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in mesle\u011finde y\u00fckselme \u015fans\u0131 yoktu (A. Odaba\u015f\u0131, ayn\u0131 yerde, s.10-11). Devrimden \u00f6nce bir adam\u0131 idama mahkum etmek yerine hakimlik mesle\u011fini reddetti\u011fi s\u00f6yleniyordu (Davies, s. 750). Geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Tanilli, Frans\u0131z Devriminden Portreler<\/em>, s.15-112.<\/p>\n

          34) Girond vilayetinden gelen ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu gruba elli y\u0131l sonra Lamartine\u2019in \u201cGirondin\u201dler ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi orta burjuvazinin s\u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapan Jirondenlerin \u00f6nderi Jacques-Pierre Brissot (1754-1793), krali\u00e7eyi yeren ve h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ele\u015ftiren yaz\u0131lar yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Devrim \u00f6ncesinde bir s\u00fcre Bastille\u2019de kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonralar\u0131 krala yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve krali\u00e7eyle gizlice yaz\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Devrime ihanetle su\u00e7lanacak ve sava\u015f\u0131n Devrim saflar\u0131ndaki sorumlusu olarak idam edilecekti. D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Komitesinin \u00fcyeli\u011fini yapan Brissot XVI. Louis\u2019nin tahttan indirilmesine de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Brissot\u2019nun 1788\u2019de kurdu\u011fu k\u00f6lelik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u201cSiyah Dostlar\u0131 Derne\u011fi\u201d, Devrimin ilk \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerindendir.<\/p>\n

          35) Brissot\u2019nun s\u00f6zleri. Akt. Furet, 1998, s.90 ve 146.<\/p>\n

          36) Halk\u0131n Bastille\u2019e sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde kral\u0131 orduyla Metz\u2019e \u00e7ekilmeye zorlayan, Ulusal Meclisin feodal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 kald\u0131rma ve kral\u0131n yetkilerini k\u0131s\u0131tlama giri\u015fimlerine direnmesini sa\u011flayan, Varennes ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 planlayan ve d\u00fczenleyen krali\u00e7e, Kutsal Roma Cermen \u0130mparatoru II. Leopold\u2019dan (ki onun k\u0131zkarde\u015fi oluyordu) Fransa\u2019ya sava\u015f a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015f (Eyl\u00fcl 1791), sava\u015f ba\u015flay\u0131nca Ba\u015fkomutan Dumouriez\u2019in harek\u00e2t planlar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d ordunun \u201cde\u011ferlendirmesi\u201d i\u00e7in Viyana g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti (Nisan 1792).<\/p>\n

          37) \u0130ktidar\u0131 sorgulanamaz ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lamaz olan kral\u0131n \u201ckutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d o derecedeydi ki, dokunu\u015fuyla mucizeler yarataca\u011f\u0131na bile inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Marc Bloch\u2019un en \u00f6nemli tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen eseri Kral\u0131n Dokunu\u015fu<\/em> (Les rois thaumaturges<\/em>, 1924), Fransa kral\u0131n\u0131n hastaya dokunmayla hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyi edece\u011fine inan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 konu alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130yile\u015ftirme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip kral d\u00fczenlenen merasimlerle toplanan kalabal\u0131klardaki insanlara bir bir dokunuyordu. Hastalardan \u00e7o\u011funun bir\u00e7ok defa dokunulmay\u0131 istemesi, \u201ctedavi\u201dnin i\u015fe yaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmelerine ra\u011fmen hastalar\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mediklerini g\u00f6steriyordu. \u201cMucizeye inanmay\u0131 do\u011furan etken mucize beklentisiydi.\u201d Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da ba\u015flayan bu inan\u0131\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131llarca devam etmi\u015fti. Geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Peter Burke, Frans\u0131z Tarih Devrimi \/ Annales Okulu<\/em>, Do\u011fu Bat\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2002, s.43-48.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          DEVR\u0130M KEND\u0130N\u0130 SAVUNUYOR<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u201cD\u00fc\u015fman ordular\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131za do\u011fru ilerlemektedir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten korkup deh\u015fete kap\u0131lanlar devrimimize ve anayasam\u0131za kar\u015f\u0131 silaha sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Vatanda\u015flar, vatan tehlikededir!\u201d \u00a0(Yasama Meclisi, 11 Temmuz 1792)<\/em><\/p>\n

          \u201cBu andan itibaren d\u00fc\u015fman, Cumhuriyetimizin topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp at\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn Frans\u0131zlar ordu hizmetindedir.\u201d (Konvansiyon Meclisi Karar\u0131, 23 A\u011fustos 1793)<\/em><\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Konvansiyonun g\u00fcneyde ve do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda yeni harek\u00e2t kararlar\u0131 almas\u0131, Avusturya-Prusya birli\u011finin geni\u015flemesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1793 ba\u015f\u0131nda Fransa\u2019ya ve Frans\u0131z Devrimine kar\u015f\u0131, \u0130spanya, Hollanda ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu bir koalisyon olu\u015ftu. Bu ilk Koalisyon daha sonra geni\u015fleyecek, ileriki y\u0131llarda i\u00e7ine Rusya ve Osmanl\u0131 devletini de alarak Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 iki koalisyon daha olu\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Marie Antoinette\u2019in karde\u015fi Avusturya \u0130mparatoru Leopold II.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Rus \u00c7ari\u00e7esi Katerina (38), Avusturya ve Prusya\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, iki \u00fclkenin Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ortak eyleme ge\u00e7melerini istiyor ve te\u015fvik ediyordu. Devrimden en \u00e7ok korkanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n, Devrimi ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n silahlar\u0131yla ezme niyetinin yan\u0131ndaki ba\u015fka bir hesab\u0131 da, Prusya ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n Fransa ile sava\u015fmak y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Polonya ile ilgilenemeyecekleri, bu sayede Polonya\u2019n\u0131n kendisine kalaca\u011f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Osmanl\u0131, Devrimle pek ilgilenmedi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          Devrimin diplomatlar\u0131ndan Lebrun (Charles-Fran\u00e7ois, 1739-1824), Osmanl\u0131 ile ittifak yaparak koalisyonu zay\u0131flatmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor, hatta Osmanl\u0131 ile Rusya\u2019y\u0131 birbirine kap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak Devrimi Rus tehdidi ve bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtarmay\u0131 bile planl\u0131yordu. Ancak ba\u015faramad\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Osmanl\u0131 devletine, s\u0131ras\u0131yla, Deschorches, Verninac ve Aubert du Bayet adlar\u0131ndaki el\u00e7iler, ayn\u0131 zamanda Cumhuriyet propagandas\u0131 yapmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderildi. Bu el\u00e7ilerin hepsi \u201cmeslek\u201dlerine Devrimle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, giri\u015fken ki\u015filerdi. Toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenlemekle kalmad\u0131lar, Devrimin belgelerini de \u0130stanbul\u2019da her yere da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

          Osmanl\u0131 devletindeki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar-uyrukluk ili\u015fkisi ve bunun bilin\u00e7lerdeki yans\u0131mas\u0131 Devrimin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, Fransa\u2019da ya\u015fananlar\u0131n kavranmas\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu. Osmanl\u0131 zihniyetinde \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d, k\u00f6lenin azat edilmesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olamazd\u0131. \u201cE\u015fitlik\u201d uyruklara aitti, zaten b\u00fct\u00fcn uyruklar e\u015fitti, karde\u015flikse, elbette olmal\u0131yd\u0131, ama M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7erliydi, ancak ayn\u0131 dinden olanlar karde\u015f olabilirdi (din karde\u015fli\u011fi). Bu bak\u0131mdan Devrim ve Devrimin temel slogan\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 toplumu i\u00e7in pek anlaml\u0131 de\u011fildi ve Frans\u0131z Devriminin, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131, padi\u015fah\u0131 hedef almad\u0131k\u00e7a ve ona dokunmad\u0131k\u00e7a ilgilendiren bir taraf\u0131 da yoktu. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik ve karde\u015flik kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 devletinde ve toplumunda bir anlam ve i\u015flev kazanabilmesi i\u00e7in o y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna yakla\u015fmak gerekecekti.<\/p>\n

          1798 ilkbahar\u0131nda Reis \u00fcl-k\u00fcttab Ahmet At\u0131f Efendi, koalisyoncular\u0131n Osmanl\u0131y\u0131 aralar\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 davet ile ilgili olarak Divana haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 muht\u0131rada, \u201cVoltaire ve Rousseau gibi t\u0131ynetsiz lanetlik sap\u0131k Allahs\u0131zlar\u0131n iftiralar\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ve vah\u015fet\u201dten bilgiler sunuyordu. At\u0131f Efendi Devrimin Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesi i\u00e7in tehlike oldu\u011fu ve felaket yarataca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeydi. (39) Ancak fazla dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Frans\u0131z Devrimi Osmanl\u0131 Devletini hi\u00e7 etkilemedi, Devrim yaln\u0131z yeni bir ordunun Frans\u0131z Devrimine g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131larak adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, II. Selim\u2019in yeni ordusu, \u201cNizam\u0131 Cedid\u201d ad\u0131yla kurulacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Devrimin ordusu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \"\"
          \u0130lk anda, 80 bini yaln\u0131z Paris\u2019ten olmak \u00fczere, 500 bin ki\u015filik bir ordu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu ordu, kral i\u00e7in de\u011fil, vatan i\u00e7in sava\u015facakt\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Avrupa \u201cdengeleri\u201d bozulmu\u015ftu. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeler g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc Fransa\u2019ya dikmi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca Avusturya \u201cFrans\u0131z\u201d Devrimi kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki enerjisi, giri\u015fkenli\u011fi ve i\u015fg\u00fczarl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa monar\u015filerini pe\u015finden s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fcyordu. \u0130ngiltere bile kara Avrupas\u0131\u2019na, Frans\u0131z topraklar\u0131na 14 bin ki\u015filik bir ordu \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131, Toulon kentini ele ge\u00e7irdi. Fransa topraklar\u0131nda alt\u0131 koalisyon \u00fclkesinin ordular\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Ama\u00e7 \u201cy\u00f6netime el koymak\u201dt\u0131. \u201cBula\u015f\u0131c\u0131\u201d diye niteledikleri Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 Fransa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, hatta Fransa\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmenin mazereti \u201ck\u0131tan\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini korumak\u201dt\u0131. Devrim \u201csava\u015f\u00e7\u0131yd\u0131, sald\u0131rgand\u0131, vah\u015fiydi\u201d, bu y\u00fczden sald\u0131racak ve sava\u015facakt\u0131. Devrim b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey yapmazd\u0131, yapamazd\u0131, yapmayacakt\u0131 ama gene de -\u0130mparator Leopold\u2019un deyi\u015fiyle- \u201cbug\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnenmezli\u011fini, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anla\u015fmalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc garanti alt\u0131na almak\u201d gerekiyordu!<\/p>\n

          D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan Devrime gelen sald\u0131r\u0131 Devrim Fransa\u2019s\u0131nda o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heyecan yaratt\u0131 ki, o zamana kadar g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck temelinde ve vatan savunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in genel seferberlik sonucu, ilk anda, 80 bini yaln\u0131z Paris\u2019ten olmak \u00fczere, 500 bin ki\u015filik bir ordu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u201cHerkes asker\u201ddi. (40) Bu ordu, \u201ckral i\u00e7in de\u011fil, vatan i\u00e7in\u201d sava\u015facakt\u0131 ve slogan\u0131 \u201cYa\u015fas\u0131n Kral\u201d de\u011fil, \u201cYa\u015fas\u0131n Ulus\u201dtu. (41) 5 Nisan 1793\u2019te, soylu s\u0131n\u0131ftan subaylar\u0131n bu ordu i\u00e7inde olmamas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Daha May\u0131s 1792\u2019de Robespierre, \u201cbirka\u00e7 \u015ferefli insan hari\u00e7, generallere hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00fcvenim yok\u201d demi\u015fti. Yurtsever askerlerin subaylar\u0131 ve generalleri de yurtseverlerden olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Komutanlar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7imle belirleyen askerlerin ast-\u00fcst ili\u015fkisindeki rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131da \u00f6nemli bir etkendi. 32 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Pichegru Ren\u2019deki orduya, 25 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Hoche Mosel\u2019daki orduya komutan oldu. Daha 27 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Saint-Just (42) Ren ordusunu y\u00f6netti, b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra kuzey ordusunda g\u00f6revlendirildi. Vend\u00e9e ayaklanmas\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen Kl\u00e9ber ve Marceau da otuz ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131ndayd\u0131lar ve hi\u00e7birinin o g\u00fcne kadar askerlikle ilgileri olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ama devrimciydiler.<\/p>\n

          Eski Rejimin subaylar\u0131na da, vatan savunmas\u0131na kat\u0131lacaklar\u0131 belli oldu\u011funda g\u00f6rev verildi. Clarke harita b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Montalembert top\u00e7u birli\u011finde, Robert Lindet yiyecek ve giyecek, Prieur de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Or hastane ve cephane \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

          Bu ordular\u0131n askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ve Devrim Fransa\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n dalga dalga yay\u0131lan ve giderek artan siyasi etkisi, kar\u015f\u0131devrimci sald\u0131rgan koalisyonun hi\u00e7bir \u015fey elde edememesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Fransa\u2019da da yeni bir demokratik ve devrimci anayasayla Cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

          1794 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda Devrime sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7en koalisyon g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, ayaklar\u0131nda tahta kunduralar ve \u00fcstlerinde yaln\u0131zca g\u00f6mlek olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen vatan i\u00e7in sava\u015fan 14 ordu bulunuyordu. 1,2 milyon ki\u015fiye ula\u015fan Devrim ordusu (ki, \u201caskerlerin\u201d baz\u0131lar\u0131nda av t\u00fcfe\u011fi ve hatta yaln\u0131zca t\u0131rpan olan tarihin bu ilk ulusal ordusu, bir y\u0131l sonra 3 milyon \u201cUlusal Muhaf\u0131z\u201dl\u0131 bir ordu olacakt\u0131r ve Avrupa ve d\u00fcnya tarihinde o zamana kadarki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ordudur), hem i\u00e7 ayaklanmalar\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131, hem de d\u00fc\u015fmanlara \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc darbeler indirdi. (43) Say\u0131sal kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne devrimci co\u015fku da eklenmi\u015fti. Ordunun devrimci niteli\u011fi, ayn\u0131 zamanda, Eski Rejimin ordu ve y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n terk edilmesinden de ileri geliyordu.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Sivil seferberlik<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Daha 27 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Saint-Just Ren ordusunu y\u00f6netti, b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra kuzey ordusunda g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Askeri seferberli\u011fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u201csivil seferberlik\u201d de ya\u015fand\u0131. Halk\u0131n co\u015fkusu ve yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, beklenmeyen ve hesaplanmayan katk\u0131lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Kad\u0131nlar, askerler i\u00e7in giysiler dikiyor, i\u015f\u00e7iler elleriyle ilkel silahlar \u00fcretiyor, dericiler askerler i\u00e7in matara ve ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcretmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, zanaatk\u00e2rlar kilise yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan metallerle, kulelerden s\u00f6k\u00fclen \u00e7anlarla top ve a\u011f\u0131r silahlar yap\u0131yordu. Co\u015fku b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumu ve toplumun her alan\u0131n\u0131 sarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Halk, elinde ne varsa veriyordu.<\/p>\n

          Birlik ve dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bozamad\u0131. Yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131mda olan \u201chava telgraf\u0131\u201d, olaylar\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede her yerde \u00f6\u011frenilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131k\u00e7a birlik ve dayan\u0131\u015fma duygular\u0131 daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Haberle\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6yle artmas\u0131, yerelliklerin ulusall\u0131\u011fa, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkezile\u015fmeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

          1792\u2019de Frans\u0131z kenti Strasbourg\u2019da bir y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n (44) \u201cRen Ordusunun Sava\u015f \u015eark\u0131s\u0131\u201dn\u0131 (Chant de Guerre de l\u2019Arm\u00e8e du Rhin<\/em>) yazmas\u0131 ve bestelemesi, Devrimin kaderinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Almanya\u2019ya s\u0131n\u0131r olan o b\u00f6lgede s\u00f6ylenebilmesi i\u00e7in Almancaya \u00e7evrilen g\u00fcfte, Frans\u0131zca olarak, Frans\u0131zca bilmeseler ve konu\u015famasalar bile b\u00fct\u00fcn Fransa\u2019da kitlelerin devrimci y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f, m\u00fccadele ve sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n mar\u015f\u0131 oldu. Marsilya\u2019daki g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc taburunun Paris\u2019e gelene kadarki y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde dillerinden d\u00fc\u015fmeyen \u015fark\u0131, \u00f6nce \u201cMarsilyal\u0131lar\u0131n Mar\u015f\u0131\u201d (Marche de Marseillois<\/em>), sonra da \u201cMarseyyez\u201d (La Marseillaise<\/em>) olarak an\u0131ld\u0131. \u201cTanr\u0131 kral\u0131 korusun\u201d tarz\u0131ndaki kraliyet mar\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ulusal mar\u015f gelene\u011fini yaratt\u0131 ve ba\u015flatt\u0131. Ba\u015fta Valmy olmak \u00fczere Fransa\u2019y\u0131, Devrimi ve Cumhuriyeti savunma sava\u015flar\u0131ndaki zaferlerin nedeni olan La Marseillaise<\/em>, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n her taraf\u0131nda ilerleyen devrimci ordular\u0131n ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 da h\u0131zland\u0131racakt\u0131. \u201cLa Marseillaise<\/em>\u201d, demi\u015fti Napoleon, \u201cCumhuriyetin en b\u00fcy\u00fck generaliydi.\u201d (45)<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Avrupa monar\u015fileri dize geliyor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Napoleon\u2019un, \u201cCumhuriyetin en b\u00fcy\u00fck generaliydi\u201d dedi\u011fi La Marseillaise mar\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bestecisi ve yazar\u0131 Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Rouget de Lisle, \u015fark\u0131y\u0131 Strasbourg\u2019da ilk kez s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Nisan 1795\u2019te Prusya bar\u0131\u015fa raz\u0131 oldu. Ama bunun as\u0131l anlam\u0131 ve sonucu, Prusya\u2019n\u0131n Devrimin Cumhuriyetini tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Mart 1796\u2019da Napoleon Bonaparte komutas\u0131ndaki ordular Avusturya\u2019y\u0131 bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131 ve imparatorlu\u011fu Campo Formio Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalamak zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131 (17 Ekim 1797). \u0130talya\u2019da \u00f6nemli b\u00f6lgeler ve geni\u015f alanlar Frans\u0131z hakimiyetine girdi. Bu kazan\u0131mlar\u0131yla Fransa, Osmanl\u0131 devletine de s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

          1797\u2019de Prusya kral\u0131, \u201ch\u00fck\u00fcmdar katili olan adamlarca y\u00f6netilen Frans\u0131z Cumhuriyetiyle\u201d bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n

          \u0130kinci Koalisyon Sava\u015f\u0131 (1798-1802) sonunda yenilen Avusturya \u0130mparatoru II. Franz, b\u00fct\u00fcn Ren b\u00f6lgesinin Fransa\u2019ya ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Lun\u00e8ville Anla\u015fmas\u0131na (9 \u015eubat 1801) imza att\u0131.<\/p>\n

          Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ve Bel\u00e7ika Fransa\u2019ya kat\u0131ld\u0131. (46)<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Papal\u0131k \u00e7eki\u015fmelerinin sonucunda Papal\u0131\u011fa ait Papal\u0131k kenti olan Avignonlular Fransa ve Devrim y\u00f6n\u00fcnde karar ald\u0131lar, Papal\u0131k kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131 kovdular, Cumhuriyeti benimsediler.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

            D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

            38) Tarihimizde Osmanl\u0131 ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flarla (1774 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lanan 1768 T\u00fcrk-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131, 1770 \u00c7e\u015fme bask\u0131n\u0131 vb.) iyi bilinen II. Katerina (Yekaterina, 1729-1796), \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Katerina\u201d diye de an\u0131l\u0131r. Rusya\u2019daki bu \u201cayd\u0131n despot\u201d, reformlara giri\u015fmesine, Montesquieu, Rousseau gibi Ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131lar\u0131 benimsemi\u015f olmas\u0131na, Diderot ve Voltaire\u2019le dostluk ili\u015fkileri y\u00fcr\u00fctmesine, sanata, k\u00fclt\u00fcre, bilime \u00e7ok \u00f6nem vermesine ra\u011fmen halk ve devrim d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00fcn kazand\u0131. D\u00f6neminde Rusya tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck halk ayaklanmas\u0131 oldu (Puga\u00e7ev), ac\u0131mas\u0131zca ezilen ayaklanma b\u00fcy\u00fck izler b\u0131rakt\u0131. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcnya tarihini etkileyen b\u00fcy\u00fck devletler aras\u0131na girmesini sa\u011flayanlardand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            39) Bernard Lewis, \u201cFrans\u0131z Devriminin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Yank\u0131lar\u0131\u201d, Tanilli, D\u00fcnyay\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftiren On Y\u0131l<\/em> i\u00e7inde, s.229-269.<\/p>\n

