\u00c7orakyerler Omurgal\u0131 Fosil Yata\u011f\u0131, \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 ilinin Yaprakl\u0131 yolu \u00fczerinde, \u015fehir merkezinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 4-5 km uzakl\u0131kta, Fatih Mahallesi\u2019nde yer almaktad\u0131r. (Buras\u0131, MTA Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 ile Alman Linyit Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekibinin birlikte 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar esnas\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f olup, o d\u00f6nemde buradan ele ge\u00e7en fosillerin ak\u0131beti konusunda herhangi bir bilgimiz olmamakla birlikte Almanya\u2019da bir m\u00fczede oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin duyumlar al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r). \u00c7orakyerler fosil lokalitesindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 M\u00fczesi M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Dr. Ayla Sevim\u2019in bilimsel dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurtarma kaz\u0131s\u0131 niteli\u011finde ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1997-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda buran\u0131n zengin bir fosil yata\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funun anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n izni, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve M\u00fczeler Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn deste\u011fiyle \u00c7orakyerler, Bakanlar Kurulu kararl\u0131 bir kaz\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek Prof. Dr. Ayla Sevim Erol\u2019un ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki ekiplerle birlikte bug\u00fcne kadar kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapmam\u0131zdaki temel amac\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6ncelikle yok olmak \u00fczere olan bir fosil yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumaya almak ve kurtarmak, daha sonra buradaki fosil buluntulardan fauna \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, morfolojik de\u011fi\u015fim ve yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00c7orakyerler Fosil Yata\u011f\u0131 buluntular\u0131 tarihlendirmeye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere 8-7 milyon y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 d\u00f6neme denk gelmektedir, bu da Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6neme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7orakyerler\u2019in yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131-\u00c7orum havzas\u0131, Tetis denizinin \u00e7ekilmesiyle olu\u015fmu\u015f ve 16 milyon y\u0131ldan itibaren karasal omurgal\u0131lar bu havzada ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ormanla kapl\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinen bu havzada, Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6nemle birlikte kurak\/yar\u0131 kurak bir iklim ile savana tipi bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc h\u00e2kim olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde havzada bir i\u00e7 deniz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde olan Mesiniyen denizinin kurumas\u0131yla birlikte ba\u015flayan kurakl\u0131k krizi b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131 da etkilemi\u015f ve bu d\u00f6nem ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda b\u00f6lgedeki canl\u0131lar kendilerine daha uygun ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum, do\u011fuya do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e o d\u00f6nemlerde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan canl\u0131lara ait ele ge\u00e7en fosil buluntulardan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7orakyerler mevkiinin jeolojik, stratigrafik ve paleoco\u011frafik yap\u0131s\u0131 da bu bilgileri destekler niteliktedir.<\/p>\n \u00c7orakyerler mevkiinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6nem sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru (yakla\u015f\u0131k alt\u0131 milyon y\u0131l) ba\u015flayan kurakla\u015fmadan dolay\u0131 y\u00f6rede ya\u015fayan fauna toplulu\u011funun olduk\u00e7a zor bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ge\u00e7irmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ve bug\u00fcn kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan fosillerin ait oldu\u011fu canl\u0131lar\u0131n da o d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olan bir tak\u0131m do\u011fa olaylar\u0131 sonucunda ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6nemle birlikte en eskisi sekiz milyon y\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak yedi milyon y\u0131la kadar uzanan bir s\u00fcreci kapsayan d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan \u00c7orakyerler fauna grubu, bu d\u00f6nemin canl\u0131 toplulu\u011funu temsil etmektedir. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan kitle halinde \u00f6ld\u00fckleri anla\u015f\u0131lan bu faunaya ait fosil buluntular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu bebek ve gen\u00e7 bireylerin olu\u015fturmas\u0131 ve baz\u0131 kemiklerdeki et yiyicilere ait di\u015f izleri, bunlar\u0131n et\u00e7il hayvanlar\u0131n beslenme alan\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015f olabilece\u011fini de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. Z\u00fcrafagillerden gergedangillere, et yiyicilerden kuyruksuz b\u00fcy\u00fck maymun benzeri hominoidlere kadar \u015fimdiye kadar \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri temsil eden fauna toplulu\u011funa ya\u015fam alan\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015f olan \u00c7orakyerler, d\u00fcnyada e\u015fine az rastlanan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir lokalite halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 ve \u00e7evresinde nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f, ancak Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6nemde \u00c7orakyerler\u2019de ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan hayvanlar\u0131n fosilleri burada yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lardan bol miktarda ele ge\u00e7mektedir. Bu fauna toplulu\u011fu bize Anadolu\u2019daki canl\u0131 hareketlili\u011fi\/g\u00f6\u00e7ler hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli kan\u0131tlar sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7orakyerler kaz\u0131s\u0131ndan her y\u0131l yeni t\u00fcrlere ait son derece \u00f6nemli buluntular ele ge\u00e7mektedir. Yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda elde edilen yeni t\u00fcrlere ait bulgularla daha da \u00f6nem kazanan \u00c7orakyerler, 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ele ge\u00e7en bulgulara g\u00f6re 9-10 milyon y\u0131l eskiye tarihlendirilirken (Sickenberg, 1975; Lunkka ve di\u011f., 1999), bizim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla; farkl\u0131 zamanlarda yap\u0131lan faunal kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma ve magnetostrati\u011frafik tarihlendirmeye g\u00f6re MN11-12 zonlar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yakla\u015f\u0131k sekiz milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden ba\u015flayarak yedi milyon y\u0131la kadar olan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan faunaya ili\u015fkin fosiller buradan ele ge\u00e7mektedir. (Kaymak\u00e7\u0131 ve di\u011f., 2004; \u00dcnay ve di\u011f., 2006; Sevim ve di\u011f.,2001)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00c7orakyerler fosil buluntular\u0131 hangi t\u00fcrleri temsil etmektedir? <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7orakyerler lokalitesindeki fosil buluntular\u0131n\u0131 en \u00e7ok bulunanlardan en az bulunanlara do\u011fru s\u0131ralarsak \u015fu tablo ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Tek t\u0131rnakl\u0131lar, \u00e7ift t\u0131rnakl\u0131lar, hortumlular, kemiriciler, et\u00e7iller (y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131lar ve le\u015f yiyiciler), kaplumba\u011fagiller ve en \u00f6nemlisi kuyruksuz b\u00fcy\u00fck maymun benzeri hominoidler (Sevim ve Kiper, 2002; Sevim ve Pehlevan, 2004; Sevim ve di\u011f. 2006-2007; Sevim ve Yi\u011fit, 2008-2009). Bu gruplar aile da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde; gergedangiller, atlar\u0131n atalar\u0131na ait fosiller, \u00f6k\u00fczgiller, z\u00fcrafagiller, antilop t\u00fcr\u00fc canl\u0131lara ait fosiller ile domuzgillere ait fosiller olmak \u00fczere 3000\u2019nin \u00fczerinde fosil buluntu ele ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n Rhinocerotidae ailesi (gergedangiller)<\/strong>: \u00c7orakyerler\u2019de en fazla say\u0131da ele ge\u00e7en fosiller gergedangillere ait olanlard\u0131r. Bunlar Ceratotherium, Chilotherium, Aceratherium<\/em> olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 cinsle temsil edilmektedir. Bu cinslere ait fosil bulgulardan Ceratotherium neumayri<\/em>, Chilotherium kowalevskii <\/em>ve Acerorhinus sp. <\/em>t\u00fcrlerine ait fosillerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Pehlevan 2005). Ceratotherium<\/em>\u2019un T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ge\u00e7 Miyosen lokaliteleri i\u00e7inde en yo\u011fun buluntulardan biri oldu\u011fu ve Ge\u00e7 Miyosen boyunca ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn Turoliyen sonunda ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir (Pehlevan,2005). Rhnocerotidae ailesine ait fosiller, son be\u015f y\u0131l buluntular\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde en \u00e7ok say\u0131da ele ge\u00e7en fosillerdir.