{"id":11718,"date":"2014-07-01T20:18:22","date_gmt":"2014-07-01T17:18:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=11718"},"modified":"2018-06-04T15:29:18","modified_gmt":"2018-06-04T12:29:18","slug":"ortacagi-yenicaga-baglayan-kosullarda-guzel-philippein-cabalari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/07\/01\/ortacagi-yenicaga-baglayan-kosullarda-guzel-philippein-cabalari","title":{"rendered":"Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131 Yeni\u00e7a\u011f\u2019a ba\u011flayan ko\u015fullarda G\u00fczel Philippe\u2019in \u00e7abalar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u00fczel Philippe ulusal devletin kurulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli i\u015flere ra\u011fmen \u00e7ok sevilmedi. \u015eiddete olan e\u011filimiyle, i\u00e7ten pazarl\u0131kl\u0131 olu\u015fuyla hatta sinsili\u011fiyle, kincili\u011fiyle intikamc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman hi\u00e7 \u00e7ekinmeden uygulamaya koydu\u011fu haks\u0131z kararlar\u0131yla halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde kendini epeyce y\u0131pratt\u0131. Gene de onun d\u00f6nemi modern Fransa\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funda ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilerleyi\u015finde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Birileri bilir bilmez \u201corta\u00e7a\u011f karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d diye bir \u015feyden s\u00f6zederken tarih bilimiyle u\u011fra\u015fanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bile Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n ne olup ne olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine k\u00f6kl\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131yor olmas\u0131 bizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019dan Yeni\u00e7a\u011f\u2019a ge\u00e7i\u015fin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 az\u00e7ok biliyoruz, daha \u00f6nce yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kitaplarda bununla ilgili bilgiler vard\u0131r. Aziz Augustinus\u2019un, Aziz Anselmus\u2019un, Aziz Tommaso\u2019nun felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede Platon\u2019culuktan Aristoteles\u2019\u00e7ili\u011fe do\u011fru geli\u015fen \u00e7izgi \u00fczerinde ortaya koyduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ve skolasti\u011fin \u00f6zellikleri, Aziz Dionysios\u2019un ve Boetius\u2019un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131na getirdikleri, Karl I\u2019in yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce devrimi, evrenseller tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve daha ba\u015fka g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bug\u00fcn ilgi alan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n uza\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fildir. Ancak o d\u00f6nemin toplumsal ve iktisadi ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeden k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131ndaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri do\u011fru kavramak da olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130lk k\u0131p\u0131rdanma XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda oldu, ama as\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendini g\u00f6sterdi. XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupa\u2019da ulusalla\u015fma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bile bir gereksinim olarak kendini ortaya koymayacak olan, ancak ger\u00e7ek anlamda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan demokrasi kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6klerini ya da s\u00f6n\u00fck belirtilerini gene de XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda hatta daha \u00f6ncede aramak do\u011fru olur.<\/p>\n

Demokrasinin orta\u00e7a\u011fdaki belirtileri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmelerde ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eken \u00fclke \u0130ngiltere\u2019dir. XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda frans\u0131z ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye olan hayranl\u0131klar\u0131 geli\u015fig\u00fczel bir duygusall\u0131ktan daha ba\u015fka bir \u015feydir. Yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na do\u011fru ilk ad\u0131m \u0130ngiltere\u2019de 1215\u2019de Magna Carta<\/em>\u2019yla at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck ferman\u201d diye adland\u0131rabilece\u011fimiz Magna Carta <\/em>Orta\u00e7a\u011f sonlar\u0131n\u0131n ve Yeni\u00e7a\u011f ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n belirgin toplumsal-iktisadi \u00f6zelliklerinden biri olan soylularla kral yetkesi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmeye son vermi\u015ftir. Bu uzla\u015fma olas\u0131 sert kavgalar\u0131 \u00f6nlemi\u015f, bir toprak soylular\u0131 toplulu\u011fu kral John\u2019dan b\u00f6ylece baz\u0131 haklar