            40) Prusya\u2019n\u0131n askerile\u015ferek y\u00fckselmesi d\u00f6neminde daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve bir Prusya icad\u0131 olan \u201cherkes asker\u201dle, Devrimin \u201cherkes asker\u201dinin bir benzerlik ve (Devrimin Prusya deneyiminden yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015feklinde) devaml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisi yoktur. Devrimdeki \u201cherkes asker\u201din \u00f6z\u00fc olan \u201cyurtta\u015f asker\u201d kavram\u0131, tarihsel ve siyasal olarak Frans\u0131z Devrimiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Esas olarak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6r\u00fclecek olan askerlikteki \u201ctopyekun sava\u015f\u201d teorisi de, halk\u0131n seferber edilmesi konusundaki y\u00f6nelimi ve \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle gene Frans\u0131z Devriminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cyurtta\u015f asker\u201dden esinlenmi\u015f ve kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            41) Bu slogan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ulusla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde, bir y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131nda ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde tarihi bir paralellik olarak ya\u015fanacakt\u0131r. Al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f olarak s\u00f6ylenen \u201cPadi\u015fah\u0131m \u00e7ok ya\u015fa\u201d slogan\u0131, 2. Me\u015frutiyet \u00f6ncesinde ve d\u00f6neminde \u201cMillet \u00e7ok ya\u015fa\u201d \u015feklini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Esas olarak 1919 sonras\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler tarihsel paralelli\u011fi belirginle\u015ftirecektir. Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131z ve Frans\u0131z Devriminin Anadolu\u2019daki versiyonu olarak da de\u011ferlendirilen Cumhuriyetimiz, bir devrim olarak s\u00fcrekli Frans\u0131z Devrimini \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, Frans\u0131z Devrimine g\u00f6ndermelerle yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            42) Devrimin \u00f6nderlerinden Louis-Antoine Florelle de Saint-Just\u2019un (1767-1794) babas\u0131 subayd\u0131. Devrimin ilk g\u00fcnlerinde yarbay r\u00fctbesiyle Ulusal Muhaf\u0131z Birli\u011findedir, Varennes d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde kral\u0131n arabas\u0131n\u0131 teslim alan ve getirenler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ya\u015f\u0131 tutmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan (o g\u00fcnlerde daha 24 ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r) Yasama Meclisine se\u00e7ildi\u011fi halde giremez.<\/p>\n

            43) Tanilli, D\u00fcnyay\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftiren On Y\u0131l<\/em>, s.103-109, 122-123; Arda Odaba\u015f\u0131, \u201cJakobenizm ve Robespierre\u201d, Teori<\/em>, Say\u0131 153, Ekim 2002, s.22.<\/p>\n

            44) Devrimci y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131, Jural\u0131 bir m\u00fchendis olan Claude-Josephe Rouget de Lisle (1760-1836) idi. 24 Nisan 1792\u2019de sava\u015f ilan edildi\u011fi haberi Strasbourg\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n evinde yap\u0131lan e\u011flencedeydi ve hemen co\u015fkuyla \u015fark\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcftesini yazm\u0131\u015f, bestesini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

            45) Davies, s.767. Daha sonra bu mar\u015fa, \u00c7aira <\/em>(\u201cOlacak Bu \u0130\u015f\u201d), Le chant du depart<\/em> (\u201cYola \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u015eark\u0131s\u0131\u201d) ve Sank\u00fclotlar\u0131n Carmagnole<\/em>\u2019u da eklenecekti. Sank\u00fclot (sans-culotte) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, giyimini tamamlayamayacak kadar yoksul olmay\u0131 ifade eden bir deyimdi. Dilimize \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u201cbald\u0131r\u0131\u00e7\u0131plaklar\u201d \u015feklinde \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Sonk\u00fclotlar pantolonluydular ama s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201cpantolonsuz\u201d demekti. Soylular\u0131n alay etmek i\u00e7in takt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ad\u0131 kendileri de benimsemi\u015flerdi. Karmanyola, Sank\u00fclotlar\u0131n giydi\u011fi ceketin ad\u0131yd\u0131. Modernlikten uzak, geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck, fanatik ve duygusal olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Sank\u00fclotlar, emek\u00e7i \u00f6zellikleri ve devrimci talepleriyle sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclleridir. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k takarlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

            46) Kuruldu\u011fu zaman (36 prensli\u011fin birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fan) Ren Konfederasyonunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan Prusya, Napoleon\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan 3. Koalisyona girmekle Napoleon\u2019un yan\u0131nda yer almak aras\u0131nda karars\u0131z bir durumda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ne kendine, ne de Almanya\u2019ya bir hayr\u0131 dokundu. Koalisyona kat\u0131lsayd\u0131 belki Napoleon p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclecek, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Almanya\u2019ya hakim olmas\u0131 engellenecekti. Napoleon\u2019a kat\u0131lsa Ren Nehri\u2019nin do\u011fusunda ve kuzeyinde en etkili g\u00fc\u00e7 Prusya olacakt\u0131. Avusturya teslim olduktan, Rusya geri \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131ktan ve Napoleon daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendikten (Napoleon konfederasyonuna ba\u015fka Alman prenslikleri de kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131) sonra 1806 Ekim\u2019inde Fransa\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan eden Prusya art\u0131k ge\u00e7 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve yapayaln\u0131zd\u0131. Hohenzollern ordular\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131, Berlin i\u015fgal edildi, Prusya, topraklar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

            ALMAN DEVLETLER\u0130N\u0130N TUTUMU<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

            Prusya ve Avusturya monar\u015fileri (elbette di\u011fer Avrupa monar\u015fileri gibi) do\u011fal olarak s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir sezgiyle Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Elbette Devrimin kopard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc, uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 deh\u015fet y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00fcrkm\u00fc\u015flerdi de. Devrimin mutlaka ezilmesi, Fransa\u2019da Eski Rejimin tekrar kurulmas\u0131 ve Devrimin kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan i\u00e7eri girmemesi gerekiyordu. Yok edilmezse Devrim kendilerini de vurabilir, iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedebilirlerdi. Bu y\u00fczden Devrime sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Ama ayn\u0131 zamanda Devrime kendi topraklar\u0131nda da \u00f6nlemler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Devrimi yasaklad\u0131lar, Devrimle ilgili her \u015feye sans\u00fcr uygulad\u0131lar, Devrimi bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almaya, etkisini ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Cermen k\u00f6kenli aristokrasi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \"\"
            Prusya ve Avusturya monar\u015fileri (elbette di\u011fer Avrupa monar\u015fileri gibi) do\u011fal olarak s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir sezgiyle Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar ve sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Valmy Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 betimleyen bir tablo.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            Prusya ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n Fransa\u2019daki geli\u015fmeler konusundaki ilgi ve kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli nedeni daha vard\u0131: Fransa\u2019da kraliyet ailesinin ve aristokrasinin Cermen k\u00f6kenli olmas\u0131. Kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemdeki ad\u0131yla \u201cBat\u0131 Frank Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dndan ba\u015flayarak Fransa\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn hanedanlar (Capet, Valois ve Bourbon Hanedanlar\u0131) Cermen-soyluydu. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerdeki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131daki yerel soylular (Fransa\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 sahilleri ve g\u00fcneybat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri) d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn soylular, genel olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn aristokrasi, Cermen k\u00f6kenliydi. (47) Hanedan ve soyluluk, halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olan Galyal\u0131lar ve Roma as\u0131ll\u0131 olmayanlardand\u0131. Tarih sahnesine Cermen krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f Fransa\u2019n\u0131n krallar\u0131, gerek rex Francorum<\/strong> (Franklar\u0131n kral\u0131), gerek rex Francia<\/strong> (Fransa kral\u0131) (48) olarak hep \u201cCermen-soylu\u201dydular.<\/p>\n

            Fransa tarihi Franklardan ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r ve \u201cFransa, Franklarla krallar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fmu\u015ftur\u201d. (49)<\/p>\n

            Avrupa feodalizminin modern ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 hakl\u0131 olarak, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri ve soylular\u0131n etnik k\u00f6kenleri \u00fczerinde durman\u0131n (50) \u00f6nemli olmakla birlikte her zaman fazla anlaml\u0131 olmayaca\u011f\u0131nda, Avrupa tarihinde etnik k\u00f6kenin her zaman dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir \u00f6zellik g\u00f6stermedi\u011finde birle\u015firler. Hatta M. Bloch, \u201cne vassaliteye, ne de daha genel olarak feodal kurumlara belli bir etnik k\u00f6ken arama hatas\u0131na\u201d d\u00fc\u015fmemek gerekti\u011fi konusunda uyar\u0131da bile bulunmu\u015f, \u201c17. y\u00fczy\u0131l soylulu\u011funun hemen tamamen Frank sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan [Cermenlerden] indi\u011fini\u201d sanmamak gerekti\u011fini bile yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (51) Do\u011frudur, Frans\u0131z soylulu\u011fu da elbette Cermen-soylarla s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildi, ancak Fransa aristokrasisi i\u00e7inde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Cermen-soylarda oldu\u011fu, b\u00fcy\u00fck prensliklerin y\u00f6netimlerinin ise hemen hepsinin Frank k\u00f6keninden geldi\u011fi ortadayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Fransa\u2019daki hanedanlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n Cermen-soylu oldu\u011fu da ayr\u0131 bir olguydu.<\/p>\n

            Frans\u0131z Devrimi konusunda ilk \u00f6nemli eseri yazm\u0131\u015f olan Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859), Frans\u0131z soylulu\u011funun Frank fatihlerle \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011funu, Frans\u0131z soylular\u0131n\u0131n \u201cfetihten do\u011fan bir aristokrasi\u201d oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bunun sonucunda Frans\u0131z aristokrasisi bir kast \u00f6zelli\u011fi (52) g\u00f6stermi\u015f, \u201cbir grup\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olmu\u015f, grupsa \u201cdo\u011fumla belirlen\u201dmi\u015fti. (53)<\/p>\n

            Bu y\u00fczden, Cermen k\u00f6kenli olan soylular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u201cCermen k\u00f6kenli olmak\u201d soylulu\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibiydi. Soylulu\u011fa y\u00f6nelen tehditler, onlar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde do\u011fal olarak Cermenli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131kt\u0131. Frans\u0131z soylulu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Devrim, Cermenli\u011fe y\u00f6nelikti.<\/p>\n

            Alman devletleri de, Fransa\u2019daki soylulu\u011fun k\u00f6keninin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k olarak Cermen kavimlerine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilincinde oldu\u011fu gibi, uygun durumlarda bunu kullanmaya da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

            Fransa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusundaki Alman devletleri ise Devrimi, \u201cayaklanan alt tabakalar\u0131n (avam\u0131n, ayaktak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n) monar\u015fiyi y\u0131kmas\u0131\u201d yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Cermen olmayan halk\u0131n Cermen soylulu\u011fu tasfiyesi olarak, Cermen aristokrasinin iktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak, Frank k\u00f6kenli hanedan\u0131n ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmesi olarak da alg\u0131lad\u0131lar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Cermen olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Frans\u0131z Devrimini \u201ckendilerine\u201d de y\u00f6nelmi\u015f bir hareket olarak g\u00f6rmeye, yorumlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar ve bunu, Devrimin antifeodal \u00f6zelli\u011fini perdelemekte ve bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131rmakta kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bir gerek\u00e7eye ve bahaneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Devrim, Cermenli\u011fe ve Almanl\u0131\u011fa \u201ckar\u015f\u0131\u201dyd\u0131 ve Almanya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

            Bu alg\u0131lama ve yorumlama, olaylar\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131tmay\u0131 ve yalanlar\u0131 do\u011furdu. Ren Nehri\u2019nin do\u011fu yakas\u0131ndakiler, bat\u0131 yakas\u0131ndaki halk ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fclemek i\u00e7in, B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z Devrimini olumsuzlamak i\u00e7in her \u015feyi yapt\u0131lar. Devrimi olumsuz g\u00f6stermenin hizmetine ko\u015fulan \u00e7arp\u0131tmalar, Devrim hakk\u0131nda olumsuz propaganda yapabilmenin kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Avusturya\u2019ya g\u00f6re Fransa \u201cDevrim sald\u0131rgan\u0131\u201d!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \"\"
            Frans\u0131z Devrim ordusu Fleurus Sava\u015f\u0131nda (1794) Avrupa monar\u015filerinin koalisyonuna kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zafer kazand\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            Devrimin herhangi bir \u00fclkede de\u011fil Fransa\u2019da olmas\u0131n\u0131n Avusturya i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir anlam\u0131 da iki kom\u015fu devlet aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin sars\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 korkusuydu. Fransa ba\u015fka yerler gibi de\u011fildi. Avusturya, Fransa Hanedan\u0131yla, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Fransa\u2019yla son on y\u0131llarda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir ittifak yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dahas\u0131, imparatori\u00e7enin k\u0131z\u0131 Fransa kral\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Devrimden daha on y\u0131l \u00f6nce Paris\u2019e gelerek k\u0131zkarde\u015fi Marie Antoinette\u2019i ziyaret eden \u0130mparator II. Joseph, \u201cFrans\u0131z saray\u0131\u201dn\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n fark\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tehlikeyi, ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u0131zkarde\u015fi ve eni\u015ftesi i\u00e7in de sezmi\u015f, \u201cDevrimin ac\u0131mas\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunmu\u015ftu. (54)<\/p>\n

            Alman as\u0131ll\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesi ve Avusturya topra\u011f\u0131 olan ve hep Alman olarak kalmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Alsace, zaman zaman ge\u00e7ici olarak Fransa\u2019ya da ge\u00e7mekle birlikte, her zaman Almanya taraf\u0131nda olmu\u015ftu. Alman taraf\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 beklemedi\u011fi ve istemedi\u011fi bir \u015fekilde Alsace, devrimci geli\u015fmelerin sahnesi halindeydi. Devrimin Fransa\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, feodalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini, ayn\u0131 devrimci e\u011filimlerle Alsace\u2019a ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde uygulam\u0131\u015f ve kendi iste\u011fiyle<\/strong> Devrim Fransa\u2019s\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgeleri de bu y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015fti. Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n her \u015feyiyle yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131, m\u0131r\u0131ldan\u0131lmas\u0131na bile sans\u00fcr uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Devrimin mar\u015f\u0131 Marseillaise<\/em>, b\u00fct\u00fcn Alsace\u2019ta ve \u00e7evresinde co\u015fkuyla s\u00f6yleniyordu. B\u00f6ylece Alman Alsace ve Frans\u0131z olmakla birlikte Almanca konu\u015fan Lorraine (daha do\u011frusu Lorraine\u2019deki Avusturya topra\u011f\u0131 olan Alman b\u00f6lgesi; Almancas\u0131yla Lothringen) Fransa\u2019n\u0131n olmu\u015ftu. Avusturya bunu, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ilhak\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirdi, Alsace Avusturya\u2019dan Devrim taraf\u0131ndan \u201ckopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u201d ve al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6lgedeki Alman prensliklerin m\u00fclklerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131, \u00fcstelik \u201ckar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu olmaks\u0131z\u0131n\u201d ellerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, m\u00fcsadere edilmi\u015f, yani m\u00fclkler \u201cgaspedilmi\u015f\u201dti. Devrimci Meclis, milletin egemenli\u011fini hakl\u0131 olarak devletler hukukundan \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f, prenslerin b\u00fct\u00fcn feodal haklar\u0131 da k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (55) Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, hem taraflar aras\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fc, hem de \u201ci\u00e7 sorun\u201d kapsam\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ama olay, Avusturya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015ftirilemeyecek gibiydi. Ayr\u0131ca Avusturya\u2019daki hanedan\u0131n bir ucu, hep Alsace\u2019la birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen ve ele al\u0131nan, kaderi Alsace\u2019la birle\u015fmi\u015f, bu y\u00fczden de herkesin adeta Alsace sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131, Alsace\u2019a dahil g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Lorrain\u2019e (Lothringen\u2019e) dayan\u0131yordu (\u0130mparatori\u00e7e Maria Theresia\u2019n\u0131n e\u015fi Franz Lorrainliydi).<\/p>\n

            Dahas\u0131, Saksonya\u2019da, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Ren b\u00f6lgesinde, \u00f6zellikle Mainz\u2019da ve Fransa s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n baz\u0131 prensliklerde k\u00f6yl\u00fc hareketleri oluyordu. Ezilmekle birlikte bu ayaklanmalar Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n kendini kaybetmesine ve z\u0131vanadan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

            Bel\u00e7ika, \u0130svi\u00e7re gibi Avusturya hakimiyetindeki \u00fclkeler de Devrimden etkilenmi\u015fler ve imparatorlu\u011fa ba\u015fkald\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Savoie ve Nice prenslikleri de Fransa\u2019ya kendiliklerinden kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00fclkeler ve b\u00f6lgeler, askeri harek\u00e2tlar ve i\u015fgaller sonucu Fransa\u2019ya ge\u00e7memi\u015fti. Devrim Fransa\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zeten ve fetihleri reddeden anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re bu zaten m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Fransa bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Fransa\u2019dan kendilerine ordu g\u00f6nderilmesi talepleri bile olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 beklemi\u015fti ve hatta plebisit yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 bile kendi istemi\u015fti. Avignonlular\u0131n durumunu de\u011ferlendirirken Robespierre, \u201chalklar kendi kaderlerine kendileri karar vermelidir\u201d diyordu, bu konuda \u00e7ok kat\u0131yd\u0131 ve bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini her zaman muhafaza etti. Sonunda bunlar\u0131n hepsi kendi istekleriyle, bir\u00e7o\u011fu da plebisitlerin sonucunda Fransa\u2019ya ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ama Avusturya\u2019ya g\u00f6re, \u201cdevrim sald\u0131rgan\u0131 Fransa her yeri ilhak ediyor\u201ddu, \u201cDevrim Fransa\u2019s\u0131 her yeri fethediyor\u201ddu, bu y\u00fczden de \u201cFransa\u2019n\u0131n zorla ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi her yere ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vermek gerekiyor\u201ddu.<\/p>\n

            \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Bel\u00e7ika\u2019y\u0131 Avusturya, ancak bir y\u0131l sonra ve Prusya\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla bast\u0131racak, hakimiyetini tekrar kuracakt\u0131r. Bu aradaki s\u00fcrede, Avusturya bu \u00fclkelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 savundu\u011funu hi\u00e7 akl\u0131na getirmeyecek, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerin \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dna buralar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra art\u0131k bir daha gerek kalmayacakt\u0131r!<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Fransa-Avusturya ili\u015fkileri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \"\"
            Avusturya\u2019ya g\u00f6re, \u201cdevrim sald\u0131rgan\u0131 Fransa her yeri ilhak ediyor\u201ddu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            Fransa ile Alman devletleri birbirlerine \u201cgeleneksel olarak\u201d d\u00fc\u015fmand\u0131lar, Frank devletinin Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu olarak ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra birbirlerini tehdit eden esas has\u0131mlar olmu\u015flard\u0131, Bat\u0131 Franklarla Do\u011fu Franklar birbirleriyle hep sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Do\u011fu Frank devleti olan Avusturya 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda, ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerginlikler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Bat\u0131 Frank devleti olan Fransa\u2019yla iyi ili\u015fkiler kurmay\u0131, hatta Fransa\u2019yla dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde olmay\u0131 hedefledi. 1756\u2019da Fransa ile iki \u00fclkeden birine sald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yard\u0131mla\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir anla\u015fma bile imzalad\u0131. Ertesi y\u0131l bunu ba\u015fka bir askeri anla\u015fma izledi. \u0130mparatori\u00e7e en iyi diplomat\u0131 Kaunitz\u2019i (56) \u00e7ok uzun y\u0131llar Paris\u2019te tuttu.<\/p>\n

            1769\u2019da hanedanlar aras\u0131nda yak\u0131nla\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u0130mparatori\u00e7e Maria Theresia en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131 Maria Antonia\u2019y\u0131 Fransa veliaht\u0131 Capet Louis\u2019yle evlendirmeyi kafas\u0131na koydu. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00e7ok u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131. Fransa Kral\u0131 XV. Louis (veliaht\u0131n dedesi oluyordu) kendini epey naza \u00e7ektiyse de sonunda raz\u0131 oldu ve k\u0131z daha 13 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Paris\u2019e gelin g\u00f6nderildi. Damat, \u201cXVI Louis\u201d ad\u0131yla 1774\u2019te kral olduktan sonra da \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 imparatori\u00e7eyi \u00e7ok korkutmu\u015fken, evlilikten 12 y\u0131l sonra, 80\u2019li y\u0131llarda krali\u00e7enin \u00fcst \u00fcste \u00e7ocuklar do\u011furmas\u0131 her \u015feyi yoluna koyacak, b\u00f6ylece \u201ciyi ili\u015fkiler\u201d devam edecekti. Avusturya \u00e7ok seviniyordu, kim bilir, belki de \u201cHabsburg kan\u0131\u201d g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde Fransa taht\u0131na bile ge\u00e7erdi.<\/p>\n

            \"\"
            Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n her \u015feyiyle yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131, m\u0131r\u0131ldan\u0131lmas\u0131na bile sans\u00fcr uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Devrimin mar\u015f\u0131 Marseillaise, b\u00fct\u00fcn Alsace\u2019ta ve \u00e7evresinde co\u015fkuyla s\u00f6yleniyordu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            \u0130ki \u00fclke de bu bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ili\u015fkiden yarar umuyordu. En az\u0131ndan bir d\u00f6nem bile olsa birbirlerine d\u00fc\u015fman olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kacaklar, b\u00f6ylece Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye, Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n Prusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 durumlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lenecekti. Fransa \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 durduram\u0131yor, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini ve egemenlik alanlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesini \u00f6nleyemiyor, Avusturya ise Prusya ile ba\u015f edemiyordu.<\/p>\n