<\/p>\n Bovidae ailesi (koyun, ke\u00e7i ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n atalar\u0131, k\u0131saca \u00f6k\u00fczgiller<\/strong>: Boynuzlugiller olarak isimlendirilen Bovidaeler, \u00e7ift toynakl\u0131 gevi\u015f getiren bir ailedir ve bu aile i\u00e7erisinde 140 t\u00fcr\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, koyun, ke\u00e7i, manda, bizon, antilop ve ceylan vb, insanlar\u0131n uzun zamand\u0131r av ve ev hayvan\u0131 olarak faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcr say\u0131labilir. \u00c7orakyerler kaz\u0131s\u0131ndan son be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde ele ge\u00e7en buluntular de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, Bovidae ailesine ait fosil buluntular\u0131n yo\u011funluk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ikinci s\u0131rada yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7orakyerler Bovidae buluntular\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde, bu aileyi temsil eden en az dokuz farkl\u0131 t\u00fcre ait fosil bulgudan s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu t\u00fcrler i\u00e7erisinde; Tragoportax gaudryi<\/em>, cf Prostrepsiceros sp<\/em>, Paleoreas cf P. elegans<\/em>, Protoryx sp.<\/em>, Gazella sp.<\/em>, Oioceros rothi<\/em>, Oioceros sp.<\/em>, Plesiaddax sp.<\/em>, Criotherium sp. <\/em>Bovid gen. et. sp. indet <\/em>say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Equidae ailesi<\/strong>: \u00c7orakyerler atgilleri olarak tan\u0131mlanan Equidae ailesi: Hipparion sp. A<\/em>, Hipparion sp. B <\/em>ve Hipparion sp. C<\/em> olmak \u00fczeri en az \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcrle temsil edilmektedir. At\u0131n filogenetik evrim s\u00fcrecindeki ilk temsilcileri Hyracotherium\u2019dur. Bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6n aya\u011f\u0131nda d\u00f6rt, arka aya\u011f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 parmak ve \u00f6n ayakta bir, arka ayakta iki k\u00f6relmi\u015f parmak bulunmas\u0131, atlar\u0131n ilk temsilcilerinin be\u015f parmakl\u0131 bir atadan k\u00f6ken ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc atlardan farkl\u0131 olarak ormanl\u0131k alanda ve \u00e7evresinde ya\u015famalar\u0131 nedeniyle, di\u015flerinin ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u0131sa, k\u00f6k k\u0131sm\u0131 uzundur. Atlar iki ayr\u0131 evrimsel \u00e7izgi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Birincisi, daha sonra ortadan kalkan Hipparion, di\u011feri ise Pleistosen\u2019de bug\u00fcnk\u00fc atlar\u0131n cinsini meydana getiren Equus\u2019dur. Hipparion Avrupa ve Asya\u2019da Miyosen-Pliyosen s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n belirlemesinde tip fosil olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7orakyerler\u2019de de bulunan Hipparionlar Afrika\u2019da Pleyistosen d\u00f6neme kadar ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015flerdir. \u00c7orakyerler atlar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 t\u00fcrleri yine Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6neme tarihlendirilen Ankara-Kazan-Sinaptakilere benzerlik g\u00f6stermektedir (Koufos, 2000).<\/p>\n Giraffidae (Z\u00fcrafagiller) ailesi<\/strong>: Z\u00fcrafagiller olarak bilinen bu aile, al\u00e7ak ta\u00e7l\u0131 buru\u015fuk mineli yanak di\u015flerine sahip t\u00fcrlerdir. Bunlar basit yap\u0131l\u0131 deriyle \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc ossicone olarak de\u011ferlendirilen boynuzlara sahiptirler. Giraffidae ailesi, Anadolu Ge\u00e7 Miyoseninde paleotragus, samoterium, bohlinia ve giraffa cinsleriyle temsil edilmektedir. Olduk\u00e7a nadir ele ge\u00e7en \u00c7orakyerler\u2019deki z\u00fcrafagillere ait fosillerin Paleotragus cf P. <\/em>ve Samotherium<\/em>\u2019a ait fosiller oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Suidae (domuzgiller) ailesi<\/strong>: Domuzgillerin mensup oldu\u011fu aile olarak bilinen Suidae ailesi gevi\u015f getirmeyen ve bir \u00e7ift toyna\u011fa sahip canl\u0131lar olarak bilinmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n her ayaklar\u0131nda parmaklar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Toynakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc parmaklar di\u011ferlerinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan ikinci ve be\u015finci parmaklar daha y\u00fcksekte durur ve yere de\u011fmez. Giraffidae\u2019lerde oldu\u011fu gibi Suidaeler\u2019e ait fosiller de \u00c7orakyerler lokalitesinde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r ve buradaki Suidae ailesi Microstonyx major cf.