{"id":11497,"date":"2013-10-01T23:32:24","date_gmt":"2013-10-01T20:32:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=11497"},"modified":"2017-06-06T23:44:40","modified_gmt":"2017-06-06T20:44:40","slug":"atif-yapmama-sanati","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2013\/10\/01\/atif-yapmama-sanati","title":{"rendered":"At\u0131f yapma(ma) sanat\u0131!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilim literat\u00fcr\u00fc, k\u00f6t\u00fc at\u0131f \u00f6rnekleriyle doludur. Hatta do\u011fru at\u0131f yapmama<\/strong> sanat\u0131ndan da s\u00f6z edebiliriz. Bu sanat\u0131 icra ederken \u00f6rne\u011fin rakip bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubunun yay\u0131nlar\u0131na at\u0131f say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 asgari d\u00fczeyde tutar, kendi yay\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kaynak g\u00f6stermek yoluyla ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlar\u0131na at\u0131f yapmaktan kurtulur, \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme esnas\u0131nda ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fikirleri o ki\u015fileri zikretme ihtiyac\u0131 duymaks\u0131z\u0131n kullan\u0131r\u0131z. En \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6rneklerden biri Rosalind Franklin\u2019in DNA yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffindeki katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n has\u0131r alt\u0131 edilmesidir. <\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
Rosalind Franklin\u2019in 51 nolu X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 DNA foto\u011fraf\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

D\u00fczg\u00fcn at\u0131f yapmak, bilimsel makale yazma sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. At\u0131flar, literat\u00fcre mal olmu\u015f kaynaklardan tam hangi malzemenin al\u0131narak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 eksiksiz ve net bir \u015fekilde ortaya koyar. Biliminsanlar\u0131 \u015funu iyi bilirler ki kaynak g\u00f6sterme konusunda i\u015flenen herhangi bir hata, kariyerleri i\u00e7in bir ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, bazen bir kara leke, hatta kimi zaman bir \u2018\u00f6l\u00fcm ferman\u0131\u2019 niteli\u011finde olabilir. Fikr\u00ee m\u00fclkiyet ve entelekt\u00fcel \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn adeta kutsal say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu camiada, biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n kaynak g\u00f6stermede hataya d\u00fc\u015fmelerini \u00f6nleyen ve bir bildiri, makale ya da kitap yazd\u0131klar\u0131nda kendilerini k\u00f6t\u00fc at\u0131f yapma yoluna d\u00fc\u015fmekten koruyan bir At\u0131f Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funa inanmam\u0131z gerekir. Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki do\u011fru ve namuslu at\u0131f yapma gelene\u011fi ve ideali, \u00f6nceden yay\u0131mlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n hakk\u0131n\u0131 vermek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu kadar, her ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131ya, zaman i\u00e7erisinde yap\u0131lacak olan at\u0131flar\u0131n da kendi katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131t alt\u0131na alaca\u011f\u0131na dair g\u00fcvence vermektedir.<\/p>\n

Ancak her be\u015feri faaliyetin m\u00fckemmeliyetten uzak oldu\u011funu biliyoruz: Onu yakalamak, sanatta oldu\u011fu kadar bilimsel alanda da pek az insana mal olmu\u015ftur – Mozart\u2019\u0131n kusursuzlu\u011fa eri\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 hayranl\u0131k ve deh\u015fetle g\u00f6zlemleyen Salieri\u2019nin Amadeus<\/em> filmindeki \u201cVasatl\u0131k diz boyu ve her yerde\u201d diye hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 belleklerimizde. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla at\u0131f yapma sanat\u0131nda da benzer bir tespit s\u00f6z konusudur: Bilim literat\u00fcr\u00fc, k\u00f6t\u00fc at\u0131f \u00f6rnekleriyle doludur. Hatta e\u011fer tersinden bakacak olursak, do\u011fru at\u0131f yapmama<\/strong> sanat\u0131ndan da s\u00f6z edebiliriz. Bu sanat\u0131 icra ederken \u00f6rne\u011fin rakip bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubunun yay\u0131nlar\u0131na at\u0131f say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 asgari d\u00fczeyde tutar, kendi yay\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kaynak g\u00f6stermek yoluyla ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlar\u0131na at\u0131f yapmaktan kurtulur, \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme esnas\u0131nda ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fikirleri o ki\u015fileri zikretme ihtiyac\u0131 duymaks\u0131z\u0131n makalemizin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 yapar\u0131z. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u201csehven ya da kasten yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f at\u0131flar\u201d ile doludur bilimsel yay\u0131nlar literat\u00fcr\u00fc. Me\u015fhur \u00f6rnekler de mevcuttur do\u011fal olarak.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