            Bu d\u00f6nemden Fransa\u2019n\u0131n kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Birincisi<\/strong>, Fransa, Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n zorlamas\u0131yla kendisi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir anlam\u0131 olmayan Yedi Y\u0131l Sava\u015f\u0131 (Avusturya Veraset Sava\u015f\u0131, 1756-1763) anaforuna \u00e7ekildi. Bu y\u00fczden, mali bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi gibi, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde \u00fcst\u00fcn duruma gelmesini ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyemedi. \u0130kincisi<\/strong>, Avusturya ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dayan\u0131\u015fma, olumlu hi\u00e7bir sonu\u00e7 sa\u011flamamas\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u201cezeli d\u00fc\u015fman\u201dla yak\u0131nla\u015fma halkta b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ho\u015fnutsuzluk ve tepki uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca burjuvazi, s\u0131n\u0131fsal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 Avusturya ile yak\u0131nla\u015fmakta g\u00f6rmedi\u011finden, ilke olarak da, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin uluslar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 yerine hanedanlar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flar\u0131 temel alan anlay\u0131\u015flar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini do\u011fru bulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u201ckap\u0131lar ard\u0131nda\u201d yap\u0131lan hesaplar\u0131n genel \u00e7\u0131karlarla ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u201cAvusturya diplomasisi\u201dne, d\u0131\u015f politikada \u201cAvusturya sistemi\u201dne kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Montesquieu, Voltaire, Mably, Rousseau, Mirabeau gibi burjuvazinin s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri bu konuda y\u0131llar boyu kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dile getiren yaz\u0131lar yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

            Kald\u0131 ki, Fransa Avusturya ile dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in, her zor durumda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Avusturya\u2019ya -asker yard\u0131m\u0131 yan\u0131nda- para yard\u0131m\u0131 da yapmaktayd\u0131. Ekonomik krizin nedenlerinden biri de buydu. Burjuvazi bu paralar\u0131n kendi cebinden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ta XV. Louis zaman\u0131ndan beri elli y\u0131ld\u0131r \u0131srarla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen bu politika Fransa\u2019y\u0131 \u201cAvusturya\u2019n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alet\u201d durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi Kanada\u2019y\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kapt\u0131rmas\u0131nda Avusturya yanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sorumlu oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyordu.<\/p>\n

            Devrim, bu \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u201d d\u00f6nemini sona erdirdi, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda \u201csessiz elli y\u0131l\u201ddan sonra tekrar sava\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. Ancak \u015fimdi sava\u015f nedeni, sava\u015f\u0131n \u015fekli ve sava\u015f\u0131n mahiyeti bamba\u015fkayd\u0131. \u00dclkelerin y\u00f6netimleri ayn\u0131 cephede yan yanayd\u0131, iki \u00fclkedeki y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131flar, devletleri birbirleriyle sava\u015f\u0131rken birbirlerini kolluyorlard\u0131, hanedanlar olarak ortak d\u00fc\u015fman olan Devrime ve Frans\u0131z halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte sava\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Birbirine ezeli d\u00fc\u015fman iki devletin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131, Devrime, Fransa\u2019ya ve Frans\u0131z halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 el ele ve omuz omuzayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

            Cermen k\u00f6kenli \u0130ngiltere ise Cermen \u00f6zelliklerini \u00e7oktand\u0131r silikle\u015ftirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in Frans\u0131z Devrimini \u201cCermenli\u011fe sald\u0131r\u0131\u201d olarak yorumlamad\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6yle olsayd\u0131 da hi\u00e7 \u00fcst\u00fcne al\u0131nmazd\u0131. Hatta Cermenlikten \u201ckurtulmu\u015f\u201d, Cermenli\u011fi geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve devrimini y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce yapm\u0131\u015f \u0130ngiltere i\u00e7in Devrim, s\u0131n\u0131fsal bak\u0131mdan da kendisi i\u00e7in fazla \u00f6nemli de\u011fildi. Korkulacak bir \u015fey yoktu. Zorluklar i\u00e7indeki Devrim Fransa\u2019s\u0131 \u0130ngiltere i\u00e7in rakibin zaaf i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131 demekti ve bu durum ona rakibe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flama f\u0131rsat\u0131 verecekti. Bu f\u0131rsat kullan\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131. Belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

            D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

            47) \u201cFransa\u201dn\u0131n k\u00f6keni olan Frank devletinin kurulu\u015fu, \u201cbarbar istilalar\u0131\u201d da denilen Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn bir sonucuydu. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun da y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an Cermen kavimlerin Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131lmas\u0131 bir\u00e7ok Cermen devlet\u00e7i\u011finin kurulmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Frank kabile sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n devlet\u00e7i\u011fi olan Frank Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilen, hatta b\u00fcy\u00fcyebilen tek olu\u015fumdu. \u015earlman imparatorlu\u011fu haline gelen Frank Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 o kadar geni\u015flemi\u015fti ki, onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra imparatorluk b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyamad\u0131 ve par\u00e7aland\u0131. Do\u011fudaki par\u00e7as\u0131 Almanya ve Alman prenslikleri olurken, bat\u0131daki par\u00e7a Fransa haline gelecekti.<\/p>\n

            48) Capet Hanedan\u0131ndan II. Philippe (August, 1179-1223), \u201cFranklar\u0131n Kral\u0131\u201d yerine \u201cFransa Kral\u0131\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

            49) Furet, 1989, s.61.<\/p>\n

            50) Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n sa\u011fc\u0131 tarih \u00e7izgisi 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Avrupa feodalizminin taraflar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenleri \u00fczerinde durmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u201cklasik anlay\u0131\u015f\u201d da denilen bir tutuma sahipti.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. y\u00fczy\u0131l Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in ise \u201cClovis ve Frank istilalar\u0131 ate\u015fli bir konu\u201dydu, \u201csoylular\u0131 fatihler soyundan, avam\u0131 ise boyun e\u011fdirilenler soyundan getirerek, toplumun soylular ve avam olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenini Frank istilalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131\u201d, bunun nedeni \u201ctoplumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131n\u0131\u201d 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde aramalar\u0131yd\u0131 (Furet, 1998, s.33).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              51) Marc Bloch, Feodal Toplum<\/em>, Do\u011fu Bat\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2005, s.211.<\/p>\n

              52) Hindistan\u2019daki toplumsal hiyerar\u015fik sisteme s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Portekizlilerin verdi\u011fi adla (casta) sosyolojik bir terim haline gelen kast, kal\u0131t\u0131msal, mensubiyetin do\u011fumla oldu\u011fu, i\u00e7ten evliliklerle d\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 kat\u0131 bir toplumsal birim kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              53) Akt. Furet, 1998, s.170 ve 169. Ayr\u0131ca Furet\u2019nin kendisi de Frans\u0131z aristokrasisinin kast \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir. Fransa\u2019daki soylular, \u201cbir aristokrasi (yani \u0130ngiliz usul\u00fc bir y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f) de\u011fil\u201ddirler, \u201csiyasi d\u00fczlemde, kral iktidar\u0131ndan kopukturlar\u201d (s.151). \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ise, kast \u00f6zelli\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ger\u00e7ek aristokrasinin yaln\u0131z \u0130ngiltere\u2019de oldu\u011funu belirten Tocqueville, feodal sistemin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n her yerinde <\/strong>kastlar \u015feklinde oldu\u011funu belirlemi\u015ftir. Bu durum genelle\u015ftirme yap\u0131lmazsa Fransa i\u00e7in tamamen do\u011frudur ve karakteristiktir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Fransa\u2019da \u201csoylu olarak do\u011fmu\u015f olmayanlar bu \u00f6zel ve kapal\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r\u201d (s.152). Fransa\u2019daki bu durum Almanya\u2019da bir\u00e7ok bak\u0131mdan farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Fransa\u2019daki soylulu\u011fun yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ortak k\u00f6keni, s\u0131n\u0131fsal dayan\u0131\u015fmayla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131yor, k\u00f6ken konusunda da bir dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temeli oluyordu. Bu y\u00fczden ba\u015fka etnik k\u00f6kenlerin s\u0131n\u0131fa sonradan dahil olmas\u0131nda bir zorluk (engelleme) vard\u0131. Do\u011fu Franklarda ise Cermen-soydan gelmeyenler aristokrasiye dahil olmak konusunda \u00f6zel bir zorlukla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131yordu. \u00a0\u00d6rne\u011fin, Macar, Slav, Latin, Polonyal\u0131, Bohemyal\u0131 vb. k\u00f6kenli soylular\u0131n oran\u0131 hi\u00e7 de az de\u011fildi. Bunun nedeni, imparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7ok say\u0131da halk\u0131 kapsayan co\u011frafi geni\u015fli\u011fi ve imparatorluk olman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi zorunluluktu. Yerel h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131klar genel olarak yerel y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmekteydi. \u201cFransa\u2019da, altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k demokrasiden sonra, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile, … [soylular ile yeni zenginlerin] evlenme yoluyla birbirlerine kar\u0131\u015fmaktan ellerinden geldi\u011finde ka\u00e7\u0131nmakta\u201d olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen Tocqueville (s.153), Fransa\u2019daki kast sisteminin kan\u0131t\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 bir dil olgusundan s\u00f6z etmektedir. Frans\u0131zca\u2019da gentilhomme<\/strong> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn soyluyu (kast\u0131n mensuplar\u0131n\u0131), roturier<\/strong> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ise soylu olmamay\u0131 (kast d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olanlar\u0131) kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirttikten sonra, \u0130ngilizcede bu anlamlar\u0131n, de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. Gentleman<\/strong>, genel bir kavramd\u0131r, Amerika\u2019ya ge\u00e7mi\u015f haliyle ise \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn erkek yurtta\u015flar\u201d\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6re bu \u201cs\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tarihi, bizatihi demokrasinin tarihidir\u201d. (s.154)<\/p>\n

              54) Zweig, 2010, s.171.<\/p>\n

              55) Bu konuda F. Engels \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cAlsas ve Loren\u2019in Almanya\u2019dan ummaya asla cesaret edemeyecekleri \u015feyi, Fransa sundu onlara. Feodal zincirler k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u00f6le eme\u011fi harcamak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fc, art\u0131k \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir insan, \u00e7o\u011fu durumda, kendi \u00e7iftli\u011finin ve topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr sahibi olmu\u015ftu. Kentlerde, asilzade egemenli\u011fi ve lonca ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 kalkt\u0131. Aristokrasi s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prenslerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k sahibi oldu\u011fu k\u00f6ylerde k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek ald\u0131lar, prensleri, b\u00f6lgesel yetkilileri, asilleri kovdular ve kendilerini \u00f6zg\u00fcr Frans\u0131z yurtta\u015f\u0131 ilan ettiler. Ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir yerinde halk, Almanca konu\u015fan b\u00f6lgelerdeki kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heyecanla devrimin etraf\u0131nda toplanmad\u0131. Ve \u0130mparatorluk, devrime sava\u015f a\u00e7\u0131nca, Almanlar, … Alsas ve Loren halk\u0131 kendini Alman saymaktan vazge\u00e7ti. \u0130\u015fte o zaman, Almanlardan nefret etmeyi ve onlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemeyi \u00f6\u011frendiler ve Marseillaise<\/em>, Strasburg\u2019da yaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve bestelendi ve ilk kez Alsas halk\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6ylendi.\u201d (Tarihte Zorun Rol\u00fc<\/em>, s.106-107) Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemde Napoleon, Alsace b\u00f6lgesine kom\u015fu Ren ve Pfalz b\u00f6lgelerini ilhak edecek, buralardaki feodal ili\u015fkilerin de tasfiyesine yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Bu konuda Heine de \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cAlsace ve Lorrain\u2019in insanlar\u0131, Frans\u0131z Devrimiyle kazand\u0131klar\u0131 haklar ve edindikleri yurtta\u015fl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, e\u015fitlik yasalar\u0131na ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr kurumlara hayranl\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Fransa\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131rlar. E\u011fer Almanya Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p onlar\u0131n vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere var\u0131rsa, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede ve eylemde onlar\u0131 a\u015farsa, k\u00f6leli\u011fi sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerden bile \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p yok ederse, insan\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmaktan kurtar\u0131rsa, yoksul halk\u0131, bask\u0131ya u\u011frayan yetene\u011fi, sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan g\u00fczellikleri haysiyetlerine ve hakettikleri sayg\u0131ya kavu\u015fturursa, \u2026, Alsace ve Lorrainliler Almanya\u2019ya kat\u0131l\u0131rlar.\u201d (Deutschland. Ein Winterm\u00e4rchen<\/em>, \u201cVorwort\u201d, Heine<\/em>, s.134)<\/p>\n

              56) Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz (1711-1794), Prusya\u2019ya d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k, Fransa\u2019yla dostluk politikas\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131 olarak \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015f Avusturyal\u0131 devlet adam\u0131. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun ihtiyac\u0131na cevap veriyordu ve d\u00f6neminde bu sayede \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli roller oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              FRANSIZ AR\u0130STOKRAS\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u201cDerebeyli\u011fin zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan,<\/em><\/p>\n

              tutsakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtulman\u0131n,<\/em><\/p>\n

              ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fcn tad\u0131na var\u0131n, <\/em><\/p>\n

              egemenlik kurup \u00fczerinizde<\/em><\/p>\n

              sizin eme\u011finizle ya\u015fayanlar<\/em><\/p>\n

              art\u0131k \u00fcst\u00fcn de\u011fil, e\u015fit sizinle.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

              Halk \u015eark\u0131s\u0131 (57)<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Frans\u0131z aristokrasisinin simgesi: Versay Saray\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Fransa\u2019da kraliyet ailesi ve b\u00fct\u00fcn soylular da kendilerini Cermen k\u00f6kenli olarak Fransa\u2019daki halktan ayr\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteydiler. Devrim, ayn\u0131 zamanda Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ulusla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u0131\u00e7rama iken, hanedan ve aristokrasi, kendini bu geli\u015fmenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hissediyor, ulus olarak ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmak istiyordu. Hem bunun sonucu olarak, hem de etnik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kendilerinin, ba\u015fka bir ulus taraf\u0131ndan ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmi\u015f\/edilecek \u201cayr\u0131 bir ulusun mensubu\u201d olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor, Devrimi de \u201culuslar aras\u0131nda bir sava\u015f\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Devrim s\u00fcrecinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan vatan (patrie) ve vatanseverlik (patriotism) gibi kavramlar onlar i\u00e7in bir \u015fey ifade etmiyor, vatanda\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki \u201ckarde\u015flik\u201dten (fraternit\u00e8) hi\u00e7bir \u015fey anlam\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Aristokrasinin ulusu ve vatan\u0131 yok<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              Devrim b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131 \u201cyurtta\u015f\u201d yapm\u0131\u015f, yurtta\u015fl\u0131kta da e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun k\u00f6kenle ilgili olarak ba\u015fka bir \u015fekilde ifade edilmesi, \u201cbir zamanlar soylular\u0131n tekelinde bulunan \u2018Cermen\u2019 k\u00f6kenli \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin, \u2026 t\u00fcm ulusun mal\u0131 oldu\u011fu, ulusun da geri al\u0131c\u0131<\/strong> kesin sava\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi\u201dydi. (58)<\/p>\n

              Soylular sahip olduklar\u0131 geni\u015f arazilere de yabanc\u0131yd\u0131. Nerede oldu\u011funu bile bilmedikleri topraklardan gelen paralara bakarlard\u0131 sadece.<\/p>\n

              Hanedanlar i\u00e7in Fransa, \u201cvatan\u201d de\u011fil, \u201ckrall\u0131k\u201dt\u0131. Kendileri de -Devrimin insanlara verdi\u011fi paye olarak- \u201cvatanda\u015f\u201d, \u201cyurtta\u015f\u201d de\u011fildiler, hanedan mensuplar\u0131 olarak krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n<\/strong> ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n<\/strong> \u201csahipleri\u201dydiler. Cermen as\u0131ll\u0131 olmayanlarla, halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla \u201cayn\u0131 soydan gelmedikleri\u201d i\u00e7in \u201ckarde\u015f\u201d falan da de\u011fillerdi, olamazlard\u0131. Karde\u015fleri vard\u0131 ama \u201ckarde\u015fler\u201d Avusturya\u2019dayd\u0131. Bu bak\u0131mdan d\u00f6nemin Fransa Kral\u0131 XVI. Louis, Devrime ve Fransa\u2019ya zarar vermek i\u00e7in Fransa\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman bloka bilgi vermesinin, Avusturya\u2019ya hizmet etmesinin, pek olumlu g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyece\u011fini bilmekle birlikte, vatana (ya da belirli bir \u015feye) \u201cihanet\u201d oldu\u011funu, daha do\u011frusu bunun bir su\u00e7 olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kendisinin de bu y\u00fczden su\u00e7lanarak yarg\u0131lanabilece\u011fini hi\u00e7 akl\u0131na getirmiyordu. (59) Kral ve krali\u00e7e Varennes\u2019de yakaland\u0131klar\u0131 zaman, gidecekleri yer Avusturya oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, \u201cba\u015fka bir \u00fclke\u201dye gittiklerini de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Kral\u0131n iki erkek karde\u015fi Avusturya\u2019ya ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama \u201cyabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede\u201d de\u011fillerdi. Kral\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc Marie Antoinette, Fransa krali\u00e7esiydi ama Kutsal Roma Cermen \u0130mparatori\u00e7esi Maria Theresia ile kocas\u0131 \u0130mparator I. Franz\u2019\u0131n -on be\u015finci ve son \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olarak- k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. Habsburglar soyundand\u0131, Avusturyal\u0131<\/strong>yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Kral\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc Marie Antoinette, Fransa krali\u00e7esiydi ama Kutsal Roma Cermen \u0130mparatori\u00e7esi Maria Theresia ile kocas\u0131 \u0130mparator I. Franz\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. Habsburglar soyundand\u0131, Avusturyal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Krali\u00e7e i\u00e7in \u201cAvusturya ve Prusya bayraklar\u0131 dost, o memleketin tricolore<\/strong>\u2019u ise d\u00fc\u015fman bayra\u011f\u0131\u201dyd\u0131. (60)<\/p>\n

              Kral ile krali\u00e7e, Bourbon Hanedan\u0131 mensubu Frank k\u00f6kenli \u201cCapet Louis\u201d ile Viyanal\u0131 Marie Antoinette (Almanya\u2019daki ad\u0131yla Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von \u00d6sterreich-Lotringen), \u201culus\u201dtan, \u201cvatan\u201ddan anlam\u0131yorlard\u0131; ama e\u011fer \u201culus\u201dtan, \u201cvatan\u201ddan mutlaka s\u00f6z edilecekse, kendi \u201culuslar\u0131\u201dndan olanlar \u201coradakiler\u201ddi ve Avusturya onlar\u0131n \u201cvatan\u0131\u201dyd\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Soylular halk\u0131 k\u00f6le olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              Halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ve \u201cburjuvazi, Galyal\u0131-Romal\u0131 (Gallo-Romen) k\u00f6lelerden, soylularsa Cermenlerden\u201d gelmekteydi. (61) Fransa\u2019da soylular, halk\u0131 ve Cermen k\u00f6kenli olmayan herkesi \u201ck\u00f6le-soylu\u201d olarak nitelendirme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahipti. (62) K\u00f6leci toplum geride kalm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte Bat\u0131 Franklar\u0131n aristokrasisi, feodal sistem hakim k\u0131l\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce k\u00f6leci sistem bulundu\u011fundan ve onlar Roma\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6leci sisteminin gelene\u011fini devralm\u0131\u015f ve bunun ard\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Frans\u0131z soylular\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6ylemi, Romal\u0131lar\u0131nkinin ayn\u0131yd\u0131. Feodal Bat\u0131 Frank aristokrasinin s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri ve kavramlar\u0131 Roma k\u00f6lecili\u011fininkilerle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Roma k\u00f6leci sistemini benimsemi\u015f ve \u00f6z\u00fcmsemi\u015f Bat\u0131 Frank aristokrasisi ile Roma aras\u0131nda bu konuda terminolojik bir ortakl\u0131k vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Cermenler fatih olarak geldikleri Galya\u2019daki Galyal\u0131lar\u0131 azat etmi\u015flerdi, k\u00f6leci sistem d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve bitmi\u015fti, ama Galyal\u0131lar, alt s\u0131n\u0131flar olarak k\u00f6le gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye devam ediyorlard\u0131. Brissot, \u201cbin y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u00f6lelikten sonra halk\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fmu\u015f\u201d olmas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edecekti (16 Aral\u0131k 1791). Frans\u0131z halk\u0131n\u0131n Bastille\u2019in ele ge\u00e7irilmesinden sonraki sloganlar\u0131ndan biri, \u201cYeniden k\u00f6le olmaktansa \u00f6lmeye haz\u0131r\u0131z\u201dd\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Yerliler \u201ck\u00f6le\u201dydi, Galyal\u0131lar \u201ck\u00f6le\u201dydi ve k\u00f6leler soylu olmayanlard\u0131. \u201cSoylulu\u011fun kayna\u011f\u0131\u201d ise \u201cCermanya\u201dyd\u0131, \u201csoyluluk, Frank soyundan gelme\u201dydi.<\/p>\n

              K\u00f6le s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde ise mutlaka a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama vard\u0131. Soylu olmayanlar, halktan ki\u015filer hep k\u00f6t\u00fcyd\u00fc, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Latinler (Romanlar, Roma k\u00f6kenliler) \u201ch\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k ve dilencilikten ba\u015fka bir yapmayacak kadar\u201d, Galyal\u0131lar ise \u201cinsan say\u0131lmayacak kadar\u201d olumsuzdu. Soylular\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fsal alg\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6yleydi ki, k\u00f6yl\u00fclere insan bile denemezdi. Soylular evlerinde insan saymad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in u\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n ve hizmetk\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda soyunmaktan \u00e7ekinmezlerdi, onlardan utanmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir neden yoktu.<\/p>\n