<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fc ile temsil edilmektedir.<\/p>\n Proboscidea (hortumlular\/filgiller) tak\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>: Di\u015f, \u00e7ene ve baz\u0131 v\u00fccut par\u00e7alar\u0131 bulunan Proboscidea tak\u0131m\u0131na ait fosiller \u00c7orakyerler\u2019de Choerolophodon pentelici<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fcyle temsil edilmektedir. \u00c7orakyerler\u2019deki Proboscidea buluntular\u0131n\u0131n 2005 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar olanlar\u0131 \u015eahin taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek lisans tezi olarak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re Choerolophodon pentelici<\/em>\u2019nin ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcremi\u015f karakterler Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan\u2019da bulunan Choerolophodon\u2019larla paralellik g\u00f6stermekte ve \u00c7orakyerler proboscidleri homojen bir yap\u0131 sergilemektedirler (\u015eahin, 2005).<\/p>\n Carnivora (y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131lar ve le\u015f yiyiciler (et\u00e7iller) tak\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>: Bu alanda daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda hi\u00e7 s\u00f6z edilmeyen Carnivora tak\u0131m\u0131, 1997 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda s\u00fcrpriz bir bi\u00e7imde ele ge\u00e7en di\u015f, \u00e7ene ve kafa iskeletleri; mustelidae ve hyaenidae ve felidae ailelerini temsil eden t\u00fcrlerin bu \u00e7evrede ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk y\u0131llarda bu tak\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6rneklerine hi\u00e7 rastlanmazken, 2004 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra her y\u0131l olduk\u00e7a iyi \u00f6rnekler ele ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n Carnivora tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ailesi 56 t\u00fcr\u00fc olan ve sansargiller olarak bilinen Mustelidae<\/em> ailesidir. Bu ailenin \u00fcyeleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck omurgal\u0131lar, ku\u015flar, onlar\u0131n yumurtalar\u0131 ve omurgas\u0131zlarla beslenmektedirler. Gelincik olarak da isimlendirilen bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6rneklerine \u00c7orakyerler lokalitesinde rastlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en son ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ailesi ise s\u0131rtlan olarak bilinen Hyaenidae<\/em>\u2019dir. Bunlar\u0131n ilk \u00f6rneklerine Afrika ve Asya\u2019da rastlan\u0131rken, Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6nemle birlikte en fazla \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u00c7orakyerler\u2019de bu t\u00fcre ait fosil buluntular mevcuttur.<\/p>\n \u00c7orakyerler 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7en ve \u015fu anda \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 m\u00fczesinde sergilenen han\u00e7er benzeri k\u00f6pek di\u015flere sahip et yiyicinin kafatas\u0131, bulunan en iyi \u00f6rneklerden biridir. Testere bi\u00e7imindeki k\u00f6pek di\u015fleri, bu canl\u0131n\u0131n av\u0131n\u0131 yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Kedigillere d\u00e2hil edilen bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn ilk temsilcileri jeolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde en az iki kez evrimle\u015fmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zamanla iri ve a\u011f\u0131r hareket eden ot\u00e7ullar\u0131n yok olmas\u0131 ile h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket eden antilop benzeri ot\u00e7ullar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sonucu, a\u011f\u0131r hareket eden kama-di\u015fli kediler bu avlar\u0131 yakalamakta zorland\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in yok olarak, yerini Pantherinae ailesi \u00fcyeleri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kedigiller i\u00e7erisinde yer alan ger\u00e7ek kama di\u015fliler Machairodontidler<\/em> ile modern kedilerin son ortak atas\u0131 Pseudaelurus<\/em>\u2019tur. Bunlar yakla\u015f\u0131k 18-20 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce birbirinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Machairodus<\/em>, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck t\u00fcrlerden aslan boyutundaki t\u00fcrlere kadar \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren b\u00fcy\u00fck kama di\u015flilerden olu\u015fan bir cinstir. 