DNA yar\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

James Watson ile Francis Crick\u2019in \u00e7ift sarmall\u0131 bir omurga etraf\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f DNA molek\u00fcl\u00fc modellerini a\u00e7\u0131klayan devrim niteli\u011findeki 1953 y\u0131l\u0131 makaleleri adeta nefes kesen bir yar\u0131\u015fma sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O s\u0131ralar DNA yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmekle u\u011fra\u015fan esasen \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 grup vard\u0131: Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi Cavendish Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019ndaki Watson ile Crick\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Londra King\u2019s College Biyofizik \u00dcnitesi\u2019ndeki kristalografi uzmanlar\u0131 Rosalind Franklin ile Maurice Wilkins ve Caltech\u2019te (California Institute of Technology) kimyac\u0131 Linus Pauling. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 grubun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 at ba\u015f\u0131 gidiyordu.<\/p>\n

Pauling (1954 ve 1962 y\u0131llar\u0131nda iki Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc alarak tarihe tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7ift Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcne sahip olan tek ki\u015fi olarak ge\u00e7ecekti), DNA\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 sarmall\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahip oldu\u011funu tahmin ediyordu. Bu varsay\u0131m\u0131n hatal\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilen ve \u00fcst\u00fcn zekal\u0131 Pauling\u2019in en fazla be\u015f-alt\u0131 hafta i\u00e7erisinde hatas\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fcp do\u011fru cevaba ula\u015fabilece\u011finden endi\u015fe eden Watson ve Crick kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 var g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. D\u00f6rt hafta s\u00fcren yo\u011fun bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemi sonunda, DNA\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabilecekler ve Nature<\/em> dergisinin 25 Nisan 1953 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan \u201cA Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makaleleri bilim tarihinde yerini alacakt\u0131 (a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz \u00fczere, 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda Maurice Wilkins ile birlikte bulu\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u0131p Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcleceklerdi). Pauling, modelini organik bazlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya do\u011fru bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 sarmall\u0131 bir yap\u0131 etraf\u0131nda tan\u0131mlarken, Watson-Crick modelinde \u00e7ift sarmall\u0131 bir yap\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuydu. Basitle\u015ftirecek olursak DNA, kendi \u00fczerinde burkulmu\u015f uzun bir dayama merdiven gibiydi: Merdivenin sa\u011f ve sol kiri\u015fleri birlikte burkulunca, birbirini sarmalayan iki sarmal ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Kiri\u015fler aras\u0131nda monte edilmi\u015f \u2018basamaklar\u2019 iki sarmal\u0131 birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131yordu. Biyokimyan\u0131n diliyle s\u00f6ylersek, \u2018kiri\u015f\u2019leri olu\u015fturan molek\u00fcller \u015feker-fosfat molek\u00fclleri ve basamaklar\u0131 olu\u015fturan molk\u00fcller ise baz \u00e7iftleriydi: Her \u00e7ifti olu\u015fturan bazlardan biri \u2018sa\u011f\u2019 kiri\u015fe di\u011feriyse \u2018sol\u2019 kiri\u015fe aitti. Bu modelde, Adenin (A), Timin (T), Sitozin (S) ve Guanin (G) ad\u0131nda d\u00f6rt t\u00fcr organik baz vard\u0131r. A baz\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n T baz\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131na, ve S baz\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n G baz\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131na her zaman \u00e7ok yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu bilindi\u011fi i\u00e7in, Watson ve Crick, bu bazlar\u0131n, sadece A-T veya S-G \u015feklinde birbirlerine ba\u011flanabilece\u011fi sonucuna varm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Yani \u00f6zetle, kendi \u00fczerine burkulmu\u015f merdivensi yap\u0131daki basamaklar, birbirine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f A-T veya S-G bazlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyordu. Yap\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00e7ift sarmaldan olu\u015ftu\u011fu ayr\u0131ca baz \u00e7iftlerinin bu \u00e7ift sarmal\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, DNA\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmak yolunda kilit varsay\u0131mlard\u0131. Peki, Watson ve Crick DNA yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u015fifre ederken ne gibi ipu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan faydalanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 verebilmek i\u00e7in, biraz \u00f6nce ismi