              Soylular aras\u0131nda, \u201ck\u00f6le-soylar\u201ddan gelmediklerini g\u00f6stermek ve vurgulamak amac\u0131yla Cermen k\u00f6kenlerini en kestirme, en kolay belirten s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201cCermen\u201din Frans\u0131zcas\u0131n\u0131 kendileri i\u00e7in kullanmak son derece yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Frans\u0131zcada Cermen kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u201cGermain\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, soylular aras\u0131nda ad olarak hem \u00f6n adlarda, hem de soyadlar\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Paris\u2019te semt olarak soylular\u0131n oturdu\u011fu Saint-Germain, zengin bir mahalleydi, soylu zenginlerin, aristokrat sosyetenin g\u00f6steri\u015f yeriydi. Semtin ad\u0131n\u0131n Cermen-soylular\u0131n oturdu\u011fu yeri ifade etmesi bir rastlant\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, son derece anlaml\u0131yd\u0131. Ad\u0131nda Cermenli\u011fini belirten semt, bir zengin semti olarak \u015fatafat\u0131yla, Cermen-soylulara \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini g\u00f6sterme olana\u011f\u0131 sunuyor, ad\u0131yla da, sakinlerinin \u201ck\u00f6le-soylar\u201ddan gelmediklerinin ve Cermen k\u00f6kenli olduklar\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Aristokrasi halka kesinlikle g\u00fcvenmezdi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              D\u0131\u015f politika ve diplomasi Cermen-soylular\u0131n tekelindeydi. Bir kere i\u015fe al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra \u00f6m\u00fcrleri boyunca ayn\u0131 i\u015fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcren el\u00e7iler ve diplomatlar, saraya ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 ya da ba\u011fl\u0131 olacaklar\u0131 varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca merkezin aristokrat ailelerinden se\u00e7iliyordu. Devletin sahipleri olan soylular, devletin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6nemli i\u015flevlerine do\u011fal olarak hep soylular\u0131 getiriyordu, ama ta\u015fra d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda saray soylular\u0131 hep Cermen k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bu, k\u00f6ken dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ve bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, devletin ili\u015fkileri ile ilgili g\u00fcven, g\u00fcvenlik ve dikkat gerektiren b\u00fct\u00fcn hayati konular\u0131n Cermen-k\u00f6kenlilerce s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 demekti. \u00dcstelik diplomatl\u0131k bir aristokrat aile \u201cmesle\u011fi\u201d oldu\u011fu zaman bu meslek, ailenin yeni nesillerine de tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z ve kendili\u011finden bir \u015fekilde ge\u00e7iyordu, diplomasinin genetik \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131. D\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerin \u201cg\u00fcvenli\u011fi\u201d b\u00f6yle sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Fransa\u2019da kraliyet ailesi ve b\u00fct\u00fcn soylular kendilerini halktan ayr\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteydiler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Ayr\u0131ca Avusturya ile yap\u0131lan uzun s\u00fcreli ittifak s\u00fcreci, ba\u015fta burjuvazi olmak \u00fczere toplumun geni\u015f kesimleri taraf\u0131ndan olumlu g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler muhalif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ancak Cermen-soylu olanlarla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilirdi. (63)<\/p>\n

              Kraliyet, \u201ckendisine d\u00fc\u015fman durumdaki halk\u0131na\u201d g\u00fcvenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel g\u00fcvenli\u011fini de \u201cFrans\u0131zlar\u201da b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 zaten. (64) 23 Haziran\u2019da Kral Meclisin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015f, 27 Haziran\u2019da devrimci g\u00fc\u00e7ler Meclisin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 dayatt\u0131klar\u0131 zaman Kral bunu kabul etmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ama \u00e7ok uzakta olmayan \u201c\u00f6zel birliklerini\u201d, \u201cYabanc\u0131lar Alay\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ba\u015fkente getirtmi\u015fti. 20 bin ki\u015filik \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d ve bu y\u00fczden \u201cg\u00fcvenilir\u201d olan bu alay, Flaman ve Alman paral\u0131 askerlerden olu\u015fuyordu. Yabanc\u0131lar Alay\u0131 Paris\u2019e vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Tuileries Saray\u0131 bah\u00e7esinde toplanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterici \u201cFrans\u0131zlar\u201d\u0131 bi\u00e7mi\u015f, y\u00fczlerce ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek deh\u015fet sa\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonraki g\u00fcnlerde, 14 Temmuz\u2019da, Bastille\u2019in ele ge\u00e7irilmesinin ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc Kral, yabanc\u0131 birliklerin ba\u015fkentten uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sonra da da\u011f\u0131t\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak zorunda kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Kraliyetin esas ikametg\u00e2h\u0131 olan Versailles Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131 korumak i\u015fi de (soylulardan olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Cermen k\u00f6kenli olan) \u201cFrans\u0131z\u201d subaylar komutas\u0131ndaki \u0130svi\u00e7reli paral\u0131 askerlerden olu\u015fan bir birli\u011fe verilmi\u015fti. Bu \u0130svi\u00e7reli askerler, Cent-Suisses<\/strong> (\u201cY\u00fcz \u0130svi\u00e7reli\u201d) ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131, daha 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fransa kral\u0131n\u0131n muhaf\u0131z tak\u0131m\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131. 6 Ekim\u2019de 900 mevcutlu bu Kraliyet Muhaf\u0131z Alay\u0131n\u0131n 600 askeri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, birlik tamamen da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yok edilmi\u015f, \u0130svi\u00e7reli paral\u0131 askerlerin kafalar\u0131 m\u0131zraklar\u0131n ucunda g\u00fcnlerce dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Kral\u0131n bunlar\u0131n da d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Alman s\u00fcvarilerden olu\u015fan bir Husar Birli\u011fi vard\u0131. Bu g\u00fcvenilir birlik kral\u0131n avlar\u0131na ve gezilerine refakat ederdi.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

              57) Alkan, s.126.<\/p>\n

              58) Furet, 1989, s.60. Yazar, \u201ctoplumsal\u0131n bu \u2018ulusal\u2019 yorumunun, Eski D\u00fczen\u2019in sonlar\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n\u201d olan ve Devrim \u00f6ncesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan binlerce risaleden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n

              59) Bourbon Hanedan\u0131 mensubu Montpensier Kontu ve Bourbon D\u00fck\u00fc III. Charles (1490-1527), 1515\u2019ten ba\u015flayarak Frans\u0131z ordular\u0131 ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 iken, Bat\u0131 Frank Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sava\u015fan Kutsal Roma Cermen \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu yendikten sonra, Paris\u2019le anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in ordusuyla \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d\u0131n emrinde Frans\u0131z ordusunu 1525\u2019te bozguna u\u011fratm\u0131\u015f, bu y\u00fczden Fransa\u2019da \u201cvatana ihanetten\u201d yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, mahk\u00fbm olmu\u015f ve 1527 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakalanarak idam edilmi\u015fti. III. Charles\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, kendisine g\u00f6re bir vatana ihanet falan de\u011fildi. \u00d6nce sava\u015fa tutu\u015ftu\u011fu devleti (imparatorlu\u011fu) d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi gibi, hanedan\u0131na mensup oldu\u011fu devletle sonradan sava\u015fmakta bir sak\u0131nca g\u00f6rm\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

              60) Zweig, 2010, s.390.<\/p>\n

              61) Akt. H. Arendt, s.92.<\/p>\n

              62) Frans\u0131z Devrimini konu alm\u0131\u015f romanlarda, soylular\u0131n halk\u0131 k\u00f6le olarak nitelendirdi\u011fine, halk\u0131n, soylular\u0131n kendileri i\u00e7in k\u00f6le nitelendirmesinde bulundu\u011funun belirtildi\u011fine hep rastlanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Charles Dickens\u2019in \u0130ki \u015eehrin Hikayesi<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde (Oda Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1994), Victor Hugo\u2019nun 1793 Devrimi<\/em> adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda (Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1984) k\u00f6le s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu anlamda bir\u00e7ok kereler ge\u00e7mektedir. M. Zevaco, A. Dumas gibi yazarlar\u0131n Frans\u0131z tarihini konu alan romanlar\u0131nda \u00e7evirmenlerin, neden kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir anlam veremedi\u011fi \u201ck\u00f6le\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede ba\u015fka-benzer kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar aram\u0131\u015f ve kullanm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 da olas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              63) Halk\u0131n ve \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n tasvip etmedi\u011fi d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerin yaln\u0131z Cermen-soylularla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi, Devrim sonras\u0131nda, \u00f6nemli sorunlara yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6nlem almak gerekmi\u015ftir. Ulusal Meclis diplomasi alan\u0131na el att\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri kurumunu Devrimin ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in Cermen-soylu yetkilileri uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak zorunda kalacakt\u0131r. \u201cD\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri g\u00f6revlileri\u201d Devrim Fransa\u2019s\u0131nda Fransa\u2019dan \u00e7ok \u201cyabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelere hizmet etmeye\u201d haz\u0131r ve uygun durumdayd\u0131lar, Devrime ise tam kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7indeydiler. 1791 Mart\u2019\u0131nda, kral\u0131n di\u011fer Avrupa h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilerini sa\u011flayarak krala yard\u0131m ettikleri gerek\u00e7esiyle \u00f6nce yedi diplomat, sonraki g\u00fcnlerde yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7iler g\u00f6revlerinden al\u0131nd\u0131. Yeni atanacak g\u00f6revliler i\u00e7in krala de\u011fil, devlete ve Devrime ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yemini kondu. Bu yemini etmeye yana\u015fmayan b\u00fct\u00fcn diplomatlar azledilecekti ve edildi de. Resmi d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkileri y\u00fcr\u00fctmek \u00fczere kurulan Diplomatik Komite, 91 yaz\u0131ndaki kral\u0131n ka\u00e7ma giri\u015fimini \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fi ve ona yard\u0131m etti\u011fi i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131n\u0131 krala su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 etmekle su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kimse buna itiraz edemedi. Arkas\u0131ndan da, yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen, d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n Cermen-soylulardan tamamen ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cdiplomatik temizlik\u201dle sonu\u00e7lanan kararlar al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Devrimin anlay\u0131\u015f ve ilkelerine uygun olarak tan\u0131mlanan \u201cdevrimci diplomasi\u201d, a\u00e7\u0131k, basit, entrikas\u0131z, tuzaks\u0131z olacak, kurnazl\u0131klara ve ayak oyunlar\u0131na ba\u015fvurmayacakt\u0131. Gene ayn\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f ve ilkelere g\u00f6re Fransa\u2019n\u0131n devrimci diplomatlar\u0131 d\u00fcr\u00fcst ve i\u00e7ten davranacaklar, sade ve temiz insanlar olacaklard\u0131. Bu konudaki kararlar, b\u00fct\u00fcn diplomatik mevki farklar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. O tarihten sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn el\u00e7iler ve konsoloslar nonce de la France<\/strong> (Fransa\u2019n\u0131n el\u00e7isi) olarak tek bir adla an\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

              64) Murat Sar\u0131ca her ne kadar \u201cFrans\u0131z \u0130htilalini inceleyen b\u00fct\u00fcn tarih\u00e7iler\u201din \u201ckral\u0131n orduya g\u00fcvenmekle b\u00fcy\u00fck hata etti\u011finde fikir birli\u011fi halinde\u201d olduklar\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015fsa da, bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131n hemen devam\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7reli ve Alman paral\u0131 askerlerden s\u00f6z etmektedir (100 Soruda Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/em>, Ger\u00e7ek Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 1981, s.45). Asl\u0131nda, \u0130svi\u00e7reli ve Alman paral\u0131 askerlerin ve \u201cYabanc\u0131lar Alay\u0131\u201dn\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cg\u00fcvensizli\u011fin\u201d ta kendisi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Fransa \u201csaray\u201d\u0131, \u201cFrans\u0131z ordusu\u201dna hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00fcvenmemi\u015fti. Bu anlamda saray\u0131n ve kral\u0131n Frans\u0131z ordusuna g\u00fcveni zaten s\u00f6z konusu olmazd\u0131. Sar\u0131ca\u2019n\u0131n c\u00fcmlesindeki sorun, anl\u0131k olarak kral\u0131n tedbir almam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, bu anl\u0131k tedbirsizli\u011fin \u201cg\u00fcven\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ifade edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              AR\u0130STOKRAT \u201cDEVR\u0130MC\u0130LER\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u201cHalktan ba\u015fka g\u00fcvenilecek bir \u015fey yoktur.\u201d <\/em>Robesppierre<\/p>\n

              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

              E\u015fitsizli\u011fin simgesi olan soyluluk Devrimin ilkeleriyle uyu\u015fmamakla birlikte, bu, soylular\u0131n i\u00e7inden kimsenin Devrime kat\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n

              Soylular aras\u0131ndan baz\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar, liberaller, ilericiler de Devrime kat\u0131ld\u0131lar, kendilerine \u00e7e\u015fitli adlar taksalar da hep \u201cCumhuriyet\u00e7i Aristokratlar\u201d diye gruplar olu\u015fturdular. Ancak bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bir s\u00fcre sonra Devrimden uzakla\u015ft\u0131, kenara \u00e7ekildi, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Devrimin amac\u0131n\u0131 buland\u0131ran \u00f6neriler ve dayatmalar getirdi, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise sonradan saf de\u011fi\u015ftirip kar\u015f\u0131devrim taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

              Saint Denis semtindeki \u201cKraliyet Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131nca aristokrat \u201cdevrimciler\u201d, burjuvalar\u0131n, cepheye sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in gitmek yerine, kral, krali\u00e7e, prens ve prenseslerin kemiklerinin ve yeni \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen hanedan mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n cesetlerinin Seine Nehri\u2019ne ve la\u011f\u0131mlara at\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilere kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na ve soylar\u0131na \u201cihanet\u201dlerini \u201cg\u00f6sterme\u201d olana\u011f\u0131 buldular ve Devrimden yana oldular!<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Ya aristokrat olunur ya da devrimci<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              Soylular aras\u0131ndan Devrime gelenlerin bir sorunlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Devrime kat\u0131lmak ve ba\u011flanmak istediler, ama krala ve kraliyete de ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131lar. Kral\u0131 feda edemedikleri gibi, Devrimin kraliyeti ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131na da raz\u0131 olamad\u0131lar. Halk i\u00e7indeki \u201ckral\u0131n kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d inan\u0131\u015f\u0131, soylu s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde krala itaat ve feodal devlete ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k \u015feklindeydi. Kralla sahip olduklar\u0131 \u201ckan ba\u011f\u0131\u201d (ayn\u0131 Cermen k\u00f6kenden gelme) belki \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli de\u011fildi ama sistemle olan kan ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkisinden kurtulmak kolay de\u011fildi. Aristokrat devrimciler bu y\u00fczden Devrimi kraliyetle, Kral\u0131 devrimcilerle uzla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Monar\u015fik cumhuriyet planlar\u0131 kurdular, bu t\u00fcr hayallerin i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7eklerden koptular. Devrimle, mensubu olup i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bocalayan aristokrat devrimcilerin \u00e7o\u011fu, kimliklerini tam olarak belirleyemiyordu. Aristokratik kimliklerinden vazge\u00e7meden devrimci olunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayam\u0131yorlard\u0131. Oysa Devrim, kral ve krall\u0131kla birlikte olamazd\u0131. Devrim kralla birle\u015fti\u011finde, kraliyetle uzla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Devrim olmazd\u0131. Nitekim Kral Devrimle uzla\u015f\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyor, Devrimden kurtulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

              Uzla\u015famayan ve birle\u015femeyen \u015feyler vard\u0131r. Aristokrat ruhla devrimcilik birle\u015femez. Ya aristokrat olunur ya da devrimci. Devrimci olmak i\u00e7in aristokratl\u0131ktan vazge\u00e7mek ve aristokrasiden \u00e7\u0131kmak gerekir.<\/p>\n

              Kral\u0131n, kraliyetin ve soylular\u0131n Devrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131, e\u011fer Fransa\u2019da Devrimi kendileri ezemezlerse, e\u011fer Devrim Fransa i\u00e7inde i\u00e7 dinamiklerle tepelenemezse, Frans\u0131z Devrimini d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ezmesini, Devrimin d\u0131\u015ftan m\u00fcdahaleyle yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyecekleri ve bunun i\u00e7in her \u015feyi yapacaklar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcdeydi. Ve \u00f6yle de oldu. D\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerle, di\u011fer Avrupa monar\u015fileriyle birle\u015ftiler, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yla bile anla\u015ft\u0131lar, \u00fclkelerine ihanet ettiler. (65)<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Devrime te\u011fet ge\u00e7en aristokratlar<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Amerikan Devriminin de \u201cdevrimcisi\u201d oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u201ciki d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kahraman\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan \u00fcnl\u00fc General La Fayette, ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok \u201cdevrimci aristokrat\u201d gibi Fransa\u2019dan ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Chartres D\u00fck\u00fc Louis-Philippe Joseph (d\u2019Orleans, 1747-1793), taht \u00fczerindeki emelleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden krala kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131 ve Devrime kat\u0131ld\u0131. Ye\u011feni olan kral\u0131n idam\u0131n\u0131 hararetle savundu, giyotine g\u00f6nderilmesi i\u00e7in oy verdi. Hatta soyluluk unvan\u0131ndan ve haklar\u0131ndan feragat etti, ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cPhilippe-Egalit\u00e9\u201d (\u201cPhilippe-E\u015fitlik\u201d ya da \u201cCitoyen Egalit\u00e9\u201d) olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirip kullanarak \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00f6steri de yapt\u0131. Ancak sonralar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131devrimci kralc\u0131 ordulara destek verdi\u011fi ya da onlarla ili\u015fkide oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in giyotine g\u00f6nderilerek idam edilecektir.<\/p>\n

              Mirabeau, La Fayette (1757-1834), General Dumouriez (1739-1823), Fran\u00e7ois Duport (1759-1798) gibi aristokrat k\u00f6kenli devrimciler, zaman zaman Devrimin soylulu\u011fa fazla y\u00fcklendi\u011fini, monar\u015fiyi gereksiz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u0131pratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekten kendilerini alamad\u0131lar. Bir d\u00f6nemde, kral\u0131n yetkilerinin hi\u00e7 olmazsa bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kalmas\u0131n\u0131, kraliyetin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131, daha sonraki bir d\u00f6nemde de kral\u0131n idam edilmemesini hararetle savundular. Duport, Devrimin ilkeleriyle monar\u015fiyi uzla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n teorisyenidir. Amerikan Devriminin de \u201cdevrimcisi\u201d oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u201ciki d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kahraman\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan \u00fcnl\u00fc General La Fayette\u2019in, ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok \u201cdevrimci aristokrat\u201d gibi Fransa\u2019dan ka\u00e7mak zorunda kalmas\u0131 (19 A\u011fustos 1792), kral\u0131 savundu\u011fu ve idam\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7indir. La Fayette\u2019in ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer ise, b\u00fct\u00fcn soylular\u0131n ka\u00e7mak istedi\u011fi ve ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olacakt\u0131r: Avusturya. Daha 1792 Haziran\u2019\u0131nda Devrim \u00f6nderlerinden Danton (Georges Jacques, 1759-1794), La Fayette\u2019i, Avusturya-Prusya ordular\u0131yla sava\u015fmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cAvrupa despotlar\u0131yla kucakla\u015fan soylular\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (66) 17 Temmuz 1791\u2019de, onlarca \u00f6l\u00fc ve y\u00fczlerce yaral\u0131ya yol a\u00e7an Champ-de-Mars Katliam\u0131n\u0131n sorumlusu, Milli Muhaf\u0131z Alay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki La Fayette\u2019tir, yaln\u0131zca dilek\u00e7e vermek isteyen halka ate\u015f edilmesini bizzat o emretmi\u015ftir. La Fayette, aristokrat \u00f6zelli\u011fini kenara koyamam\u0131\u015f, ondan kurtulamam\u0131\u015f, onsuz var olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

              La Fayette\u2019in kendine bi\u00e7ti\u011fi rol, Cermen-soylu aristokrasiyi Devrime katmakt\u0131! \u0130\u00e7ine girip ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fi F\u00f6yyanlar Partisi\u2019ni soylular i\u00e7in \u00e7ekim merkezi yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama Devrim d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 Devrime geleceklerine onu kendilerine \u00e7ekmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

              Soylular\u0131n aday\u0131 olarak meclise giren General Alexandre Lameth (1760-1829) devrimciydi, \u00e7e\u015fitli yararl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterdi, ancak ka\u00e7\u0131\u015ftan sonra Varennes\u2019den geri getirildi\u011finde Kral\u0131n yetkilerini yok saymakla yetindi\u011fi i\u00e7in geri ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f olan iktidar\u0131n (Triumvira<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n) i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131 ve 10 A\u011fustos 1792\u2019de b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6revlerinden istifa ederek Avusturya\u2019ya ka\u00e7anlar kervan\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Robespierre\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra tekrar Fransa\u2019da, Napoleon d\u00f6neminde orduda, 1830 Devriminde ise kar\u015f\u0131devrim saflar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Mecliste din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcisi olan soylu Talleyrand, Kilisenin mallar\u0131n\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu ve Devrime \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulundu. Ama kral ve monar\u015fiden yana oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Paris\u2019ten ayr\u0131lmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Mecliste din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcisi olan soylu Talleyrand, (67) Kilisenin mallar\u0131n\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savunmak ve sa\u011flamakla \u00fcn yapm\u0131\u015f ve Devrime bu bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur. Ancak 1792\u2019de kraldan ve monar\u015fiden yana oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Paris\u2019ten ayr\u0131lmak zorunda kalacak, 1794\u2019te Amerika\u2019ya gidecek, 1796\u2019da d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Fransa\u2019n\u0131n tekrar s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci olmas\u0131n\u0131 savunacak, 1799\u2019da kar\u015f\u0131devrime kat\u0131lacak, y\u0131k\u0131lana kadar Napoleon\u2019a, Napoleon sonras\u0131nda ise i\u015fgalcilere ve Bourbon Hanedan\u0131na hizmet edecekti.<\/p>\n