elde etmi\u015flerdir. Genel olarak kral yetkesinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanmakta oldu\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da bu olu\u015fum tersine bir geli\u015fimin anlat\u0131m\u0131 gibidir. Bu ferman 1216\u2019da Henri III\u2019\u00fcn tahta ge\u00e7mesiyle yenilenmi\u015ftir. Magna Carta <\/em>kralla vasalleri aras\u0131ndaki feodal ili\u015fkileri, bu arada krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00f6netimiyle ilgili baz\u0131 konular\u0131 ele al\u0131r. Bu ferman yasa d\u00fczeninin mutlaky\u00f6netime boyun e\u011fdirmesi olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re toprak soylular\u0131yla mutlaky\u00f6netim aras\u0131nda do\u011fabilecek vahim olaylar bir belgeyle \u00f6nlenmi\u015f oluyordu. B\u00f6ylece \u0130ngilizler \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck haklar\u0131n\u0131 elde etme yolunda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f oldular. 1264\u2019de parlamentonun kurulmas\u0131 bu yolda at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131md\u0131r. Rahipler soylularla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131lar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck soylular burjuvaziye yakla\u015ft\u0131lar: bu k\u00fcmelenme iki meclisli ingiliz siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nem Avrupa\u2019da \u00f6zellikle de Fransa\u2019da feodalli\u011fin doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve buna g\u00f6re i\u00e7ten i\u00e7e da\u011f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir. Hen\u00fcz ha\u00e7l\u0131 ruhu s\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f de\u011fildir ama inanca olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k gev\u015fer gibi olmu\u015ftur, yeni zamanlar dinsel duygusall\u0131klar\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtaca\u011f\u0131 kahramanl\u0131klara kapal\u0131 gibidir. Tarih\u00e7i Henri Vast\u2019\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle bunu \u201ch\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ruhunun azalmas\u0131\u201d diye de belirleyebiliriz. Fransa\u2019da yeni y\u00fckselen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yani burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n koruyucusu olan krallar mutlak bir g\u00fc\u00e7 elde edebilmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fta zorbal\u0131k olmak \u00fczere her t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00f6ntemi kullanabiliyorlard\u0131: sermayecili\u011fin geli\u015fimini engelleyen feodalli\u011fin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 mutlaky\u00f6netimin \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 gereksiniyordu. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin savunucusu olan soyluluk mutlaky\u00f6netim \u00fczerinde etkin bir denetim d\u00fczene\u011fi kurarken sermaye geli\u015fimlerini engelleyici bir tutum i\u00e7ine de girmemi\u015ftir: uzla\u015fma t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131flar ad\u0131na uzla\u015fmayd\u0131. Yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 yolunda \u0130ngilizlerin \u00f6nc\u00fc rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu dengeden beslenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan \u0130ngiltere\u2019de soylulu\u011fun kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc bir temele dayanan dengeli siyaset anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Fransa\u2019da eskiyle yeninin ya da soylulukla burjuvazinin kavgas\u0131 epeyce kanl\u0131 oldu. Fransa tarihi ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerin tarihinden biraz daha kanl\u0131 gibidir. Fransa\u2019da mutlaky\u00f6netim t\u00fcm toplumsal ve iktisadi g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00fczerinde emenlik kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken soylulu\u011fa ve din kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 amans\u0131z bir sava\u015fa giriyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nem Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Kutsal Roma Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu alt\u0131nda son derece par\u00e7al\u0131 bir toprak d\u00fczenini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemdir. \u201cRoma\u201d elbet Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na \u00f6zenmekle ilgiliydi. Ma\u011frur Almanlar bu geni\u015f imparatorluk d\u00fczeninde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yer almak d\u00fc\u015fleri kuruyorlard\u0131. Oysa imparatorluk geni\u015f topraklar \u00fczerinde y\u0131rt\u0131lmaya haz\u0131r bir \u00f6rt\u00fcyd\u00fc. Bunun en belirleyici kan\u0131t\u0131 imparatorlar\u0131n yoksullu\u011fudur. \u201cSe\u00e7ici prens\u201dler bir tak\u0131m silik yabanc\u0131lar\u0131 imparator se\u00e7iyorlard\u0131. Bu kurnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tek nedeni egemenliklerini yitirme