ge\u00e7en bir di\u011fer karaktere d\u00f6nmemiz l\u00e2z\u0131m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Rosalind Franklin<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Rosalind Franklin, 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda zengin bir Yahudi ailesinin ikinci \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak Londra\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015fti. Orta ve lise e\u011fitimini parlak bir \u00f6\u011frenci olarak tamamlayan Franklin, sonras\u0131nda Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde kimya okumu\u015f ve akabinde bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine bir devlet ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurulu\u015funda k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr g\u00f6zeneklili\u011fi (porozitesi) konusunda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 doktora tezi i\u00e7in bir temel olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. 1947 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, baz\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131k biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve deste\u011fiyle Paris\u2019teki Devlet Merkezi Kimya Hizmetleri Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 kadrosuna kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere bir i\u015f teklifi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00f6rt y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irece\u011fi bu laboratuvarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Jacques Mering, Franklin\u2019in mesleki kariyerini derinden etkileyecekti.<\/p>\n

Bir X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kristalografisti olan Mering, maddenin atom veya molek\u00fcl dizilimlerini \u00fc\u00e7\u00a0 boyutlu olarak incelemeye y\u00f6nelik X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 difraksiyon tekni\u011fini sadece d\u00fczenli bir i\u00e7 yap\u0131 g\u00f6steren kat\u0131lara de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201camorf\u201d yani \u015fekilsiz maddelere de uyguluyordu. Franklin, Mering\u2019den adeta \u2018el ald\u0131\u2019 ve Paris\u2019te ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde farkl\u0131 materyallerin yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ileri derecede uzmanl\u0131k kazand\u0131. O s\u0131ralar X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kristalografi tekniklerini biyolojik maddeye de uygulamak biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Londra\u2019daki King\u2019s College, bu konuda ba\u015fta gelen ara\u015ft\u0131rma laboratuvarlar\u0131ndan biriydi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kariyerini bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirmek isteyen Franklin i\u00e7in Londra King\u2019s College\u2019e girmek olduk\u00e7a \u00e7ekiciydi. Nitekim bu kariyer hamlesi fazla zor olmad\u0131, Paris\u2019teki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve bu arada yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok makale sayesinde King\u2019s College\u2019in kap\u0131lar\u0131 Franklin\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1951 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda King\u2019s College\u2019de Biyofizik Birimi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayan Franklin, birimin m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc John Randall\u2019\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine DNA molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 teknikleri kullanarak incelemeye koyuldu. Ayn\u0131 birimde bu konuda bir s\u00fcredir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan kristalografi uzman\u0131 Maurice Wilkins ve onun doktora \u00f6\u011frencisi Raymond Gosling de vard\u0131. Ama ne var ki Franklin\u2019in i\u015f ili\u015fkileri ilk ba\u015flardan sarpa sard\u0131. Bu durumun Randall\u2019\u0131n, DNA difraksiyon ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Franklin\u2019in ge\u00e7ece\u011fine ve bundan b\u00f6yle Gosling\u2019in tez \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da Franklin\u2019in \u00fcstlenece\u011fine dair karar\u0131n\u0131 Wilkins\u2019e tam net bir \u015fekilde tebli\u011f etmedi\u011finden kaynaklanabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Frankl\u0131n\u2019in i\u015fe ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde tatilde olan Wilkins i\u015fine tekrar d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Gosling\u2019i Franklin ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r buldu. Bu andan itibaren, Franklin ile Wilkins aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131 aral\u0131ks\u0131z s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Rosalind Franklin laboratuvarda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Franklin ile Gosling bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri sayesinde DNA\u2019n\u0131n iki farkl\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kararak\u00a0 \u00f6nemli bir bulu\u015f yapt\u0131lar: DNA ipli\u011fi \u00e7ok nemli ortamda uzun ve ince (DNA\u2019n\u0131n A \u015fekli), kuru olunca ise k\u0131sa ve kal\u0131n (DNA\u2019n\u0131n B \u015fekli) bir yap\u0131 sergiliyordu. Franklin ile Wilkins aras\u0131ndaki gerginli\u011fin devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6zlemleyen Randall, iki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma konular\u0131n\u0131 bir nebze ay\u0131rman\u0131n daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc: B\u00f6ylece Franklin\u2019i A-\u015fekli, Wilkins\u2019i de B-\u015fekli DNA \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya y\u00f6neltti. Ocak 1953\u2019e gelindi\u011finde, Franklin hem A-DNA\u2019n\u0131n hem de B-DNA\u2019n\u0131n bir \u00e7ift sarmal \u015feklinde oldu\u011funa ikna olmu\u015ftu. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u00f6zetleyen A-DNA yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki makaleyi Acta Crystallographica<\/em> dergisine yollad\u0131. Makaleler 6 Mart 1953 tarihinde, yani Crick ile Watson\u2019un DNA modelini son \u015fekliyle ortaya koymalar\u0131ndan tam bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, derginin edit\u00f6r\u00fcne ula\u015ft\u0131. Franklin, Crick ile Watson\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndaki son geli\u015fmelerden habersizdi. Peki, Crick ile Watson da m\u0131 Franklin\u2019in ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lardan habersizdi?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Franklin\u2019in has\u0131r alt\u0131 edilen katk\u0131lar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

30 Ocak 1953 g\u00fcn\u00fcne geri d\u00f6nelim. King\u2019s College\u2019deki meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 tela\u015f i\u00e7erisinde ziyaret etmeye gelen James Watson\u2019un yan\u0131nda Linus Pauling\u2019in yeni makalesinin bir \u00f6nbask\u0131s\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu makalede Pauling ve Corey, Watson ve Crick\u2019in hatal\u0131 ilk modeline benzer bir model \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmekteler: \u00d6nerdikleri \u00fc\u00e7 sarmall\u0131 DNA modelinin yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu bilen Watson, King\u2019s College\u2019deki meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bu son geli\u015fmeye dikkatini \u00e7ekip birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecekleri mesaj\u0131n\u0131 vermek istemektedir. Franklin\u2019den bekledi\u011fi deste\u011fi alamayan Watson buna kar\u015f\u0131n dostu Wilkins\u2019in ilgisini \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r. Konu\u015fmalar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda Watson\u2019a yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak isteyen Wilkins, bir ara bir foto\u011fraf te\u015fhir eder: Franklin\u2019in X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131yla \u00e7ekmi\u015f oldu\u011fu 51 nolu B-DNA foto\u011fraf\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc inceleyen Watson heyecanlanmaya ba\u015flar. \u201cResmi g\u00f6r\u00fcr g\u00f6rmez a\u011fz\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131k kald\u0131 ve nabz\u0131m deli gibi atmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u201d diyecekti o an\u0131 daha sonra hat\u0131rlarken. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcdeki ha\u00e7 \u015feklindeki \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler DNA yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00e7ift sarmal \u015feklinde oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyordu. Ancak Wilkins, 51 nolu foto\u011fraf\u0131 Watson\u2019a Franklin\u2019den izinsiz g\u00f6stermi\u015fti (foto\u011fraf, 100 saatlik bir pozland\u0131rma sonucu k\u0131smen Franklin\u2019in kendisinin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir cihaz kullan\u0131larak elde edilmi\u015fti). Bu foto\u011fraf\u0131n kendisinde bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni de \u015fuydu: Franklin o s\u0131ralar King\u2019s College\u2019i terk etmek \u00fczereydi ve Biyofizik Birimi\u2019nin m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc John Randall, King\u2019s College\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve burada elde edilen t\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n King\u2019s College\u2019de kalmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Franklin elindeki foto\u011fraflar\u0131 Wilkins\u2019e teslim etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