              Gene soylular\u0131n aday\u0131 olarak devrimci meclise giren General Fran\u00e7ois Duport\u2019un (1759-1798) b\u00fct\u00fcn amac\u0131, Avusturya ordular\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fman olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirmekti!<\/p>\n

              En b\u00fcy\u00fck komutanlardan olan, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yapm\u0131\u015f ve La Fayette\u2019in yerini alm\u0131\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc asker Dumouriez, La Fayette\u2019ten bir y\u0131l sonra (1793\u2019te), La Fayette\u2019le ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015fman cepheye, Avusturya ordusuna ge\u00e7ecek ve d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n ordusunda Devrime ve Fransa\u2019ya sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6rev \u00fcstlenecektir.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Baz\u0131 ger\u00e7ek devrimciler de var<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              Elbette Frans\u0131z Devrimi tarihinde devrimci olarak yer alanlar\u0131 da olacakt\u0131r soylular\u0131n. Aristokrat ailelerden gelen Saint-Just, Charles Hesse, Marquis de Montaut, Marquis de Antonelle, Dampierre, Beaurepaire, Prusya k\u00f6kenli bir soylu ailenin o\u011flu Baron de Cloots, Marquis de Condorcet (68), Kraliyet ordusunun subaylar\u0131ndan General Paul Barras ve \u0130stihk\u00e2m Albay Louis Letourneur (69) bunlar\u0131n en bilinenleridir.<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              \u201cAyd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son filozofu\u201d olarak da tan\u0131mlanan Nicolas de Caritat Condorcet (1743-1794) matematik\u00e7iydi, Voltaire\u2019in yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devrim d\u00f6neminde, e\u011fitim, diplomasi, ekonomi, hukuk alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131 ve \u00f6neriler haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Eski bir rahip olan soylu Ren\u00e9-Fran\u00e7ois Dumas (1758-1794), Devrime duydu\u011fu hayranl\u0131k ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k sonucunda Devrim Mahkemesi ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilmi\u015fti. Hep devrimci olarak kald\u0131. Devrimcilerin tasfiyesi d\u00f6neminde de Robespierre\u2019le birlikteydi ve onun ard\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lanmaks\u0131z\u0131n idam edilecekti.<\/p>\n

              Aristokrat k\u00f6kenli bilim insanlar\u0131 ve bilginler de Devrimde yer ald\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc feodal sistem ve feodal ili\u015fkiler, bilimsel ve toplumsal geli\u015fmeye her zaman engel olmu\u015ftu. Devrimin bilimin ve bilimsel geli\u015fmenin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilk sezenler elbette onlar olacakt\u0131. Daha 1780\u2019da, ilk ayaklanmalar\u0131n hemen ertesinde devrimcilerin Bilimler Akademisinden bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler komisyonu olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131n istemesi, aristokrat bilimciler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ekingenli\u011fi de ortadan kald\u0131rmaya yetecekti. S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek Devrimin hizmetine giren bilim alan\u0131ndaki soylular, devrimcile\u015ftiklerini, e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda, yeni bulu\u015flarda, devlet kadrolar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturma tekelini ele ge\u00e7irmelerinde kan\u0131tlarlar.<\/p>\n

              En \u00fcnl\u00fclerinden biri, 1743 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fan Antoine Laurent Lavoisier\u2019dir. Modern kimyan\u0131n kurucusu say\u0131lan, \u201csimyay\u0131 kimyaya\u201d, \u201churafeyi bilime\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren devrimci Lavoisier, kendini alan\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlamam\u0131\u015f, Devrimin vergileme sisteminin de yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. \u201cDevrim\u201d kelimesi, daha Devrim ufukta g\u00f6r\u00fcnmezken, siyaset sahnesine hen\u00fcz girmemi\u015f ve zaferini hen\u00fcz kazanmam\u0131\u015fken, 1773\u2019te, onun taraf\u0131ndan bilim alan\u0131na sokulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

              Monge, Laplace, Legendre, Lagrange, Vandermonde, Guyton de Morveau, Berthollet, Fourcroy, Vauquelin, Jussieu, Lamarck, Thouin, Desfontaines, Dolomieu, Ha\u00fcy, Coulombe, Borda, Charles, Pinel, Tenon, Barthez, Chaptal, Monge, Saguin, Carno (70) gibi bilimcilerin ne kadar\u0131n\u0131n ve hangilerinin soylu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyoruz ama \u00e7o\u011fu soylu olmal\u0131yd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetlerde ve katk\u0131larda bulundular.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Frans\u0131z Devriminin Amazonu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Versailles Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc. 5 Ekim 1789 g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131lan ve yaln\u0131z kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fan bu y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fte tek bir soylu kad\u0131na rastlanmaz.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Soylu kad\u0131nlar -ki Devrimden yana olanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r- sahnede g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekten \u00e7ok ak\u0131l vericiydiler. Kad\u0131n taleplerinin yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olsalar da s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri olmad\u0131ar. \u201cKad\u0131n Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirisi\u201dnde (71) katk\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylense de kendileri ortada yoktular. La Fayette\u2019in kar\u0131s\u0131 siyahlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi alanlarda y\u0131llar boyu ve co\u015fkuyla faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi halde, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Versailles\u2019a y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne (\u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n Versailles Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d) kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 5 Ekim 1789 g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131lan ve yaln\u0131z kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fan bu y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fte tek bir soylu kad\u0131na rastlanmaz. Sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde silahlanm\u0131\u015f kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131na da hi\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Devrime kat\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fcniformas\u0131 gibi olan \u201cAmazon giysileri\u201dne b\u00fcr\u00fcnen bir soylu kad\u0131n\u0131 kimse g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, tek bir soylu kad\u0131n bile \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr kad\u0131n\u201d olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Daha Devrimden \u00f6nce \u201csalon\u201dunda edebiyat, felsefe ve siyaset toplant\u0131lar\u0131 yapan Sophie de Grouchy (1764-1822), ki d\u00f6nemin en g\u00fczel kad\u0131nlar\u0131ndan oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir, 1786\u2019da Condorcet ile evlenmi\u015fti. Hi\u00e7bir Devrim eyleminde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Amazonu\u201d (ya da \u201cFrans\u0131z Devriminin Amazonu\u201d) Anne-Jos\u00e9phe Th\u00e9roigne de M\u00e9ricourt (1762-1817) kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fan bir milis grubu kurmu\u015ftu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n devrim i\u00e7in sava\u015fmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunan ve bunun i\u00e7in devrim g\u00fcnlerinde Paris\u2019e gelen \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Amazonu\u201d (ya da \u201cFrans\u0131z Devriminin Amazonu\u201d) Anne-Jos\u00e9phe Th\u00e9roigne de M\u00e9ricourt\u2019un (1762-1817) yan\u0131na hi\u00e7bir soylu kad\u0131n yana\u015fmayacak, hatta g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri her yerde yollar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirip ondan ka\u00e7acaklard\u0131r. \u201cAmazon\u201d, kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fan bir milis grubu kurmu\u015ftu. Kurdu\u011fu \u201cDevrimci Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Kad\u0131n Yurtta\u015flar Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u201d, (kurulu\u015fun ad\u0131 parti olmamakla birlikte) d\u00fcnyadaki ilk \u201ckad\u0131n partisi\u201ddir. (72)<\/p>\n

              Yurtta\u015f say\u0131lmamalar\u0131 ve engellenmelerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda devrimci faaliyet g\u00f6steren kad\u0131nlar ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u00fcrekli a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lan\u0131yordu. Kendilerine \u201c\u00f6rg\u00fc \u00f6renler\u201d gibi adlar tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Bir kontesin \u00e7orap yamayarak, bir markizin terzilik yaparak Devrim ordusuna hizmet etti\u011finden s\u00f6z eden kaynaklar varsa da, bu kontes ve markizin kim olduklar\u0131 belirtilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

              Soylu kad\u0131nlar evlerini b\u0131rakamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in (Claire Lacombe, Pauline L\u00e9on, Etta Palm d\u2019Aelders, Th\u00e9roigne de M\u00e9ricourt gibi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi) \u201cKad\u0131nlar Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u201d, \u201cKad\u0131n-Erkek Karde\u015flik Derne\u011fi\u201d, \u201cDevrimci Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Kad\u0131n Yurtta\u015flar Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u201d gibi kad\u0131n kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda g\u00f6z\u00fckmezler. Oysa oy haklar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kul\u00fcplere ve derneklere \u00fcye olarak kabul edilmedikleri, silah ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi, \u201cyasalara katk\u0131da bulunmalar\u0131\u201d yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kurulan bu derneklerde onlar\u0131n yapaca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok \u015fey vard\u0131. Devrimde, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yurtta\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131 bile sorundu. \u201c\u0130nsan toplulu\u011funa ait varl\u0131klar\u201d, \u201cak\u0131l sahibi insanlar\u201d olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bile savunmak durumundayd\u0131lar. Bu y\u00fczden, \u201ctarihte ilk kez kad\u0131nlar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir siyasal eylem ad\u0131na erkeklerden ayr\u0131 olarak\u201d birle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. (73) Kald\u0131 ki, kad\u0131nlar devrimden, toplumsal, ailevi ve ekonomik bak\u0131mlardan hakl\u0131 olarak beklentiler i\u00e7indeydiler.<\/p>\n

              Normandiyal\u0131 soylu bir ailenin gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131 olan Marie-Anne Charlotte Corday d\u2019Armont, devrimci, ate\u015fli ve co\u015fkuluydu, ama edindiklerini yaln\u0131zca kitaplardan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, duyduklar\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 kafas\u0131n\u0131 fazla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Devrimi anlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in gidip Marat\u2019y\u0131 evinde b\u0131\u00e7aklad\u0131. Devrim u\u011fruna, gidip Devrimin \u00f6nderini \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. (74) Jirondenlerin idam\u0131n\u0131n sorumlusu olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Marat\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmekle hen\u00fcz giyotine gitmemi\u015f y\u00fcz binlerce insan\u0131 kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyecektir. Cinayeti, \u201cDevrimin ressam\u0131\u201d ve \u201cresim sanat\u0131n\u0131n Robespierre\u2019i\u201d David\u2019in (Jacques-Louis, 1748-1825) en \u00f6nemli resimlerinden birisine konu olur. \u201cMarat\u2019n\u0131n \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d ya da \u201cKatledilmi\u015f Marat\u201d adl\u0131 tablo (1793), banyo yaparken \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f Marat\u2019y\u0131 resmeder.<\/p>\n

              Sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Devrimden duyduklar\u0131 co\u015fku \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nemli devrimci adlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 plastik sanatlarda aristokrat tek bir kimse bile bulunmamaktad\u0131r (\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar \u00fcretici de\u011fil m\u00fc\u015fteridir). Ama \u201csalon\u201dlar\u0131n m\u00fcdavimi edebiyatseverler aras\u0131nda, ki \u00e7o\u011fu soyludur, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra hararetli Devrim m\u00fcptelalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Devrimi \u00f6ven \u015fiirler birbirleriyle yar\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

              65) Osmanl\u0131 b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131, g\u00f6revlileri, subaylar\u0131 ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 Cumhuriyet Devrimimiz d\u00f6neminde benzer bir ikilem i\u00e7inde kald\u0131lar. Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131za kat\u0131lan kadrolar aras\u0131nda bile padi\u015fah\u0131 ve saltanat\u0131 muhafaza etmeyi do\u011fru bulanlar, m\u00fccadeleyle Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimini uzla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6renler vard\u0131. Bu anlay\u0131\u015flar, ayn\u0131 Frans\u0131z Devrimindeki gibi, Devrimle saltanat\u0131n uzla\u015fabilece\u011fini, uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fini hayal eden \u201cEski Rejim mensuplar\u0131\u201dna aitti. Oysa ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, Cumhuriyet Devrimi padi\u015faha ve saltanata kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, padi\u015fah ve Osmanl\u0131 saltanat\u0131 da, Devrimci Cumhuriyetin ve Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131yd\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131yd\u0131. Uzla\u015fabilmeleri, uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Nitekim gene ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, b\u0131rakal\u0131m uzla\u015fmay\u0131, padi\u015fah ve saltanat, d\u00fc\u015fmana hizmet etti, d\u00fc\u015fmanla birle\u015fti ve kendi \u00fclkesiyle halk\u0131na ihanet etti.<\/p>\n

              66) 1830 Devrimini ya\u015farken Almanya\u2019da Frans\u0131z Devriminin simgesi olarak yaln\u0131zca La Fayette an\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              67) Devlete kar\u015f\u0131 Kilisenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n koruyucusu Autun Piskoposu B\u00e9n\u00e9vent Prensi Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand(-P\u00e9rigord) (1754-1838), Devrim g\u00fcnlerinde radikal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin sahibi olduysa da sonras\u0131nda d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri g\u00f6revlisi ve bakan\u0131 olarak hep gericili\u011fe hizmet etti ve kar\u015f\u0131devrimci olarak \u00f6nemli roller oynad\u0131. Viyana Kongresinde izledi\u011fi tavizk\u00e2r tutumu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Fransa\u2019n\u0131n 1870 ve 1914 d\u00f6nemlerindeki sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n hep ondan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclecektir.<\/p>\n

              68) \u201cAyd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son filozofu\u201d olarak da tan\u0131mlanan Maria-Jean-Antoine Nicolas de Caritat Condorcet (1743-1794) matematik\u00e7iydi, Voltaire\u2019in yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Devrimi \u00f6nceden g\u00f6rebilen tek insan oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Devrim d\u00f6neminde, e\u011fitim, diplomasi, ekonomi, hukuk alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131 ve \u00f6neriler haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

              69) Charles Hesse, Montaut, Antonelle, Dampierre, Beaurepaire, Anarchasis Cloots (1755-1794), Paul Fran\u00e7ois Barras (1755-1829), Letourneur (1751-1817) gibi an\u0131lan adlarla ilgili bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Nesniel, s. 147-159, V. Hugo, s.159-160.<\/p>\n

              70) Listeyi akt. Tanilli, Potreler<\/em>, 1989, s.238-43.<\/p>\n

              71) Devrimin erkek\u00e7i, devrimcilerin ayr\u0131mc\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele, kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f, sorun olmu\u015f ve giri\u015fimlere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Anayasa Meclisinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmalar\u0131, \u201c\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131\u201d konusunda ve ona tepki olarak yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen bildirinin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeniydi. Bildiriyi 1791\u2019de kaleme alan Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) bir kasab\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. 10. maddeyi, \u201cidam sehpas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kma hakk\u0131na sahip kad\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00fcrs\u00fcye \u00e7\u0131kma hakk\u0131 da olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diye yazan Gouges\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Robespierre\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in giyotinle olmu\u015ftu. \u201cBildiri\u201dsi sonralar\u0131 feminizmin \u201cmanifestosu\u201d say\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              72) 30 Ekim 1793\u2019te yasaklanan bu derne\u011fin Paris d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda otuz kadar da \u015fubesi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

              73) Tanilli, Portreler<\/em>, 1989, s.226.<\/p>\n

              74) Bir\u00e7ok kaynak, Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fair ve oyun yazarlar\u0131 olan Corneille karde\u015flerin (Pierre, 1606-1684, Thomas, 1625-1709) ye\u011feni olan Corday\u2019n\u0131n (1768-1793), Cumhuriyet ve Devrim d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 oldu\u011funu, ailesinin kralc\u0131 ve gerici \u00f6zelliklerini benimsemi\u015f oldu\u011funu, cinayeti de bu y\u00fczden i\u015fledi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. Baz\u0131 kaynaklarsa Ayd\u0131nlanma taraftar\u0131 ama kralc\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. Almanya\u2019dan gelmi\u015f Mainzl\u0131 Jakoben Adam Lux, Corday\u2019n\u0131n sevgilisiydi. Stephan Zweig, Bir Alman Devrimcinin Hayat\u0131ndan On Tablo<\/em> adl\u0131 oyununda (1914) Lux\u2019un Fransa\u2019daki hayat\u0131n\u0131 anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              DEVR\u0130M VE \u2018FRANSIZ ULUSU\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Aristokrasi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan halk kitleleri kendi k\u00f6kenleri konusunu \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131 ve bunu vurgulay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fillerdi, ama Cermen-soylu olmayanlar Cermen olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bilincindeydiler. Kendi aralar\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir k\u00f6ken ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fctmezken, Cermen-soylarla aralar\u0131nda ayr\u0131m oldu\u011funu belirtebilirler, kendi k\u00f6kenlerini ancak bu y\u00fczden hat\u0131rlayabilirlerdi. Halk i\u00e7inde Cermen k\u00f6kenlilerin say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131 ve bu onlar\u0131n \u201cy\u00fcz\u00fcne pek vurulmazd\u0131\u201d. Yani, Cermen k\u00f6kenliler \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclmelerine ra\u011fmen halk i\u00e7inde onlara kar\u015f\u0131 bir ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k yoktu. Aristokratlar\u0131n yabanc\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylemi, yaln\u0131z devrimcilere de\u011fil, Gallo-Roman b\u00fct\u00fcn halka aitti.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Frans\u0131zla\u015fmak ve \u2018yurtta\u015fl\u0131k\u2019 ortak paydas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Devrim, halk i\u00e7indeki k\u00f6ken farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00f6rp\u00fcledi; herkes yurtta\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Olumlu nitelikler, elbette zaman zaman halk\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerine y\u00fcklenecektir. Anonim bir devrimci halk \u015fark\u0131s\u0131ndaki (\u201cHalk ve Asker\u201d) \u201c\u015eeref sana, \u015fan sana yi\u011fit Frans\u0131z eri \/ \u00d6l\u00fcrs\u00fcn sava\u015flarda tam bir Galyal\u0131 gibi<\/em>\u201d dizeleri buna \u00f6rnektir (75), ama burada bile \u201cFrans\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Devrimle birlikte \u201cFrans\u0131z olmak\u201d bilinci geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u201cFrans\u0131z cumhuriyeti, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri Frans\u0131z\u201d yapm\u0131\u015f (76), Devrim, halk i\u00e7indeki k\u00f6ken farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00f6rp\u00fclemi\u015f, Frans\u0131zl\u0131k k\u00f6kenleri silikle\u015ftirmi\u015f, k\u00f6kenleri kolay hat\u0131rlanmaz ve s\u0131k kullan\u0131lmaz k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Frans\u0131zla\u015fmak ve Devrimin yurtta\u015fl\u0131k ortak paydas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 somut sonu\u00e7lar veriyordu. Ayr\u0131cal\u0131ks\u0131z ve ayr\u0131ms\u0131z yurtta\u015fl\u0131k, en zor konuda, Yahudiler konusunda bile tavizsizdi. 1790\u2019da Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Sefarad cemaati, 1791\u2019de A\u015fkenazlar olmak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn Yahudiler \u201ce\u015fit vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131\u201d kazand\u0131. Devrimin olumlu anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve co\u015fkusu, \u201cYahudi e\u015fitli\u011fi\u201dnin, tepki g\u00f6rmek bir yana, benimsenmesine ve olumlu g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k bile bundan, \u201cYahudilere e\u015fit davranmay\u0131 bir H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k g\u00f6revi\u201d kabul ederek etkilenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

              Devrim, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca da Fransa\u2019da Yahudileri Frans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131racak, vatan\u0131 savunma gerekti\u011finde, tekil \u00f6rnekler olarak de\u011fil, ayr\u0131ms\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn Yahudiler vatan\u0131 savunmaya dahil olacakt\u0131. Fransa Yahudileri ayr\u0131 bir cemaat olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Yahudiler ayr\u0131 bir ulus (veya toplum) olarak de\u011fil, bireyler olarak e\u015fit haklar kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Soylulardan Cermen-soylu olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, halk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ve kralc\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in nefret edilirdi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Halk kitlelerinin Cermen-soya kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131fsal konumlanmadan kaynaklan\u0131yordu. Giyotine g\u00f6nderilen soylulara Cermen-soylu olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, halk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ve kralc\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Giyotinin halk aras\u0131ndaki ad\u0131, hanedan s\u00fclalesinin ad\u0131 olan \u201cCapet\u201dydi. Bu, halk\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n soyla, k\u00f6kenle ilgili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131fsal d\u00fc\u015fmana, kraliyete-aristokrasiye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. 25 Kas\u0131m 1790\u2019da heyecanl\u0131 bir konu\u015fmac\u0131 Devrim Meclisinin \u201caristokrasinin her \u00e7e\u015fidini\u201d yok etti\u011finden s\u00f6z ederken bile, b\u00fct\u00fcn di\u011fer ba\u015fkalar\u0131 gibi, \u201cCermen\u201d, \u201cFrank\u201d benzeri k\u00f6ken belirten s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri hi\u00e7 kullanmayacakt\u0131. Nitekim Devrim sonras\u0131nda aristokrasinin tasfiyesi ile birlikte, Fransa\u2019da halk aras\u0131nda Cermen k\u00f6kenli insan say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Cermen-soylar\u0131n d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131na ve etnik ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa neredeyse hi\u00e7bir yerde rastlanmayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Devrimciler ulus bilinci i\u00e7in \u201ck\u00f6ken sorunu\u201dnu bilerek ve kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez hale getirdiler. Hi\u00e7 s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etmediler. \u201c\u0130\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u201d, \u201cCermenler\u201d ve \u201cFranklar\u201d de\u011fil, \u201caristokratlar, generaller, Kilise mensuplar\u0131 ve saray\u201dd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla, deviren ve devrilenlerin etnik k\u00f6keninden s\u00f6z eden bir metin devrimciler taraf\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 yaz\u0131lmad\u0131. Devrim cephesinde, birbirlerinin s\u00f6yledi\u011fi her konuda kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlere sahip grupla\u015fmalar oldu\u011fu halde, etnik k\u00f6kenleri silikle\u015ftirme ile ilgili olarak tam bir mutabakat bulunuyordu. Belki kendili\u011finden ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bu mutabakat, herhalde Devrimin insanlara verdi\u011fi co\u015fku, olgunluk ve sa\u011fduyunun eseriydi ve her \u015feyin \u00fcst\u00fcndeydi. Bunlar\u0131n temelinde ise \u201cyeni do\u011fmu\u015f\u201d e\u015fitlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yat\u0131yordu. Ulusal Meclis taraf\u0131ndan Frans\u0131z vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilen ve kabul edilen (77) Prusya, Avusturya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019den 18 yabanc\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun Cermen k\u00f6kenli olmas\u0131nda kimse i\u00e7in bir sak\u0131nca yoktu. \u00dcstelik bu yabanc\u0131lar i\u00e7inden \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi de Ulusal Konvansiyon\u2019a tek bir itiraz olmaks\u0131z\u0131n se\u00e7ilmi\u015fti (biri Cloost\u2019tu).<\/p>\n