korkusuydu. Kutsal Roma Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte herkesin devleti gibi dururken ger\u00e7ekte tepeden t\u0131rna\u011fa almand\u0131. Bu c\u0131l\u0131z yap\u0131da herkes ayr\u0131 bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylerken feodal karga\u015fa h\u0131zla yay\u0131l\u0131yordu. Giderek \u00fclke k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fieflere b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. Ku\u015f u\u00e7maz yerlere kocaman \u015fatolar diktiler, bu \u015fatolar ya\u011fmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kaleleriydi. Almanya\u2019da merkezi yetke diye bir \u015fey yoktu: ge\u00e7erli tek yasa yumruk (faustrecht<\/em>) yasas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Fransa\u2019da feodallere ve papaya kar\u015f\u0131 krallar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Feodal par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131ktan ulusal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fcklere ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminde Fransa\u2019n\u0131n orta ve kuzey topraklar\u0131nda mutlaky\u00f6netim kesin olarak egemendi. Feodal soyluluk geli\u015fmekte olan burjuva iktisad\u0131na ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kral yetkesine boyun e\u011fmek zorunda kald\u0131. Kral t\u00fcm torak soylular\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeydi, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131ndan o sorumluydu. Kral\u0131n ger\u00e7ek anlamda mutlaky\u00f6netici olmas\u0131 yetkesini Tanr\u0131\u2019dan almas\u0131yla ve Tanr\u0131\u2019dan ba\u015fka kimseye hesap vermek zorunda olmamas\u0131yla belirgindir. Onlar bu y\u00f6nleriyle daha \u00f6nceki zamanlar\u0131n krallar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131n XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n krallar\u0131 yenilik\u00e7i krallar oldular, zaman\u0131n de\u011ferleri ve kendi anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve adaleti sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Feodal da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131ktan b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir yap\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak hi\u00e7 de kolay bir i\u015f de\u011fildi. Feodaller sonunda yetkilerini mutlak krallara b\u0131rakmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. Krallar\u0131n bir i\u015fi de giderek g\u00fc\u00e7lenen papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmakt\u0131. Papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n kasas\u0131 her g\u00fcn biraz daha doluyordu. Konsiller yani din kurullar\u0131 birer karar organ\u0131 gibi i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan krallar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda G\u00fczel Philippe diye bilinen Philippe IV vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fczel Philippe tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011finde hen\u00fcz on yedi ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131, yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tan\u0131n\u0131yordu, a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131 bir gen\u00e7ti. Onu yeti\u015ftiren Gilles de Rome ona din devletinden nefret etmeyi \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015fti. Gen\u00e7 kral\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re az\u0131msanmayacak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131. Duygucu de\u011fildi, ussaldan yanayd\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin trubadurlar\u0131n duygulu \u015fiirlerinden hi\u00e7 ho\u015flanmazd\u0131. Son derece al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcyd\u00fc. Onu yeni y\u00f6neticilerin ilki diye almak yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Onun \u00e7abas\u0131yla krall\u0131k papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde ezici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturdu: papalar uzunca bir s\u00fcre Roma\u2019dan uzakta ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Bu d\u00f6nem Tiers \u00e9tat <\/em>denilen orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yani soylular\u0131n ve rahiplerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalanlar\u0131n ya\u015fama a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k koydu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemdir. \u015e\u00f6valye ruhu ve onun \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan \u201conur\u201d kavram\u0131 h\u0131zla etkisini yitiriyor, mutlaky\u00f6netim zorbala\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a feodal ya\u015fam eridik\u00e7e eriyordu. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de oldu\u011funun tersine Fransa\u2019da \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kavram\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yordu. Fransa\u2019da polis g\u00fcc\u00fc her \u015feyin \u00fcst\u00fcnde gibiydi.<\/p>\n