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Watson ve Crick (Wilkins ile birlikte) 1962 y\u0131l\u0131 Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131lar. Franklin\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7 edilmi\u015fti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u015eubat ay\u0131 boyunca B-DNA \u00fczerine odaklanan Watson ve Crick, metal teller ile Franklin\u2019in yol g\u00f6sterici X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinden faydalanarak \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu bir DNA modeli olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Watson, \u201ckiri\u015flerin\u201d d\u0131\u015far\u0131da kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bazlar\u0131n i\u00e7eriye bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir modele odaklan\u0131r. Dahiyane bir g\u00fcd\u00fcyle, bazlar\u0131n birbirleriyle sadece belli bir \u015fekilde ba\u011flanabilece\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131r: A baz\u0131 T baz\u0131yla ve S baz\u0131 G baz\u0131yla e\u015fle\u015febilirdi ancak. Crick ile Watson 25 Nisan\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan makaleleriyle bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya duyurur ancak bu sonuca varmalar\u0131nda o denli \u00f6nemli rol oynayan Franklin\u2019in X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 foto\u011fraflar\u0131na dair, makalelerinin sonunda \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 bir ima d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir at\u0131fta bulunmazlar. \u015e\u00f6yle derler: Londra King\u2019s College\u2019deki Dr. M. H. F. Wilkins, Dr. R. E. Franklin ve birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve fikirlerinden genel hatlar\u0131yla haberdar olmak da bizler i\u00e7in \u00f6zendirici oldu (We have also been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental results and ideas of Dr. M. H. F. Wilkins, Dr. R. E. Franklin and their co-workers at King\u2019s College, London.)<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda Rosalind Franklin\u2019in DNA yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Watson ve Crick taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedili\u015fine katk\u0131s\u0131 sadece bir foto\u011fraftan ibaret de\u011fildi. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u015eubat ay\u0131nda Francis Crick\u2019in tez dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Max Perutz\u2019un, Aral\u0131k 1952\u2019de yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Franklin\u2019in kristalografik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetleyen ve if\u015fa edilmemesi gereken bir raporu Crick ile Watson\u2019a g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bilinmektedir (Bu hareketinden dolay\u0131 Perutz y\u0131llar sonra \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyecekti). Ayr\u0131ca Watson, Franklin\u2019in Kas\u0131m 1951\u2019de verdi\u011fi ve A-DNA ile B-DNA olarak DNA\u2019n\u0131n iki farkl\u0131 \u015feklini ve DNA molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131na ili\u015fkin veri ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini -\u00f6zellikle fosfat gruplar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda (\u2018kiri\u015flerde\u2019) yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisini- a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir seminerde \u015fahsen bulunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

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Franklin Nisan 1958\u2019de 37 ya\u015f\u0131nda kansere yenik d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Watson ve Crick\u2019in makalelerinde kaynak g\u00f6sterme konusunda sergiledikleri tutum etik miydi? \u015eayet Franklin\u2019in 51 nolu foto\u011fraf\u0131 ve di\u011fer sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla y\u00f6nlendirilmeseydiler DNA\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fru modeline bu kadar k\u0131sa bir zamanda ula\u015fabilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir miydi? Franklin\u2019in foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n yoklu\u011funda, Linus Pauling do\u011fru modele onlardan \u00f6nce ula\u015fabilir miydi? Cambridge ve King\u2019s College\u2019deki laboratuvar m\u00fcd\u00fcrleri aras\u0131ndaki bir anla\u015fma sonucu, Watson-Crick makalesinin yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nature<\/em> dergisinin 25 Nisan 1953 say\u0131s\u0131nda, Franklin ve Wilkins\u2019in yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dergide 2. ile 3. s\u0131rada yer alan birer makale de yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama ne var ki Watson-Crick makalesi X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 foto\u011fraflar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bu iki makaleye de at\u0131f yapm\u0131yordu. Aksine Franklin kendi makalesinin ilk versiyonuna daha sonradan bir not d\u00fc\u015ferek -Watson ile Crick\u2019in kendi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdar de\u011fildi- \u201cDolay\u0131s\u0131yla fikirlerimiz genel hatlar\u0131yla bir \u00f6nceki makalede Watson ile Crick taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen model ile tutars\u0131z de\u011fildir\u201d demi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130ki \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc olay<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu vakan\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu etik sorular hakk\u0131nda bilim tarih\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok yaz\u0131ld\u0131 \u00e7izildi, bu konuya burada girmeyece\u011fiz. Ancak iki \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc olaya de\u011finmeden bitirmeyelim.