              K\u00f6kenden s\u00f6z etmeme, \u201cFrans\u0131z ulusu\u201dnun ar\u0131nma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla tasarlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. Devrim, ulusu, Romal\u0131 ve Galyal\u0131lar\u0131n torunlar\u0131na hi\u00e7bir zaman indirgemeyecektir.<\/p>\n

              Devrim s\u00fcrecinde, Frans\u0131zl\u0131k bilinci rol oynamamakla birlikte, ihtiyat gere\u011fince, soylular da k\u00f6kenlerini belirtmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131lar. Devrim sonras\u0131nda su\u00e7lanma ve itham edilme korkusuyla soylular, giyimlerine \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermedikleri, halk\u0131n i\u00e7ine soylu olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmayacak giysilerle \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, soylu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirten adlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmazlar, Cermen-soylu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 gizlerlerdi. O d\u00f6nemde b\u00f6yle davranmak zorundayd\u0131lar. (78)<\/p>\n

              Aristokrasi i\u00e7inde de \u201ck\u00f6ken sorunu\u201dnu \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00e7abas\u0131, kraliyet d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda zaten hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda \u201csald\u0131r\u0131lara\u201d, Cermen-soylu olduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemeyecekleri kadar s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fcler; s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckleri Cermen-soylu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmeyecek kadar belirgindi.<\/p>\n

              Devrimciler ne kadar k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmek ve b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmek pe\u015findeyse, soylular o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etnik k\u00f6kenlerine yak\u0131nla\u015f\u0131yor, Devrimciler ne kadar de\u011fer olarak Roma\u2019ya yaslanmak istiyorlarsa, soylular o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u0131rksal Cermenliklerine yakla\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Devrim cephesi ne kadar k\u00f6kenleri yok say\u0131yorsa, kar\u015f\u0131devrim o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u00f6ken ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeydi, ancak bunu her zaman ortaya koymak, bundan s\u00f6z etmek s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

              B\u00fcy\u00fck istilalar nas\u0131l fatihler ve soylular kesimine bir mitos, \u00f6nemli bir \u201ck\u00f6k\/k\u00f6ken\u201d anlat\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturuyorsa, e\u015fitlik \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f yeni bir anlay\u0131\u015f bunun tam tersini kutsayacak, k\u00f6k\u00fc ve k\u00f6keni hep yok sayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              B\u00f6lgecilik ilk d\u00f6nemlerde sorun gibiydi ama sonradan tamamen ortadan kalkacakt\u0131r. Devrim-kar\u015f\u0131devrim \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda taraflar\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan b\u00f6lge adlar\u0131 bir s\u00fcre sonra hat\u0131rlanmayacakt\u0131r. Gaskonyal\u0131, Galyal\u0131, Baskl\u0131, Korsikal\u0131, Oksitanyal\u0131, Br\u00f6tanyal\u0131, Burgonyal\u0131, Alsasl\u0131, Akitanyal\u0131, bunlar\u0131n hepsi Devrim s\u00fcrecinin i\u00e7inde \u201cFrans\u0131z\u201d oldu. \u201cRomania\u201dl\u0131lar, ka\u00e7anlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Cermenler, ba\u015fka etnik k\u00f6kenliler ve Yahudiler de Frans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131lar, Frans\u0131z ulusuna dahil oldular. Hem kabul edilerek, hem de \u201cFrans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d (baz\u0131lar\u0131 zaman i\u00e7inde) kendileri benimseyerek.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              \u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck Korku\u2019 ve sonucu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u201cGallo-Romen kitleler\u201din aristokrasiye ve kraliyete kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Avusturya d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve korkusuyla i\u00e7 i\u00e7eydi. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Korku\u201d (Grande Peur, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Deh\u015fet\u201d) (79) g\u00fcnleri, Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n Fransa\u2019ya sald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylentileri ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerinin sonucuydu. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6yle kayg\u0131lar\u0131n toplumu sarmas\u0131, sald\u0131rgan \u00fclkenin Avusturya olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi yersiz de de\u011fildi. Kral\u0131n ve aristokrasinin iktidar\u0131 kaybetmesinin kolayca ve sessizce kabul\u00fc beklenmedi\u011fi gibi, bunlar\u0131n Avusturya \u201cakrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ve \u201cyak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d bilmeyen yoktu, Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n o g\u00fcnlerde Devrime sald\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnene ise herhalde rastlanamazd\u0131. Bu arada, halk aras\u0131nda \u201cAvusturyal\u0131 orospu\u201d veya \u201cs\u00fcsl\u00fc Viyanal\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde adlar\u0131 olan, \u201cs\u00fcrt\u00fck\u201d, \u201c\u015f\u0131ll\u0131k\u201d, \u201choppa\u201d gibi s\u0131fatlarla an\u0131lan Marie Antoinette\u2019in (80) erkek karde\u015fi Joseph\u2019in Avusturya taht\u0131na \u201cII. Joseph\u201d ad\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu, ondan sonraki Avusturya \u0130mparatoru II. Leopold\u2019un da krali\u00e7eyle karde\u015f, arkas\u0131ndan imparator olan II. Franz\u2019\u0131n da krali\u00e7enin ye\u011feni oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenmeyen kimse kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Avusturya imparatorunun mektuplar\u0131ndaki ifadeye g\u00f6re Kral Louis onun \u201ckarde\u015fi gibi\u201dydi ve zaten \u201ckarde\u015fi say\u0131l\u0131r\u201dd\u0131. Avusturyal\u0131 prensesin gelin gelmesinden sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ekonomik bunal\u0131m, do\u011fal afetler ve yat\u0131r\u0131m zaaf\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ya\u015fanan \u00fcretim felaketleri, halk aras\u0131nda krali\u00e7enin u\u011fursuzluk getirdi\u011fiyle a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor, Marie Antoinette halk taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli lanetleniyordu. Marie Antoinette Fransa\u2019ya Habsburglar\u0131n lanetiydi. Kitleler i\u00e7in krali\u00e7e ile Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n Frans\u0131z halk\u0131na \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck felaketler getirece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Akitanya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131, Br\u00f6tanya, Atlantik sahilleri gibi Avusturya\u2019ya uzak olan \u00e7ok az say\u0131da b\u00f6lge d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her yer bu b\u00fcy\u00fck korkuyu, bu toplumsal histeriyi ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Ancak B\u00fcy\u00fck Korku, kitlelerin sinmesine de\u011fil, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde kinlenmesine, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck sald\u0131r\u0131lara ge\u00e7mesine, hatta genel silahlanmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu sefer korku, b\u00fct\u00fcn otoritesini kaybeden aristokrasiyi saracakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              \u2018Maviler\u2019 ve \u2018Beyazlar\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Halk aras\u0131nda \u201cAvusturyal\u0131 orospu\u201d veya \u201cs\u00fcsl\u00fc Viyanal\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde adlar\u0131 olan Krali\u00e7e Marie Antoinette giyotine giderken.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Vend\u00e9e\u2019de bir ormanc\u0131 ile bir \u00e7er\u00e7inin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fi kolay bast\u0131r\u0131lamayan (sekiz y\u0131l s\u00fcrecektir) kar\u015f\u0131devrimci bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131 oldu. Yerel e\u015fraf hemen ayaklanman\u0131n y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Avusturya g\u00f6zlerini b\u00f6lgeye dikti. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n en bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lge olan Vend\u00e9e ve benzer baz\u0131 yerler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131devrimci ayaklanmalar\u0131, ya Avusturya Frans\u0131z kralc\u0131larla birlikte d\u00fczenlemi\u015f ya da kendisi d\u00fczenlememekle birlikte deste\u011fini esirgememi\u015fti. Vend\u00e9e\u2019ye ve Br\u00f6tanya\u2019ya askeri m\u00fcdahalenin, yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kara yolu kullanmadan deniz yoluyla ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Avusturya\u2019dan de\u011fil \u0130ngiltere\u2019den gelmesi beklenmekteydi. Ancak \u0130ngiltere de ayaklanmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131racak m\u00fcdahaleyi yapamad\u0131. (81)<\/p>\n

              K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, kral idam edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u201cYa\u015fas\u0131n XVII. Louis\u201d (82) diyerek y\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Kralc\u0131lar\u0131n ve d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ba\u015flatmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u015f\u0131nda veya i\u00e7inde olmad\u0131klar\u0131 baz\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131devrimci \u201ckurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgeler\u201d de kar\u015f\u0131devrimin merkezleriyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fecek, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Brissot\u2019nun g\u00fcneydeki \u201cfederal devlet\u201di, sonradan kralc\u0131lar\u0131n ve d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin eline ge\u00e7ecektir. Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan ve direnen b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7ler ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak Eski Rejimle ve yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerle birle\u015fmektedir. (83)<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Sank\u00fclotlar\u0131n ve benzer gruplar\u0131n e\u015fitlik\u00e7i s\u00f6ylemleri, zenginleri, rantiyeleri ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 \u00fcrk\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Jakobenlerin k\u00f6ktenci uygulamalar\u0131, Sank\u00fclotlar\u0131n ve benzer gruplar\u0131n e\u015fitlik\u00e7i s\u00f6ylemleri, zenginleri, rantiyeleri ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 \u00fcrk\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, aralar\u0131nda, kralc\u0131 olmad\u0131klar\u0131 halde Avusturya\u2019y\u0131 kendilerine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm g\u00f6ren ve onlar\u0131n gelmesini isteyenler vard\u0131. Az ve \u00f6nemsiz de say\u0131lmazlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Devrim g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcleri mavi \u00fcniformalarla ordula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, devrimin \u00f6nderleri ve b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla mavi giysiler giydikleri i\u00e7in Devrim g\u00fc\u00e7leri \u201cMaviler\u201ddi. Soylular\u0131n ordular\u0131 da, soylular beyaz rengi giysi olarak \u00e7ok kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u201cBeyazlar\u201d olarak nitelendirildiler. Renk ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 k\u0131sa zamanda siyasal ayr\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu. Ayr\u0131\u015fma, askeri ve resmi alan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn di\u011fer alanlara da s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131. Devrimin mavisine kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131devrimin beyaz\u0131 vard\u0131; Cermen-soylular \u201cbeyaz-soy\u201d (ak-soy), aristokrasinin elindeki alanlar \u201cBeyaz B\u00f6lge\u201d, monar\u015finin kokart\u0131 beyaz renkti; Devrimin dilinde ise hanedan\u0131n giri\u015fimleri \u201cbeyaz komplo\u201d, kralc\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katliam \u201cBeyaz Ter\u00f6r\u201d, gericilerin s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u015feyler \u201cbeyaz yalan\u201dd\u0131. (84)<\/p>\n

              Robespierre\u2019in iktidar d\u00f6nemini takip eden \u201cBeyaz Ter\u00f6r\u201d\u00fcn (85) esas alan\u0131 \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneydo\u011fusuydu. Bu b\u00f6lge Avusturya s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesiydi ve kralc\u0131lar\u0131n, kom\u015fu \u00fclkeden ve hanedan\u0131n \u201cakrabalar\u0131\u201dndan destek alabildi\u011fi i\u00e7in burada etkili oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Hatta kral\u0131n karde\u015fi Provence Kontu Franz Stanislav Kasavye, \u201cXVIII. Louis\u201d olarak krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 burada ilan edebilmi\u015fti. Bu a\u00e7\u0131k deste\u011fe ve askeri m\u00fcdahalelere ra\u011fmen b\u00fct\u00fcn ayaklanmalar gene de bast\u0131r\u0131labildiler ve temizlendiler. Avusturya\u2019ya yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgeler olan, Loire Nehri\u2019nin do\u011fu taraf\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015f 80 bin mevcutlu kralc\u0131 birliklerin de 60 bini Napoleon Bonaparte\u2019\u0131n ordusu taraf\u0131ndan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 ve yok edildi.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              \u2018G\u00f6\u00e7menler\u2019 yine g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcyor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              Soylular, kimi ailesiyle birlikte Avusturya\u2019ya ka\u00e7\u0131yordu. Daha Bastille\u2019in ele ge\u00e7irilmesinin ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc ka\u00e7an kurtuluyor havas\u0131nda ba\u015flayan \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7\u201d, k\u0131sa zamanda kitlesel bir hal ald\u0131, bu d\u00f6nemde binlerce soylu Fransa\u2019y\u0131, esas olarak Avusturya y\u00f6n\u00fcnde terk etti. Toplumsal s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmay\u0131 se\u00e7iyorlard\u0131. Cermen-soylular\u0131n yurtlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7may\u0131 do\u011fru g\u00f6rmesinin ve ka\u00e7makta teredd\u00fct etmemesinin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ilk \u015fey, herhalde buydu.<\/p>\n

              Bunlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Frans\u0131zlar i\u00e7in Avusturya tam bir hedefe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Kar\u015f\u0131devrimci her \u015feyde Avusturya parma\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ad\u0131na giri\u015filmi\u015f m\u00fccadele Avusturya\u2019yla sava\u015fmay\u0131 gerektiriyordu.<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Devrim ordusunun komutanlar\u0131ndan Napoleon Bonaparte. Daha sonra imparator olacakt\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Halk aras\u0131nda aristokrasiden nefretin, s\u0131n\u0131fsal g\u00fcd\u00fcler kadar, b\u00fct\u00fcn soylular\u0131n \u201cezeli d\u00fc\u015fman\u201d Avusturya\u2019ya akraba ve yak\u0131n olmalar\u0131ndan da, onlar\u0131n Avusturya d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden de, Avusturya\u2019ya ka\u00e7mak istemelerinden ve ka\u00e7\u0131p oraya y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131ndan da kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadayd\u0131. 20 Haziran 1792\u2019de Tuileries Saray\u0131n\u0131 basan, b\u00fct\u00fcn bah\u00e7eyi dolduran kitleler krala \u201cFransa m\u0131, Avusturya m\u0131\u201d, \u201cYa Paris\u2019i se\u00e7 ya da Koblenz\u2019i\u201d (86)sloganlar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Temmuzda Paris\u2019e y\u00fcr\u00fcyen Avusturya-Prusya ordular\u0131 komutan\u0131 Brunswick\u2019in, o \u00fcnl\u00fc tehdit mektubunu Krali\u00e7e Marie Antoinette\u2019in iste\u011fi \u00fczerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f (87), bu bilgi 1 A\u011fustos\u2019taki g\u00f6sterilerde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6fke uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, 10 A\u011fustos\u2019ta kapsaml\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir ayaklanmaya da yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

              A\u011fustos ve Eyl\u00fcl aylar\u0131nda Avusturya-Prusya ordular\u0131 Frans\u0131z topraklar\u0131nda ilerlerken, kasaba ve kentleri d\u00fc\u015fmana teslim eden kralc\u0131lar, hep Cermen-soyludurlar. Son savunma noktalar\u0131ndan biri olan Verdun d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckten sonra, ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan soylu seny\u00f6rler ve piskopos geri gelip makamlar\u0131na otururlar. \u0130lerleyen i\u015fgalci d\u00fc\u015fman ordusunun arkas\u0131nda \u201ceski rejim\u201d yeniden kurulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Frans\u0131z halk\u0131n\u0131n Avusturya yanl\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flara kar\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterince neden ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama Cermen-soylu aristokrasinin b\u00fct\u00fcn mensuplar\u0131 halk taraf\u0131ndan zaten \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201c olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Galyal\u0131 halk\u0131n onlara takt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131fat \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men\u201ddi (\u00e9migr\u00e9), \u201cd\u0131\u015far\u0131dan\u201d gelmi\u015flerdi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc. 1789 Temmuz\u2019undan ba\u015flayarak ve Kont d\u2019Artois\u2019n\u0131n pe\u015fine tak\u0131larak Fransa\u2019y\u0131 Almanya y\u00f6n\u00fcnde terk eden bu \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7menler\u201d ikinci kez \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men\u201d oluyorlar, \u201cka\u00e7ak\u201dlar, halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde tekrar \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7menler olarak\u201d geldiklere yere d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f oluyorlard\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli nedenlerle ka\u00e7mak zorunda olanlar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7men olmas\u0131 az g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015fti, ama bu ka\u00e7aklar \u201ckendi \u00fclkelerine\u201d geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yap\u0131yor gibiydiler.<\/p>\n

              G\u00f6\u00e7menler, Ren Nehrinin sol k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki kentlerde, Mainz\u2019da, Worms\u2019da, Koblenz\u2019de topla\u015ft\u0131lar. Ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki Kont de Provence kendini naip ilan etti. Kuzeni Cond\u00e9 ba\u015fkomutan oldu ama ortal\u0131kta pek asker yoktu. Eski kraliyet denet\u00e7isi Calonne tek ba\u015f\u0131na bakanlar kurulu ve meclis durumundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

              75) Alkan, s.189.<\/p>\n

              76) Eric Hobsbawm, \u0130mparatorluk \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 \/ 1875-1914<\/em>, Dost Kitabevi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1999, s.167.<\/p>\n

              77) Devrimci \u015fair Marie Joseph Ch\u00e9nier\u2019nin co\u015fkuyla desteklenen \u00f6nergesi, 26 A\u011fustos 1792\u2019de ezici bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla kabul edilmi\u015fti. \u00d6nerilen ve Fransa yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazananlar aras\u0131nda Pestalozzi (\u0130svi\u00e7reli e\u011fitmen ve yurtsever, Johann Heinrich, 1746-1827) de vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

              78) Bu davran\u0131\u015f, soylulu\u011fun ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeyenlerle birlikte toplumsal bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek, sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131la Fransa, k\u00f6ken farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n en az\u0131ndan soylular bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde silindi\u011fi bir \u015fekilde varacak, \u201cFrans\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d soylular i\u00e7in de bir kimli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecekti. Bu sayede Cermen-soylular, Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (17. y\u00fczy\u0131l) ve Midi k\u0131y\u0131mlar\u0131 (18. y\u00fczy\u0131l) gibi \u201cFrank su\u00e7lar\u0131\u201dndan kurtulmalar\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, e\u015fit hak talebinde bulunma olana\u011f\u0131na da kavu\u015fuyorlard\u0131. Daha 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l bitmeden Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7i Ernest Renan (1823-1892) \u201cBir Ulus Nedir?\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, \u201cher Frans\u0131z yurtta\u015f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n tarihteki \u201ck\u0131y\u0131mlar\u0131 unutmu\u015f olmak zorunda\u201d oldu\u011funu yaz\u0131yor, bunun g\u00f6stergesi olarak da \u201cFransa\u2019da Frank k\u00f6kenden geldi\u011fini ispat edebilecek on aile yoktur\u201d sav\u0131nda bulunuyordu (akt. Benedict Anderson, Hayali Cemaatler \/ Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin K\u00f6kenleri ve Yay\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1993, s.20, not 10).<\/p>\n

              79) 1789\u2019un 20 Temmuzu ile 6 A\u011fustosu aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Korku\u201d, Bastille\u2019in ele ge\u00e7irilmesini takip eden g\u00fcnlerde yabanc\u0131 devletlerle soylular\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin, e\u015fk\u0131yan\u0131n, haydutlar\u0131n, asker ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015ferek k\u0131yam yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, kaos yarat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylentileri \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

              80) Frans\u0131z halk\u0131n\u0131n krali\u00e7eyi olumsuz de\u011ferlendirmesi yaln\u0131z Avusturyal\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131yordu. Kralla evlenmesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yap\u0131lan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn t\u00f6reninde Paris\u2019te y\u00fcz ki\u015finin \u00f6lmesi k\u00f6t\u00fc bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olmu\u015f, sonraki y\u0131llarda skandallar ve s\u00f6ylentiler birbirini kovalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Krali\u00e7e, e\u011flenceyi ve g\u00f6steri\u015fi \u00e7ok seviyordu, kabul edilemeyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde savurgand\u0131, fazla pervas\u0131zd\u0131, \u00e7ekinmesizdi, saraydaki kumar partilerini o d\u00fczenlemekteydi, sevgilisi vard\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n kocas\u0131 kraldan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 herkesin dilindeydi.<\/p>\n