15-2 milyon y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Avrupa, Asya, Afrika ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019da var olmu\u015flard\u0131r (Turner, A., 1997). \u00c7orakyerler\u2019de bulunmu\u015f olan \u00f6rne\u011fin de bunlardan birinin i\u00e7erisinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Primat tak\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>: Lokalitemizin en \u00f6nemli buluntular\u0131ndan biri olan ve \u015fu an i\u00e7in Ouranopithecus turkae<\/em> olarak isimlendirilen t\u00fcre ait buluntular ilk kez 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftu. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131 kaz\u0131 sezonunun sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru (isminin belki de ilerde de\u011fi\u015fmesi muhtemel olan) bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn en g\u00fczel \u00f6rne\u011fi ele ge\u00e7ti. Primat tak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan ve 8-7 milyon y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131na tarihlendirilen \u00c7orakyerler hominoid buluntusu, \u015fu ana kadar bulunanlardan farkl\u0131 bir morfolojiyi yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r (Sevim ve di\u011f. 2001). Primatlar, memeliler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan 18 tak\u0131mdan zek\u00e2ca en geli\u015fmi\u015fidir. Mezozoik d\u00f6nem sonunda (65 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi) memeliler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen b\u00fcy\u00fck dallanman\u0131n do\u011fal bir sonucu olarak primat tak\u0131m\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7e\u015fitlenme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle Miyosen d\u00f6nemde (25-5 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi) hominoidler olarak tan\u0131mlanan bu grup o d\u00f6nemin iklimsel ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle Orta Miyosen\u2019de kuzey yar\u0131mk\u00fcrede yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anadolu da bu d\u00f6nemde hominoidlere ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bursa-Pa\u015falar (Alpagut ve di\u011f., 1990) Ankara-\u00c7and\u0131r (G\u00fcle\u00e7 ve di\u011f., 2003), Ankara-Sinaptepe (Alpagut ve di\u011f., 1996. Kapelman ve di\u011f., 2003) ve \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131-\u00c7orakyerler (Sevim ve di\u011f., 2001) bu aileye mensup kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi alanlard\u0131r. Bunlardan ilk ikisi Orta Miyosen d\u00f6nem yani 16-14 milyon y\u0131llara tarihlendirilirken, Sinap ve \u00c7orakyerler Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6neme tarihlendirilmektedir. Kuzey yar\u0131mk\u00fcrede, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anadolu\u2019da (\u00c7orakyerler\u2019in bulundu\u011fu \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131-\u00c7orum havzas\u0131n\u0131n da i\u00e7erisinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131) giderek so\u011fuyan ve kurakla\u015fan iklim nedeniyle kuzeye inen bu canl\u0131lar\u0131n tekrar g\u00fcneye g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fi varsay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Begun ve di\u011f., 2003; Brain, G. R., 1999). Yakla\u015f\u0131k 8 milyon ile 1,7 milyon y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kuzey yar\u0131mk\u00fcrede hominoid-hominid kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na rastlanmamas\u0131 da bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n Anadolu\u2019da ilk hominoid \u00f6rnekleri yakla\u015f\u0131k 16 milyon y\u0131l ile tarihlendirilmektedir. Bu Afrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda en erken hominoid \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. \u00c7orakyerler\u2019den ele ge\u00e7en primat fosili \u015fu an i\u00e7in Makedonya\u2019da bulunmu\u015f olan Ouranopithecus<\/em>\u2019a