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz gibi, o t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 \u015eubat\u201953 ay\u0131nda Franklin King\u2019s College\u2019den ayr\u0131lmak \u00fczereydi. Mart ay\u0131nda King\u2019s College\u2019e veda etti ve kariyerini Londra\u2019daki Birkbeck College\u2019de ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Burada, Randall ile anla\u015fmalar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca DNA \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan feragat edip t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn mozaik vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve RNA\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 incelemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak 1956 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Franklin\u2019in sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ba\u015f g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Kanserle m\u00fccadelesi daha iki y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve Nisan 1958\u2019de hastal\u0131\u011fa yenik d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00d6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 37 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Birkbeck College\u2019de ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok say\u0131da bilimsel makale yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f ve y\u00f6netti\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubu yap\u0131sal viroloji bran\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temelini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1962 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n T\u0131p Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, Francis Crick, James Watson ve Maurice Wilkins\u2019e \u201cn\u00fckleit asitlerin molek\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi ve bunun canl\u0131 materyalde bilgi transferindeki \u00f6nemi i\u00e7in\u201d verildi. Nobel \u00f6d\u00fclleri sadece hayatta olan ki\u015filere verildi\u011finden, \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazananlar aras\u0131nda d\u00f6rt y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f olan Franklin do\u011fal olarak yer alamazd\u0131. Ama \u00f6lmemi\u015f olsayd\u0131 e\u011fer, Wilkins\u2019in yerini Franklin mi alm\u0131\u015f olurdu sorusunu sormadan edemeyiz… Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar bekletilmesinin nedenleri aras\u0131nda, Crick-Watson modelinin ger\u00e7ek ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi konusunun bilim camias\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre daha tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hatta her zaman deneysel kan\u0131t\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inanan Franklin\u2019in bile, Crick ile Watson\u2019un modelinin spesifik molek\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u201c\u00c7ok g\u00fczel fakat onu nas\u0131l kan\u0131tlayacaklar acaba?\u201d sorusunu sordu\u011fu rivayet edilir. Wilkins\u2019in ad\u0131n\u0131n Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcnde yer almas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni ise, Crick-Watson modelinin deneysel d\u00fczeyde kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131ndaki katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan ve DNA difraksiyonu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00f6n ayak olmu\u015f olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk ba\u015flarda s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik: Bilimsel bir yay\u0131nda d\u00fczg\u00fcn at\u0131f yapmamak da bir sanatt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilim literat\u00fcr\u00fc, k\u00f6t\u00fc at\u0131f \u00f6rnekleriyle doludur. Hatta do\u011fru at\u0131f yapmama sanat\u0131ndan da s\u00f6z edebiliriz. Bu sanat\u0131 icra ederken \u00f6rne\u011fin rakip bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubunun yay\u0131nlar\u0131na at\u0131f say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 asgari d\u00fczeyde tutar, kendi yay\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kaynak g\u00f6stermek yoluyla ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlar\u0131na at\u0131f yapmaktan kurtulur, \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme esnas\u0131nda ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fikirleri o ki\u015fileri zikretme ihtiyac\u0131 duymaks\u0131z\u0131n kullan\u0131r\u0131z. En \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6rneklerden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":508,"featured_media":11502,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[153,38,669,1],"tags":[610,813,814],"class_list":["post-11497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-116-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-etik","category-genel","tag-akademi","tag-atif","tag-rosalind-franklin"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/508"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11497"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11497\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11502"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}