              \u201cLouis e\u011fer g\u00f6rmek istiyorsan<\/em><\/p>\n

              bir pi\u00e7, bir boynuzlu, bir orospu<\/em><\/p>\n

              aynaya bak,<\/em><\/p>\n

              kendine, ve krali\u00e7eyle veliahta<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

              dizeleri gibi alaylar g\u00fcld\u00fcr\u00fc \u00f6\u011fesi olarak her yerde kullan\u0131mdayd\u0131. Krali\u00e7e ile ilgili olarak hicviye yazanlar iyi para kazan\u0131yordu. Kimli\u011fini saklayan m\u00fc\u015fteriler ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Londra ya da Amsterdam\u2019da bast\u0131rt\u0131p Paris\u2019e getirtmekte ve da\u011f\u0131tmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Krali\u00e7enin m\u00fccevher d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, onun ad\u0131 kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan bir doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla rezalete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, \u201cKolye Davas\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla adliyeye intikal etmi\u015f, o g\u00fcne kadarki Fransa tarihinde en fazla ilgi g\u00f6ren ve yank\u0131 uyand\u0131ran dava olmu\u015ftu. Herkes doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan habersiz krali\u00e7enin su\u00e7lu oldu\u011funu, kolyeyi onun i\u00e7 etti\u011fini sanm\u0131\u015f, bu y\u00fczden Marie Antoinette\u2019in itibar\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131ra inmi\u015fti. Davay\u0131 a\u00e7an krali\u00e7enin su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 soylu mahkemece akland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu san\u0131k lehine g\u00fcnlerce s\u00fcren g\u00f6steriler yap\u0131ld\u0131. (Goethe 1792\u2019de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Grosskophta<\/em> adl\u0131 komedisinde Eski Rejimin \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla bu olay\u0131 konu ald\u0131.)<\/p>\n

              Krali\u00e7e, sarayda merkezdi, siyasette m\u00fcdahaleciydi, savurganl\u0131kta \u00f6nc\u00fcyd\u00fc, kraliyet g\u00f6sterilerinde en \u00f6ndeydi, hanedan\u0131 belirleyendi ve halka d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman gizlemek ihtiyac\u0131 duymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Krala istedi\u011fi atamalar\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131yor, istemedi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6revlileri i\u015flerinden ettirebiliyordu. Ayr\u0131ca krali\u00e7e, bir\u00e7ok \u015feyi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyerek, hatta a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layarak hafiften Frans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yap\u0131yordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, saraydaki u\u015faklar onun emriyle saray\u0131n geleneksel k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-beyaz-mavi \u00fcniformalar\u0131n\u0131 giyememektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, krali\u00e7e, bir kad\u0131n\u0131n devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda ve fiili olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan Lex salica<\/strong>\u2019yla (Pactus Legis Salicae, 6. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki kral Clovis\u2019in emriyle kaleme al\u0131nan yasa bug\u00fcn Bel\u00e7ika\u2019da halen ge\u00e7erlidir) alay etmekte, g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi insiyatifle bu yasay\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnemekte, emirlerini kocas\u0131 kral ad\u0131na de\u011fil, de par le reine<\/strong> (krali\u00e7e ad\u0131na) vermektedir.<\/p>\n

              K\u00f6t\u00fc an\u0131lmas\u0131, kendisine olumsuz s\u0131fatlar y\u00fcklenmesi bo\u015funa de\u011fildi ama \u201cAvusturyal\u0131 kahpe\u201dyi karalama yar\u0131\u015f\u0131, ger\u00e7ek olmasa bile hep olumsuz s\u00f6ylentiler \u00fcremesine yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. \u00c7ok bilinen, halk\u0131n ekmek bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendisine s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi zaman \u201cpasta yesinler\u201d dedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylentisi, b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilindi\u011fi halde Paris gazetelerinde tekrar tekrar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, krali\u00e7enin bu s\u00f6zleri s\u00f6yledi\u011fi yalan\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn Fransa\u2019ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, her yerde do\u011fru oldu\u011fu yolunda kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

              Krali\u00e7eyi su\u00e7layanlarla savunanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmesi, onun haks\u0131zl\u0131k denecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde su\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucuydu. \u00dclkenin birikmi\u015f k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek bir insan\u0131n \u00fczerine bo\u015falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Devrim krall\u0131k rejimini vurmak i\u00e7in krali\u00e7eye, krali\u00e7enin ki\u015fili\u011finde de onun kad\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcne sald\u0131r\u0131 yoluna girmi\u015f, krali\u00e7enin d\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 soylular\u0131n k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k ve \u00e7ekemezlik uydurmalar\u0131n\u0131n cinsellikle ilgili olanlar\u0131na sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu tutum, devrimcilerin erkek\u00e7i anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla da \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Krali\u00e7enin su\u00e7lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu, herkesle yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, seks d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn\u00fc ve lezbiyen oldu\u011fu, kendi o\u011fluyla (dokuz ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r) cinsel ili\u015fkide bulundu\u011fu gibi as\u0131ls\u0131z iddialar uydurulmas\u0131 ve bu iddialar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bunu g\u00f6stermekteydi.<\/p>\n

              81) Ayaklanman\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra devrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketlerin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc ve merkezi anlam\u0131nda siyasal bir terim haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen \u201cLa Vend\u00e9e\u201d ad\u0131, Bernard Lewis taraf\u0131ndan \u015eeyh Said \u0130syan\u0131 kastedilerek \u201cbir T\u00fcrk La Vend\u00e9e<\/em>\u2019si\u201d olarak Cumhuriyet Devrimi d\u00f6nemimizdeki bu ayaklanma i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131ld\u0131 (Modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/em>, Arkada\u015f Yay\u0131nevi, Ankara 2008, s.652).<\/p>\n

              82) Kral\u0131n on ya\u015f\u0131ndaki o\u011flu Dauphin<\/strong> (veliahtlara b\u00f6yle deniyordu), yoksul bir aileye evlatl\u0131k verilmi\u015fti. B\u00fct\u00fcn kralc\u0131lar ve Avrupa monar\u015fileri taraf\u0131ndan \u201cXVII. Louis\u201d olarak an\u0131lmak istendi ama babas\u0131n\u0131n idam\u0131ndan iki y\u0131l sonra t\u00fcberk\u00fclozdan \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

              83) \u00dclkemizde Devrimci Cumhuriyete kar\u015f\u0131 olan b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7lerin 20\u2019li y\u0131llarda Osmanl\u0131 \u201ceski rejimi\u201dyle, bizim \u201ckralc\u0131lar\u201d\u0131m\u0131zla ve i\u015fgalci emperyalistlerle birle\u015fmeleri gibi.<\/p>\n

              84) B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z romanc\u0131s\u0131 Stendhal\u2019in (Marie-Henri Beyle, 1783-1842) 1830 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve Siyah<\/em> (Le Rouge et le Noir) adl\u0131 roman\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131, bu renklerin Restorasyon d\u00f6neminde devrim-kar\u015f\u0131devrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n simgeleri olmas\u0131ndan geliyordu. Ancak \u201cmavi\u201d k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya, \u201cbeyaz\u201d siyaha d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201ckan\u0131n ve ate\u015fin rengi\u201d k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadelelerin sonucunda yeni y\u00fczy\u0131lda devrimi daha iyi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve \u00f6yle alg\u0131lan\u0131yordu (ki sonralar\u0131 iyice yerle\u015fecektir). Bu kar\u015f\u0131devrim d\u00f6neminde din g\u00f6revlilerinin k\u0131yafet rengi siyah, ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n gerici etkinli\u011fini ve bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve g\u00f6sterir olsun istenmi\u015f ve \u00f6yle de olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

              85) \u201cBeyaz Ter\u00f6r\u201d, Devrimin \u201cTer\u00f6r\u201d d\u00f6nemine g\u00f6nderme yapan bir kavram olarak kar\u015f\u0131devrimin y\u0131llar boyu s\u00fcren kitlesel k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131na verilen add\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda y\u00fcz binlerce insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle etkili oldu. Yaln\u0131z devrimciler de\u011fil, Kiliseye ve soylulara ait topraklar\u0131 sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f olanlar da hedef al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, kitlesel olarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1795\u2019e kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

              86) \u201cKoblenz\u201d, o g\u00fcnlerde, \u201cd\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cAlmanl\u0131k\u201d\u0131 ifade eden bir simge olmu\u015ftu. Ka\u00e7anlar\u0131n ilk ve esas dura\u011f\u0131 Koblenz\u2019di ve en \u00e7ok orada toplanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

              87) Asl\u0131nda bu \u00f6nemli mektubu bildiri olarak, Linnon Markisinin vekili Orleans D\u00fck\u00fc kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Baz\u0131 kaynaklar, Brunswick\u2019in bilgisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olarak onun ad\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r (\u00d6rne\u011fin, V. Hugo, s.199). Soboul ise, bir \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men\u201din kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildiriyi Brunswick\u2019in imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydediyor (s.265).<\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              DEVR\u0130M\u0130N \u00d6NDER G\u00dc\u00c7LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u201cDevrim bizi \u015fu ilkeyi tan\u0131maya zorlad\u0131: \u00fclkesinin d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olanlar\u0131n mal sahibi olma hakk\u0131 yoktur.<\/em>\u201d Saint-Just, 26 \u015eubat 1794<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Jakobenler ve Jirondenler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Jakobenlerin lideri, devrimin \u00f6nderlerinden Maximilien Robespierre.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Devrimin \u00f6nderi Jakobenler, i\u00e7lerinden sonralar\u0131 Jirondenleri, F\u00f6yyanlar\u0131, Montanyarlar\u0131, Kard\u00f6liyeleri (Cardoli\u00e9re (88), \u201c\u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Derne\u011fi\u201d) \u00e7\u0131kartan ve ba\u015f\u0131nda Robespierre\u2019in (89) bulundu\u011fu etkili bir gruptu. Jakoben Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, 1789 Meclisinin Br\u00f6tanyal\u0131 \u00fcyeleri (Lanjuinais, Le Chapelier vd.) taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftu ve \u00f6nceleri Bretagna Kul\u00fcb\u00fc diye an\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u0130\u00e7lerinde tek bir Cermen-soylu bulunmuyordu. \u0130lk toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Dominiken tarikat\u0131ndan kalma Jacobin<\/strong>ler denilen bir grubun manast\u0131r\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in sonradan Jakoben Kul\u00fcb\u00fc ad\u0131n\u0131 alan ve merkezi Paris\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131nan \u201cAnayasa Dostlar\u0131 Derne\u011fi\u201d (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des amis de la Constitution), ba\u015fka illerin milletvekilleri de kat\u0131l\u0131nca \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015fti. 20 bin halk derne\u011fini b\u00fcnyesinde birle\u015ftirmi\u015f, gericili\u011fin Devrimi esas tehdit etti\u011fi g\u00fcneydo\u011fu b\u00f6lgesinde yayg\u0131n ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fti. Sonradan \u00e7ok say\u0131da soylu da hareketin i\u00e7inde yer alacakt\u0131. (90)<\/p>\n

              Fransa\u2019n\u0131n en g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Girond b\u00f6lgesinden ad\u0131n\u0131 alan Jirondenlerin i\u00e7inde de, ilk ba\u015flarda soylular bulunmuyordu. Devrimin g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvazinin temsilcisi ve s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc Jirondenler, 1783 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla esas ama\u00e7lara ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek kendilerini art\u0131k muhafazak\u00e2r olarak g\u00f6rmenin kapan\u0131na girdiler ve Devrime muhalefet konumuna ge\u00e7tiler. \u201cAyaktak\u0131m\u0131\u201dndan da korkmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Sonralar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvazinin \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc haline gelen Jirondenler, kar\u015f\u0131devrimci bir \u00e7izgiye girip kralc\u0131larla ayn\u0131 kanalda bulu\u015funca, g\u00f6rece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc muhalefet ak\u0131m\u0131 olarak Cermen-soylu aristokrasinin ak\u0131n\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131. Bu geli\u015fmeyle birlikte Jirondenler vatana ihanetin de yolcular\u0131 oldular. \u00d6nce meclisten at\u0131ld\u0131lar, sonra \u00f6nderlerinden ba\u015flayarak yarg\u0131lan\u0131p idam edildiler.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Aristokrasinin fiziken tasfiyesi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \"\"
              1792-95 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda son derece etkili olan Sank\u00fclotlar halk\u0131n en yoksul kesimiydi. Keskin devrimci anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla etkili olduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri belirlediler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Robespierre, devrimin ruhuna uygun olarak kral\u0131n idam\u0131n\u0131, hatta yarg\u0131lanmaks\u0131z\u0131n idam\u0131n\u0131 savunuyordu. Kral ihanet etmi\u015fti ama Cermen-soylu olarak ulusun da d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131, \u00fcstelik kar\u0131s\u0131 olan krali\u00e7e, \u201cAvusturyal\u0131\u201d bir prensesti, \u201cFrans\u0131z\u201d bile de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

              Paris\u2019te giyotine g\u00f6nderilen kar\u015f\u0131devrimciler i\u00e7inde en \u00f6nemli kitle do\u011fal olarak soylulard\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cgiyotin birinci ve ikinci tabaka m\u00fcmessillerinin kafas\u0131n\u0131 u\u00e7uran bir makine\u201d idi. (91) Jakoben hareket, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetine, verimsizli\u011finden dolay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 olarak bir program sahibi olmakla birlikte, burjuva \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zellikleri ve yeni s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n istekleri do\u011frultusunda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fildi. Meclisin \u00f6nde gelen sol milletvekillerinden Barnave\u2019\u0131n \u201cm\u00fclkiyet h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k de\u011fildir\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc (92), Jakobenler aras\u0131nda da sloganla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve hi\u00e7 terk edilmeyecekti. Vatan ile m\u00fclkiyetin \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmesi, bunlar\u0131n \u201ctek bir \u015fey\u201d olmas\u0131na, Devrim ile m\u00fclkiyetin ayn\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devrimden yaln\u0131z varl\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar yararlanacak, Devrim m\u00fclkiyeti hep kutsayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Ancak Jakobenlerin, Devrimden ka\u00e7arak Avusturya\u2019ya ve ba\u015fka kom\u015fu \u00fclkelere giden soylular\u0131n arazilerinin ve m\u00fclklerinin kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda fazla teredd\u00fct etmemelerinde (93), feodal toprak sahibi aristokratlar\u0131n hemen hepsinin Cermen-soyundan gelmeleri (94) de rol oynamaktayd\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli yerlerdeki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan, ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan aristokratlar\u0131n ve kralc\u0131lar\u0131n ka\u00e7amam\u0131\u015f akrabalar\u0131n\u0131 ve yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 sorumlu tutan yasa da son derece anlaml\u0131yd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Devrime kar\u015f\u0131 toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyenlere g\u0131yaplar\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131zca verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

              Robespierre daha kralla krali\u00e7e ka\u00e7madan \u00f6nce ordunun soylulardan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015f, \u201csoylular s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131n\u0131z, oysa soylular h\u00e2l\u00e2 ordunun ba\u015f\u0131nda, onlar\u0131 orada yerlerinde b\u0131rakt\u0131n\u0131z\u201d (10 Haziran 1791) demi\u015fti. Ve sonralar\u0131 Sank\u00fclotlar, i\u015fi, soylular\u0131n yurtta\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131ndan bile mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 savunmaya kadar vard\u0131racaklard\u0131. Zaten soylular b\u00fct\u00fcn kamu g\u00f6revlerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Aristokratlar\u0131n hepsinin ve ka\u00e7an soylular\u0131n ailelerinin rehin al\u0131nmas\u0131 yolunda bir \u00f6neri de Claire Lacombe\u2019dan geldi (3 Nisan 1793).<\/p>\n

              Burjuvaziyi temsil eden Jakobenler bor\u00e7-alacak hukuku konusunda titizlik g\u00f6stermelerine kar\u015f\u0131n ka\u00e7an toprak sahiplerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 da yok saym\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Feodal ili\u015fkilerdeki bor\u00e7lanmalarla ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn davalar \u00f6nce ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131, sonra iptal edildi. Feodalizme darbeler indiriliyordu ama ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak en fazla zarara u\u011frayanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu meydana getiren Frank as\u0131ll\u0131 soylular, Cermen-soylu aristokratlar oluyordu.<\/p>\n

              \u0130dam edilen soylular\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ve yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n miras hakk\u0131 kesin olarak yok edilmi\u015fti. B\u00fct\u00fcn varl\u0131klar\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Devrimin sol kanat liderlerinden Jean-Paul Marat.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Ka\u00e7an soylular\u0131n m\u00fclklerine el konuldu, par\u00e7alanarak askerlere ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Saint-Just, \u015f\u00fcphe edilen herkesin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yoksullara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015f ve bunun karar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kar\u015f\u0131devrimciler eziliyordu, ama kendilerinden \u015f\u00fcphe duyulanlar ve bunun sonucu olarak tutuklananlar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlukla soylulard\u0131.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Aristokrasi yerine burjuvazi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              Robespierre, m\u00fclkiyet konusundaki kar\u015f\u0131 radikal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere, zenginlerin (burjuvazinin) Devrime d\u00fc\u015fman edilece\u011fi, hatta Cumhuriyetin bu y\u00fczden y\u0131k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hatta 18 Mart 1873\u2019te Konvansiyona verilen, \u201cge\u00e7erli m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerini ortadan kald\u0131rmak amac\u0131 g\u00fcden her t\u00fcrl\u00fc giri\u015fime \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermeyi karar alt\u0131na alan\u201d tasar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi de Robespierre\u2019di ve tasar\u0131 o g\u00fcn kabul edilmi\u015fti. 10 A\u011fustos 1973 Anayasas\u0131 da m\u00fclkiyetin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece de, Rousseau\u2019nun siyasal felsefesi izlenirken, ekonomi ile ilgili s\u0131n\u0131fsal ilkelere ihanet ediliyordu. Bunlar\u0131n sonucu olarak m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n mutlak bir \u015fekilde korunmas\u0131 gerekirken, soylular\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck araziler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki m\u00fclkleri de, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclkleri ile servetleri de tehdit alt\u0131na giriyor ve gasp ediliyordu. Burjuva m\u00fclkiyet g\u00f6zetilirken, soylu m\u00fclkiyeti \u201canlay\u0131\u015fla\u201d ele al\u0131nm\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131m yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadayd\u0131; ayr\u0131m, s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kadar, ayn\u0131 zamanda, Cermen-soylu olmayan burjuvazinin m\u00fclkiyeti ile Cermen-soylular\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Devrimin antifeodal niteli\u011fi, ayr\u0131mdaki bu ikincil \u00f6zelli\u011fin gizlenmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemesini ve neredeyse hi\u00e7 anla\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. S\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki iktidar de\u011fi\u015fimi, \u201cyeni s\u0131n\u0131f\u201dla \u201ceski s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d aras\u0131ndaki yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme oluyordu.<\/p>\n

              Devrimin Roma de\u011ferlerine yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda, Cermen de\u011ferlere ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klara bir tepkiydi. Devrimcilerin Roma hukukunu uygulamaya yatk\u0131n anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131, do\u011fal ve geleneksel hukukun, yani Cermen \u00f6rfi hukukunun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelikti. Roma \u00f6nem kazand\u0131k\u00e7a, Cermenlik geriye itilmi\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              Aristokrasiye tavizsiz kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sivrilmi\u015f radikal devrimcilerden Babeuf.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Devrimin ideolojik \u00f6nderi olan burjuvazi, halk\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Aristokrasinin ayaktak\u0131m\u0131na dahil etti\u011fi ve k\u00f6le-s\u0131n\u0131f olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc burjuvalar\u0131n soylulu\u011fa duyduklar\u0131 \u00f6zlem ve nefret, onlar\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kendilerinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri kadar, \u201csoylu-s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d\u0131n \u201cd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda\u201d olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bilmelerinden de kaynaklan\u0131yordu. (95) Ancak Devrim, soylulu\u011fu halkla, \u201csahip\u201dleri \u201ck\u00f6le\u201dlerle e\u015fitleyince, aristokrasinin ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yok edince, burjuvalar, \u201cta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 burjuva kan\u0131ndan, burjuva k\u00f6keninden\u201d gurur duyan insanlar haline geleceklerdi. (96)<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Radikal gruplar<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              1792-95 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda son derece etkili olan Sank\u00fclotlar halk\u0131n en yoksul kesimiydi. \u00dcst tabakalara ve Cermenlere en az bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olanlar onlard\u0131. P\u00fcriten, ahlak\u00e7\u0131 ve keskin devrimci anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla etkili olduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri belirlediler.<\/p>\n

              \u201c\u00d6fkeliler\u201d, yoksullu\u011fun s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. H\u00e9bert\u00e7iler, devrimin radikalleri olarak aristokrasiye kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131yla sivrilmi\u015flerdi. Babeuf (97), Buonarroti (98) gruplar\u0131yla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerde burjuvalara da kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131lar ama soylulara hi\u00e7bir zaman yakla\u015fmad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