Zaman\u0131n olaylar\u0131 i\u00e7inde en belirleyici olan\u0131 elbette papayla kral aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmedir. Kavga 1296\u2019da koyulan bir vergi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kavga asl\u0131nda ben daha yetkiliyim, hay\u0131r ben daha yetkiliyim kavgas\u0131yd\u0131. Krall\u0131kla papal\u0131k aras\u0131nda k\u0131yas\u0131ya bir \u00e7eki\u015fme ba\u015flad\u0131. Bonifacius VIII\u2019in as\u0131l amac\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fclerinin yani Gregorius VII\u2019nin ve Innocentius III\u2019\u00fcn yolundan giderek papal\u0131k yetkesini mutlakla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131: papal\u0131k t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde olmal\u0131yd\u0131, papa krallar\u0131n da prenslerin de s\u00fczereni durumundayd\u0131. B\u00f6ylesi bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Philippe IV gibi \u015fiddete e\u011filimli ve gerekti\u011finde sonuna kadar zorbala\u015fabilen bir kral\u0131n benimseyebilece\u011fi bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de\u011fildi. Kral papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bask\u0131lar\u0131na boyun e\u011fmeyince i\u015fler iyiden iyiye sarpa sard\u0131. Kral papan\u0131n toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konsile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 10 nisan 1302\u2019de Notre-Dame\u2019da \u00e9tats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux<\/em>\u2019yu toplad\u0131. Bu meclis Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ilk meclisidir. Fransa \u0130ngiltere\u2019den otuz sekiz y\u0131l sonra ilk parlamentosunu olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. Bununla birlikte Etats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux <\/em>Fransa\u2019n\u0131n siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bu y\u00fczden \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin hemen ard\u0131ndan Fransa parlamento d\u00fczenini benimsedi diyebilmek kolay de\u011fildir. \u00d6nemli konularda kral\u0131n toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yani gerekti\u011finde toplanan bu meclisler karar \u00fcretme hakk\u0131 olmayan dan\u0131\u015fma meclisleridir. Bu meclislere rahiplerden soylulardan ve Tiers<\/em>\u2019den yani \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131ftan se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u00fcyeler kat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu 10 nisan toplant\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 iyiden iyiye tersle\u015fen soylular ve burjuvalar papaya kar\u015f\u0131 kral\u0131n yan\u0131nda son damla kanlar\u0131na kadar sava\u015facaklar\u0131na ant i\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n

Tarih\u00e7i D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Blanchet \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201c\u00c7eki\u015fme vergiler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Flandre sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kral genel bir vergi koymu\u015ftu, kilise mallar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r bir vergiydi bu. Papa bu duruma Clericis laicos genelgesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve vergi toplayacak olanlar\u0131 da vergi verecek olanlar\u0131 da aforoz etmekle tehdit etti. Bu defa G\u00fczel Philippe krall\u0131ktan alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131. Her y\u0131l Fransa\u2019dan epeyce yard\u0131m alan papan\u0131n hazinesi bu durumda yoksulla\u015ft\u0131. Fransa\u2019daki piskoposlar araya girdiler ve kavga yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kavga Pamiers piskoposu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yeni ba\u015ftan alevlendi. Kral\u0131n ki\u015fisel d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan olan Bernard de Saisset adl\u0131 bir piskoposu papa krala kar\u015f\u0131n atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kral bir bahaneyle piskoposu tutuklatt\u0131. Bonifacius VIII piskoposu \u015fiddetle savundu. G\u00fczel Philippe\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 Ausculta fili<\/em> adl\u0131 bir bildiri yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Bildiride kral\u0131 hara\u00e7\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla, para i\u015flerinde dalaverecilikle, zorba olmakla su\u00e7luyordu. Sonunda Roma\u2019da kral\u0131 yarg\u0131lamak ve krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczene koymak i\u00e7in bir konsil toplad\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kral\u0131n yasaklamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bir\u00e7ok Frans\u0131z rahibi Roma\u2019ya gitmeyi g\u00f6ze ald\u0131. 