benzemekle birlikte (Bonis ve di\u011f.,1990), Pliyosen taksalar\u0131 olan Australopithecus anamensis<\/em> ve Ardipithecus ramidus<\/em>\u2019a da benzerlikleri vard\u0131r (Begun, 1996; Begun, 2001). Bu nedenle sadece di\u015f ve \u00e7enelerle temsil edilen bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn v\u00fccut iskeleti par\u00e7alar\u0131 bulundu\u011funda daha kesin bir tan\u0131mlama yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. \u00c7orakyerler kaz\u0131s\u0131na devam edilmesinin ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de budur. \u00c7orakyerler\u2019de Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan canl\u0131lar\u0131n bu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn son halkalar\u0131ndan biri olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, buradan ele ge\u00e7en her buluntu \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n – Alpagut, B., P. Andrews & L. Martin, ( 1990) New Miocene Hominoid specimens from the Middle Miocene Site at Pa\u015falar.-J.Human Evolution, 19:397-422.<\/p>\n – Alpagut, B., P. Andrews, M. Fortelius, J. Kappelman, \u0130. Temizsoy, H.\u00c7elebi and W Lindsay (1996) A New speciman af Ankarapithecus metai from the Sinap Formation of central Anatolia, Nature, v.382 pp. 349-351.<\/p>\n – Begun, D., E. G\u00fcle\u00e7, & D. Geraads, (2003), \u201cDispersal patterns of Eurasian homioids: implications from Turkey, in: Reumer, J.W.F. & Wessels, W. (eds.), Distribution and Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A Volume in Honour of Hans de Bruijn – DEINSEA 10: 23-39<\/em> Published 1 December 2003.<\/p>\n – Begun, D.R., (2001), African and Eurasian Miocene Homioids and origins of the Hominidae, in: Andrews, P., Koufos, G.D. & De Bonis L. (eds.), Hominoid Evolution and Environmental Change in the Neogene of Europe<\/em>, pp. 231-253, Cambridge University Pres, Cambridge.<\/p>\n – Begun, D. (1996) \u201cEvents in European hominoid evolution, EUROPAL<\/em>, 10: 16-20; Strasbourg.<\/p>\n – Bonis, L., G. Bouvrain, D. Geraads, G.D. Koufos (1990) \u201cNew hominoid skull material from the late Miocene of Macedonia in Northern Greece\u201d, Nature<\/em> 345:712-724<\/p>\n – Brain, G.R., (1999), \u201cEurasian Hominoid Evolution\u201d, Evolutionary Anthropology News<\/em>, pp. 194:196.<\/p>\n – De Bruijn, H., Daams, R., Daxner-H\u00f6ck, G., Fahlbusch, V., Ginsburg, L., Mein, P. & Morales, J., (1992), Report of the RCMNS working group on fosil mammals, Reisenburg 1990, Newsletters on Stratigraphy<\/em> 26 (2\/3): 65-117.<\/p>\n – G\u00fcle\u00e7, E., D.R. Begun, & D. Geraads (2003) Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of the Middle Miocene Hominoid Locality \u00c7and\u0131r (Central Anatolia Turkey),<\/em> Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg CFS 240, E. Schweizerbart\u2019sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (N\u00e4gele u.Obermiller) Stuttgart.<\/p>\n – Kapelman, J., B. G. Richmond, E.R. Seiffert, Maga, A. M., Ryan T. M. (2003), Hominoidea (Primates), Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation<\/em>, Turkey, Columbia University Pres, New York, pp.90-124.<\/p>\n – Kaymak\u00e7\u0131, N., C. Langeries, H. De Bruijn, E. \u00dcnay (2004) \u201cBas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Analiz Raporlar\u0131\u201d<\/p>\n – Koufos, G. D., (2000), \u201cThe Hipparions of the Late Miocene Locality \u201cNikiti 1\u201d, Chalkidiki, Macedonia, Greece- Revue de Pal\u00e9obiologie<\/em> 19 (1): 47-77.<\/p>\n – Lunkka, P.J., M. Fortelius, J.Kappelman & \u015e. \u015een (1999) \u201cChronology and mammal faunas of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey\u201d, in: Agusti, J., Rook, L. & Andrews, P. (eds.), Hominoid Evolution and climatic change in Europe, vol. 1, The evolution of the Neogene terrestrial ecosystems in Europe<\/em>, pp. 238-264, Cambridge University Pres, New York<\/p>\n – Pehlevan, C. (2005) \u00c7orakyerler (\u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131) Rh\u0131nocerot\u0131dae (Mammal\u0131a) Buluntular\u0131n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi (Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi), Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Ankara.<\/p>\n – Sevim, A., D. R., Begun, E. G\u00fcle\u00e7, D. Geraads, & C. Pehlevan (2001), \u201cA new late Miocene hominoid from Turkey\u201d, American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement <\/em>32: 134-135.