              Gaxotte gibi kar\u015f\u0131devrimci yazarlar\u0131n kom\u00fcnistler dedi\u011fi Entrag\u00e9s<\/strong> (\u201cKuduruklar\u201d, \u201c\u00c7\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131ndan \u00c7\u0131km\u0131\u015flar\u201d \u015feklinde \u00e7evrilmi\u015flerdir) grubu aristokrasiye d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 en fazla olanlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Yurt savunmas\u0131 ve i\u00e7 sava\u015f<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z Devrimi, emperyalizm d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ncesi bir olgudur. Fransa i\u00e7in esas anlam\u0131 Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ulusla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin birinci ve en \u00f6nemli halkas\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cUlus\/millet\u201d, \u201culusal\/milli\u201d, \u201culus\u00e7uluk\/milliyet\u00e7ilik\u201d, \u201cvatan\/yurt\u201d, \u201cvatanda\u015f\/yurtta\u015f\u201d, \u201cvatanda\u015fl\u0131k\/yurtta\u015fl\u0131k\u201d, \u201cvatan hainli\u011fi \/ milli ihanet\u201d kavramlar\u0131 burjuva devrimlerin \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak Frans\u0131z Devriminden sonra Fransa\u2019da ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f ve anlam ifade etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cVatan\/yurt\u201d, ulusun\/milletin olu\u015fmas\u0131 ve olu\u015fma gereklili\u011fi ile ilgili bir kavramd\u0131r. Lenin\u2019in ifadesiyle, \u201cyurtseverlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin kayna\u011f\u0131 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck devrimidir\u201d. (99)<\/p>\n

              \"\"
              28 Temmuz 1794\u2019de Robespierre ve Saint Just da giyotine g\u00f6nderildi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
              \"\"
              Devrimin liderlerinden Marat, kendisini Jirondenlerin idam\u0131ndan sorumlu tutan bir gen\u00e7 k\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan evinde banyo yaparken b\u0131\u00e7aklanarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. \u201cDevrimin ressam\u0131\u201d David\u2019in \u201cMarat\u2019n\u0131n \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d ya da \u201cKatledilmi\u015f Marat\u201d adl\u0131 tablosu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

              Devrim Fransa\u2019s\u0131nda, s\u0131n\u0131fsal katmanla\u015fman\u0131n, aristokrasinin kitlelerden kopuk snob nezaketinin, halka \u00fcstten bakan tutumunun simgesi \u201csizli\u201d konu\u015fma, halk\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u00e7eli\u011finin, \u201ce\u015fitli\u011fin\u201d ve \u201ckarde\u015fli\u011fin\u201d gere\u011fi olarak halk aras\u0131ndaki yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m olan \u201csen\u201dli konu\u015fmayla yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f (100), herkes birbiriyle do\u011fal ve rahat konu\u015fma i\u00e7ine sokulmu\u015f, s\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de herkes yurtta\u015fl\u0131kta e\u015fitlenmi\u015fti. Herkes birbirine \u201cyurtta\u015f\u201d (citoyen \/ citoyenne) diye hitap etmekteydi, hatta \u201cmadam\u201d ve \u201cm\u00f6sy\u00f6\u201d gibi hitaplar yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devrimin Cumhuriyeti, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan kurtulmu\u015f kitlelere \u201cyurtta\u015f\u201d olarak hem haklar vermi\u015f hem de sorumluluklar ve \u00f6devler y\u00fcklemi\u015fti. Ancak Devrimin sundu\u011fu yeni kavram, bireyler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan modern toplumun etken ve inisiyatifli birimi olmak anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131rken, bununla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131yor, toplumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan daha geni\u015f bir i\u00e7erik kazan\u0131yor, daha y\u00fcksek bir siyasal boyutu bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yordu. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yurtta\u015f\u0131n \u201ckral\u0131\u201d olamazd\u0131, sorumlulu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu oldu\u011fu ba\u015fka \u00f6zneler vard\u0131 art\u0131k: toplum ve vatan. Toplum ile ilgili sorumlulu\u011funu kitleler, Devrimin uygulamalar\u0131yla yerine getirdi, demokratik m\u00fcdahalelerini yapt\u0131, kat\u0131l\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Vatan ile ilgili sorumlulu\u011funu ise, koalisyon \u00fclkelerinin ordular\u0131n\u0131n, esas olarak da Alman devletlerinin sayesinde \u201cvatan savunmas\u0131\u201d yaparak yerine getirdi. D\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Devrimi ve Fransa\u2019y\u0131, birbirinden ay\u0131rmaks\u0131z\u0131n bu ikisini, birlikte savunmak gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n

              Bu y\u00fczden, B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z Devrimi emperyalizm d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ncesi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, emperyalizm d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanan b\u00fct\u00fcn devrimlerde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak bulunan \u201cyurt savunmas\u0131\u201d, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn devrimlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclecek olan \u201cvatan savunmas\u0131\u201d, B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z Devriminin de bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olmu\u015ftu. Bu, Avrupa\u2019daki mutlak\u0131yet\u00e7i \u00fclkelerin, ama esas olarak Alman devletlerinin eseridir, feodal sistemin antifeodal devrime direni\u015finin ve aristokratik mutlak\u0131yetin burjuva demokratik devrimi y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in Fransa\u2019ya sald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucudur.<\/p>\n

              B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z Devrimiyle birlikte yabanc\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler, ayn\u0131 zamanda hep i\u00e7 sava\u015flarla yan yana olmu\u015ftur. Olmak zorunlulu\u011fundad\u0131r. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cvatan\u201d\u0131 savunmak, baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in bir sorumluluk ve g\u00f6rev olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu s\u0131n\u0131flar, vatan savunmas\u0131na kat\u0131lmak bir yana, s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 gere\u011fi, d\u00fc\u015fmanla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak vatana ihanet ederler. Bu ger\u00e7ek \u00f6zellikle emperyalizm d\u00f6neminde bir yasa kesinli\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Emperyalizme direni\u015f m\u00fccadelelerinin hepsi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak i\u00e7 sava\u015flarla birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, antiemperyalist olan veya i\u015fgalci d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen b\u00fct\u00fcn sava\u015flar\u0131n, ulusal d\u00fczlemde ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u00e7 sava\u015f oldu\u011funu somut olarak g\u00f6steren en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerden biridir.<\/p>\n

              Frans\u0131z Devrimi, \u015fimdiye kadar g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi, daha ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren, i\u00e7 sava\u015f ve yabanc\u0131 m\u00fcdahalelerle i\u00e7 i\u00e7eydi. Devrim zaten bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n nedeni ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r, i\u00e7 sava\u015f ise yabanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lere dayanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n maddi temelidir. Yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ve i\u015fgali, i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n bir cephesini yan\u0131nda bulur. Devrim g\u00fcnlerinde kar\u015f\u0131devrim g\u00fc\u00e7leri Devrime yabanc\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda oldu. Hatta Frans\u0131z Devriminde yabanc\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 davet eden, bizzat Frans\u0131zlard\u0131, \u201cFrans\u0131z\u201d kar\u015f\u0131devrimiydi.<\/p>\n

              Feodal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, feodal ili\u015fkilerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, tarih sahnesine yeni s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 getirirken halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ulus\u00e7ulu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, ulus\u00e7uluk vatan\u0131 savunman\u0131n gere\u011fi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

              88) Desmoulins\u2019in gazetesi Le vieux Cordelier<\/em>\u2019nin (\u201cYa\u015fl\u0131 Cordeliere\u201d) ad\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fi \u201cCordelier\u201d, bir Fransisken manast\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

              89) Hukuk e\u011fitimi g\u00f6ren ve avukat olarak meslek hayat\u0131na at\u0131lan Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) Flandrl\u0131 (Kuzey Bel\u00e7ika) bir aileden geliyordu. Soylu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in mesle\u011finde y\u00fckselme \u015fans\u0131 da yoktu (A. Odaba\u015f\u0131, ayn\u0131 yerde, s.10-11). Geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Tanilli, Frans\u0131z Devriminden Portreler<\/em>, s.15-112.<\/p>\n

              90) Frans\u0131z Devriminin bu \u00f6nc\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131, Jakobenizm, siyasal terminolojiye, olumlu anlamda \u201cdevrimcilik\u201d ve \u201chalk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u201d, olumsuz olarak da \u201ctepeden inmecilik\u201d ve \u201cbask\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\u201d \u015feklinde yerle\u015fti. B\u00fct\u00fcn devrimci hareketlerde rastlanan terim, Cumhuriyet Devrimimizde Mustafa Kemal ve sava\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              91) Naz\u0131m Hikmet, Yaz\u0131lar 4<\/em>, YKY, \u0130stanbul 2004, s.316.<\/p>\n

              92) Sonralar\u0131 krala yakla\u015facak ve krali\u00e7eyle yaz\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayacak, bu y\u00fczden de giyotine g\u00f6nderilecek olan Barnave\u2019\u0131n (Antoine, 1761-1793, Frans\u0131z Devrimine Giri\u015f<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir eserin yazar\u0131d\u0131r), sonralar\u0131 Brissot\u2019ya mal edilecek bu s\u00f6z\u00fc, Proudhon\u2019un (Pierre Joseph, 1809-1865) \u00fcnl\u00fc tezine ve kitab\u0131na (1840) \u201cm\u00fclkiyet h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r\u201d olarak esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              93) Aristokrasinin \u00f6nemli bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla temsil edildi\u011fi mecliste feodal m\u00fclkiyetin tasfiyesi karar\u0131 (4 A\u011fustos Kararlar\u0131) \u00e7\u0131karken m\u00fclk sahiplerine tazminat \u00f6denmesi de kabul edilmi\u015fti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc burjuvazi bocal\u0131yor ve aristokrasiyle uzla\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Oysa sonraki d\u00f6nem yasalar\u0131yla devrimciler feodalizmle b\u00fct\u00fcn ideolojik, aristokrasiyle b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131sal ba\u011flar\u0131ndan kopmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00f6kl\u00fc uygulamalar yapabildiler (bkz. Arda Odaba\u015f\u0131, \u201cJakobenizm ve Robespierre\u201d, Teori<\/em>, Say\u0131 153, Ekim 2002, s.6-7) . 7 Kas\u0131m 1791\u2019de g\u0131yaben mahkum olan ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn gelir ve m\u00fclklerinin devlete gelir yap\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131 (E. von Aster, s.122-123).<\/p>\n

              94) Feodal sistemin yerle\u015fti\u011fi her yerde \u00f6yle olmamakla birlikte Fransa\u2019da aristokrasi esas olarak soya -belirli bir etnik soya, Cermen k\u00f6kene- dayanmaktayd\u0131. Sonradan zenginle\u015fenlerin ya da sonradan b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclklerin sahibi olanlar\u0131n \u201csoylu\u201d olabilmesi zordu, yani burjuvazi ile aristokrasi aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f kolay de\u011fildi. Aristokrasi ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fmay\u0131 kendine yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131ramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bu u\u011fra\u015flar kendisine yasaklanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu (sarayda, orduda, kilisede g\u00f6rev ve memuriyet d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir i\u015fle me\u015fgul olmak asalet kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7ard\u0131) i\u00e7in ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131na u\u011fruyor, ticaret erbab\u0131 ise zenginle\u015fiyor, geli\u015fiyor, ba\u015fka alanlara ge\u00e7iyor, alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletiyor ve s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015f\u0131yordu. Aristokrasi \u201cburjuva\u201dla\u015fam\u0131yor, burjuvazi aristokratla\u015fam\u0131yordu. Burjuvalar\u0131n \u201cgiyim soylusu\u201d olarak \u201csoylula\u015fmas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n bir yolu soylularla evlilikti ve zenginle\u015fenler evlilik i\u00e7in soylular\u0131n pe\u015findeydi. Ancak bu da, Cermen soylu aristokrasinin yaln\u0131z, \u201cg\u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcz\u201d avamla muhatap olmay\u0131, onlarla e\u015fit gibi olmak durumunu kabul edilemez buldu\u011fundan de\u011fil, \u201csoyunun\u201d kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u201csoyunun\u201d temiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131, ba\u015fka etnik k\u00f6kenlerle kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 istememesinden, hele hele \u201ck\u00f6le\u201d soydan gelenlerle kan birle\u015fmesinin yarataca\u011f\u0131 utan\u00e7tan dolay\u0131 kolay olmuyordu. Cermen-soylu hanedanlarda ve genel olarak aristokrasinin y\u00fcksek kesimlerinde \u201ci\u00e7 evlilik\u201dler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden hastal\u0131k ve sakatl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi bundand\u0131. G\u00fcc\u00fc t\u00fckenmi\u015f aristokrasi 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonras\u0131nda, arazi ve \u015fatolar\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve soyunu da para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 piyasaya sunacak, ve burjuvazi devri ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u201casaleti\u201d yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde parayla sat\u0131n alabilecektir. (Bunu, La Bruyere, \u201csoylulukla soysuzlu\u011fun [aristokrasiyle burjuvazinin] para ihtiyac\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden uzla\u015fmas\u0131\u201d olarak ifade ediyordu; bkz. Karakterler<\/em>, Sosyal Yay\u0131nlar, \u0130stanbul 1985, s.323.) Devrim \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Soylular\u0131 art\u0131k k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131mamakta, ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6rmemektedir. Geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Peter Schunk, Geschichte Frankreichs von Heinrich IV bis zur Gegenwart<\/em>, Piper, M\u00fcnchen\/Z\u00fcrich 1994.<\/p>\n

              95) Oyun yazar\u0131 Moli\u00e8re (Jean Baptiste Poquelin, 1622-1673) Kibarl\u0131k Budalas\u0131<\/em> (Le Bourgeois gentilhomme<\/em>, 1670) adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc eserinde aristokrasinin snoblu\u011fuyla birlikte yeni s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n g\u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00f6zentilili\u011fini de yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

              96) Anatole France, Tanr\u0131lar Susam\u0131\u015flard\u0131<\/em>, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1985, s.36.<\/p>\n

              97) Gracchus Babeuf, d\u00fczenledi\u011fi ayaklanma, \u00f6rg\u00fcte s\u0131zm\u0131\u015f Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Griesel taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netime bildirildi\u011finden ba\u015flamadan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Paris halk\u0131n\u0131n basaca\u011f\u0131 korkusuyla ba\u015fkent d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Vend\u00f4me kentinde yap\u0131lan duru\u015fmalar bir y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. 26 May\u0131s 1797\u2019de yolda\u015f\u0131 Darthe ile birlikte \u00f6l\u00fcme mahk\u00fbm oldu, haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haber veren Griesel, o\u011flu Camille taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

              98) \u0130talyan k\u00f6kenli Philippe Buonarroti Devrimi duyar duymaz Paris\u2019e ko\u015fanlardand\u0131. Robespierre\u2019in yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Konvansiyon kendisine Frans\u0131z yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131. Vend\u00f4me davas\u0131nda mahkum oldu. 1807\u2019ye kadar hapiste kald\u0131. Sonradan Devrim ve Babeuf konusunda kitaplar yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

              99) \u201cKom\u00fcn Dersleri (1)\u201d, 23 Mart 1908.<\/p>\n

              100) Lex, An den St\u00e4tten der Franz\u00f6sischen Revolution<\/em>, s.240.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              GELECEK SAYI<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Burjuvazinin kar\u015f\u0131devrimi: \u201cReformasyon\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              SE\u00c7\u0130LM\u0130\u015e KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n

              – Erdo\u011fan Alkan, 1789 \/ Devrim \u015eark\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1997.<\/p>\n

              – Hannah Arendt, Totalitarizmin Kaynaklar\u0131 – 2 \/ Emperyalizm<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1996.<\/p>\n

              – Ernest von Aster, Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin Siyasi ve Sosyal Fikirleri<\/em>, Phoenix, Ankara 2004.<\/p>\n

              – A. Aulard, Fransa \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131n\u0131n Siyasi Tarihi \u2013 Demokrasinin ve Cumhuriyetin Kaynaklar\u0131 ve Geli\u015fmesi \/ 1789-1804<\/em>, 3 cilt, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1987.<\/p>\n

              – Gracchus Babeuf, Devrim Yaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>, Cumhuriyet, \u0130stanbul 2001.<\/p>\n

              – Jean-Paul Bertaud, Alltagsleben W\u00e4hrend der Franz\u00f6sischen Revolution<\/em>, Verlag Ploetz, Freiburg-W\u00fcrzburg 1989.<\/p>\n

              – Bilim ve \u00dctopya<\/em>, Kapak: Robespierre, Say\u0131 110, A\u011fustos 2003, s.16-50.<\/p>\n

              – Bilim ve \u00dctopya<\/em>, Kapak: Babeuf ve E\u015fitler Hareketi, Say\u0131 124, Ekim 2004, s.8-32.<\/p>\n

              – Heiner Boehnke \/ Harro Zimmermann (Hg.), Reiseziel Revolution \/ Berichte deutscher Reisender aus Paris \/ 1789-1805<\/em>, Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, Hamburg 1988.<\/p>\n

              – Georg B\u00fcchner, \u201cDanton\u2019un \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d, B\u00fct\u00fcn Yap\u0131tlar\u0131<\/em>, Adam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2001, s.43-118.<\/p>\n

              – Norman Davies, Avrupa Tarihi<\/em>, \u0130mge Kitabevi, Ankara 2006.<\/p>\n

              – G\u00fcnther Fetzer (Hg.), Geschichten der Franz\u00f6sischen Revolution<\/em>, Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, M\u00fcnchen 1989.<\/p>\n

              – Otto Flake, Die Franz\u00f6sische Revolution \/ 1789-1799<\/em>, Manesse Verlag, Z\u00fcrich.<\/p>\n

              – Fran\u00e7ois Furet, Frans\u0131z Devrimini Yorumlamak<\/em>, Alan Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 1989.<\/p>\n

              – Fran\u00e7ois Furet \/ Denis Richet, Die Franz\u00f6sische Revolution<\/em>, Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1968.<\/p>\n

              – Pierre Gaxotte, Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali Tarihi<\/em>, Varl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1969.<\/p>\n

              – A. Goodwin, Die Franz\u00f6sische Revolution<\/em>, Fischer B\u00fccherei, Frankfurt am Main 1964.<\/p>\n

              – Vedat G\u00fcnyol (haz.), Devrim Yaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1989.<\/p>\n

              – Wolfgang von Hippel (Hrsg.), Freiheit Gleichheit Br\u00fcderlichkeit? \/ Die Franz\u00f6sische Revolution im deutschen Urteil<\/em>, dtv, M\u00fcnchen 1989.<\/p>\n

              – Eric Hobsbawm, Devrim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 \/ 1789-1848<\/em>, Dost Kitabevi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2005.<\/p>\n

              – Hilde H\u00f6llerer-M\u00e4rz, \u201cGoethe und die Franz\u00f6sische Revolution\u201d, Goethe I<\/em>, Andreas&Andreas, Salzburg 1980, s. 186-195.<\/p>\n

              – Axel Kuhn, Die Franz\u00f6sische Revolution<\/em>, Reclam, Stuttgart 1999.<\/p>\n

              – Stephen J. Lee, Avrupa Tarihinden Kesitler \/ 1789-1980<\/em>, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara 2004.<\/p>\n

              – Hans-Eberhard Lex, An den St\u00e4tten der Franz\u00f6sischen Revolution<\/em>, Knaur, M\u00fcnchen 1989.<\/p>\n

              – W.H. McNeill, D\u00fcnya Tarihi<\/em>, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1985.<\/p>\n

              – Colin Mooers, Burjuva Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Kurulu\u015fu<\/em>, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara 2000.<\/p>\n

              – David Parker (der.), Bat\u0131\u2019da Devrimler ve Devrimci Gelenek \/ 1560-1991<\/em>, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara 2000.<\/p>\n

              – Alfred Rufer, Pestalozzi \/ Frans\u0131z Devrimi ve Helvetik<\/em>, Cem yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 1990.<\/p>\n

              – Albert Soboul, 1789 \/ Frans\u0131z \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 Tarihi<\/em>, Cem Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 1969.<\/p>\n

              – Server Tanilli, D\u00fcnyay\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftiren On Y\u0131l \/ Frans\u0131z Devrimi \u00dcst\u00fcne (1789-1799)<\/em>, Say Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 1989.<\/p>\n

              – Server Tanilli, Frans\u0131z Devriminden Portreler<\/em>, Say Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 1989.<\/p>\n

              – Server Tanilli, Voltaire ve Ayd\u0131nlanma<\/em>, CemYay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 1994.<\/p>\n

              – Teori<\/em>, Kapak: Jakobenizm, Say\u0131 153, Ekim 2002, s.3-47.<\/p>\n

              – Alexis de Tocqueville, Eski Rejim ve Devrim<\/em>, \u0130mge Kitabevi, Ankara 2004.<\/p>\n

              – Marcel Willard, \u201cBabeuf\u201d, Sosyalist Savunmalar<\/em>, Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n, \u0130stanbul 1967.<\/p>\n

              – Stefan Zweig, Joseph Fouch\u00e9 \/ Bir Politikac\u0131n\u0131n Portresi<\/em>, Can Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2009.<\/p>\n

              – Stefan Zweig, Marie Antoinette \/ Vasat Bir Karakterin Portresi<\/em>, Can Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2010.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Yeni meclis, ulusal bir meclis, Konvansiyon Meclisi kuruldu ve Yasama Meclisinin yerini ald\u0131. Yeni meclisin se\u00e7iminde kralc\u0131lar haliyle elendiler. 25 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Cumhuriyet ilan edildi. Kas\u0131m\u2019da kral\u0131n gizli demir dolab\u0131 bulundu ve a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131, i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kanlar -da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan r\u00fc\u015fvetlerin, sat\u0131n al\u0131nanlar\u0131n, provokasyon planlar\u0131n\u0131n belgeleri, Avusturya\u2019yla yap\u0131lan yaz\u0131\u015fmalar ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u015fey- kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Aral\u0131k\u2019ta kraliyet ailesi yarg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":376,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[126,28,222,29],"tags":[804,805,410,230,600],"class_list":["post-11370","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-89-sayi","category-sosyal-bilimler","category-tarih","category-toplum","tag-burjuvazi","tag-devrimci-dusunce","tag-fransiz-devrimi","tag-insanlik-tarihi","tag-kilise"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t