<\/p>\n – Sevim, A. Y. Kiper, (2002), 2000 Y\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131\/ \u00c7orakyerler Kaz\u0131s\u0131, Uluslararas\u0131 23. Kaz\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Toplant\u0131s\u0131 (28 May\u0131s-1 Haziran 2001, Ankara), TC. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Milli K\u00fct\u00fcphane Bas\u0131mevi, 1:275-284.<\/p>\n – Sevim, A ve C. Pehlevan, (2004), “2002 Y\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 \u00c7orakyerler Kaz\u0131s\u0131”, Uluslararas\u0131 25. Kaz\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Toplant\u0131s\u0131 (26-31 May\u0131s 2003 Ankara), K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ankara, 2:317-326.<\/p>\n – Sevim, A., C.Pehlevan, A. Yi\u011fit, P. G\u00f6zl\u00fck, (2006), 2004 Y\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7orakyerler Kaz\u0131s\u0131, 27. Kaz\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Sempozyumu, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00d6S\u0130M.<\/p>\n – Sevim A. C. Pehlevan, A. Yi\u011fit, P. G. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131o\u011flu (2007) “2005 Y\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 \u00c7orakyerler Kaz\u0131s\u0131”, 28.Kaz\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Toplant\u0131s\u0131 (29 May\u0131s-2 Haziran 2006 \u00c7anakkale), K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ankara, 2: 419-437.<\/p>\n – Sevim A., A. Yi\u011fit, (2008), 2006 Y\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 \u00c7orakyerler Kaz\u0131s\u0131 29. Uluslararas\u0131 Kaz\u0131, Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu, TC K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve M\u00fczeler Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Kocaeli \u00dcniversitesi, Kocaeli, (28 May\u0131s-1 Haziran 2007), 2: 343-359.<\/p>\n – Sevim A., A. Yi\u011fit (2009) 2007 Y\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 \u00c7orakyerler Kaz\u0131s\u0131, 30. Uluslararas\u0131 Kaz\u0131, Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu (26-30 May\u0131s 2008), Ankara. s.449-470.<\/p>\n – Sickenberg, O. (1975) Die Gliederung des h\u00f6heren Jungterti\u00e4rs und Altquart\u00e4rs in der T\u00fcrkei nach Vertebraten und ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die internationale Neogen-Gliederung. Geologisches Jahrbuch (Regionale Geologie Ausland), Hannover, Reihe B, Heft 15, 167.<\/p>\n – \u015eahin, S. (2005), Ge\u00e7 Miyosen \u00c7orakyerler (\u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131, Anadolu) Probosc\u0131dea Faunas\u0131 (Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Ankara.<\/p>\n – Turner, A. (1997), The Big Cats and Their Fosil Relatives, Colombia University Pres, New York.<\/p>\n – \u00dcnay, E., de Bruijn, H. & Sra\u00e7, G., 2003, \u201cA preliminary zonation of the continental Neogene of Anatolia based on Rodents\u201d, in: Reumer, J.W.F. & Wessels, W. (eds.), Distribution and Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A Volume in Honour of Hans de Bruijn – DEINSEA 10: 539-548<\/em> Published 1 December 2003.<\/p>\n – \u00dcnay, E., H. De Bruijin & F., Alpaslan Suata (2006), \u201cRodents from the Upper Miocene \u00a0Hominoid Locality \u00c7orakyerler (Anatolia), Beitr Pala\u00f6nt, 30 : 453 \u2013 467, Wien.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Z\u00fcrafagillerden gergedangillere, et yiyicilerden kuyruksuz b\u00fcy\u00fck maymun benzeri hominoidlere kadar \u015fimdiye kadar \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri temsil eden fauna toplulu\u011funa ya\u015fam alan\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015f olan \u00c7orakyerler, d\u00fcnyada e\u015fine az rastlanan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir lokalite halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 ve \u00e7evresinde nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f, ancak Ge\u00e7 Miyosen d\u00f6nemde \u00c7orakyerler\u2019de ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan hayvanlar\u0131n fosilleri burada yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lardan bol […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":561,"featured_media":11513,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[153,211,38,32],"tags":[815,817,816],"class_list":["post-11504","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-116-sayi","category-antropoloji","category-dergi-sayilari","category-evrim","tag-cankiri","tag-corakyerler","tag-fosil"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/\u00e7orak-300x169.jpg\")
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