1302 temmuzunda kral\u0131n birlikleri Courtrai\u2019de yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131. Bu durum papay\u0131 umutland\u0131rd\u0131. Konsile papalar\u0131n krallar \u00fczerindeki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc onaylatt\u0131, bu arada kral\u0131 aforoz etme haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na giri\u015fti. Bu defa kral kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti. Guillaume de Nogaret adl\u0131 bir hukuk\u00e7u papay\u0131 sapk\u0131nl\u0131kla su\u00e7layan bir bildiri haz\u0131rlad\u0131 ve bu bildiriyi kral\u0131n bir konsilde a\u00e7\u0131klatmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Bu ki\u015fi daha \u00f6nce sapk\u0131n ilan edilerek yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan birinin o\u011fluydu. O bu i\u015fte sonuna kadar gitmeyi g\u00f6ze ald\u0131 ve papan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan Colonne adl\u0131 biriyle ve bir haydut toplulu\u011fuyla Roma\u2019n\u0131n yolunu tuttu. Adamlar papan\u0131n kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anagni\u2019ye girdiler, papal\u0131k saray\u0131n\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rd\u0131lar. Seksen alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki papa bu ki\u015filere direndi. Anagni halk\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini g\u00f6remeyen ya\u015fl\u0131 adam Roma\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc, hakarete u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olman\u0131n ac\u0131s\u0131yla hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yemeyerek iki g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00f6ld\u00fc. Yeni papa Clemens V Roma\u2019ya gitmedi, Avignon\u2019da yerle\u015fti. Papal\u0131k yetmi\u015f y\u0131l Roma\u2019dan uzakta, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n denetiminde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u00fczel Philippe bu arada Temple \u015f\u00f6valyeleriyle u\u011fra\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Hem askeri hem dini bir tarikat olan Temple tarikat\u0131 1119\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftu ve \u00e7o\u011fu Frans\u0131z olan 15.000 \u00fcyesi vard\u0131. Tarikat \u00fcyeleri para i\u00e7inde y\u00fcz\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Onlar papan\u0131n ve bir\u00e7ok prensin bankerleriydiler. Hi\u00e7 vergi vermiyorlard\u0131. Kral bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tarikat\u0131n belini k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce \u00f6nderleri Jacques de Molay\u2019\u0131 tutuklatt\u0131, sonra Fransa\u2019daki t\u00fcm tarikat \u00fcyelerini tutuklatt\u0131 (1307). Tarikat \u00fcyeleri 1310-1314 aras\u0131nda yarg\u0131land\u0131lar ve yak\u0131lmaya mahkum edildiler. 1312\u2019den sonra papa Clemens V Fransa kral\u0131n\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine tarikat\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verdi. Devlet i\u00e7inde devlet olan Temple tarikat\u0131 b\u00f6ylece tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ruhunun \u00e7ok gerilerde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde Temple \u015f\u00f6valyelerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dinsel olmaktan \u00e7ok iktisadi bir amaca hizmet ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Par\u00e7al\u0131 bir toplumdan ulus olu\u015fturma \u00e7abas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Philippe-Auguste\u2019den ve Saint Louis\u2019den sonra kral olan G\u00fczel Philippe\u2019in ba\u015fl\u0131ca kayg\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f ve her anlamda b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir devlet kurmakt\u0131: krall\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn her \u015feyin \u00fcst\u00fcnde belirleyici olmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu. Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve olduk\u00e7a par\u00e7al\u0131 bir toplumdan bir ulus olu\u015fturma \u00e7abas\u0131yd\u0131 bu. Ancak bu ama\u00e7 bir \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek gibi de\u011fildi, feodal yap\u0131 hen\u00fcz tam olarak giderilebilmi\u015f de\u011fildi ve epeyce bir zaman varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecek gibiydi. Epeyce yol al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama: kral krall\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki seny\u00f6rlerin s\u00fczereni durumundayd\u0131. O ayn\u0131 zamanda Roma imparatorlu\u011funun kal\u0131t\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00d6te yandan kiliselerin ve manast\u0131rlar\u0131n da koruyucusuydu. Dindar Saint Louis\u2019den sonra tam anlam\u0131nda laik bir kral ba\u015fa ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek ad\u0131na d\u00fczenli bir ordu kuran G\u00fczel Philippe bu orduyla her \u015feyden \u00f6nce dikba\u015fl\u0131 vasalleri dize getirdi. Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n kasas\u0131n\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirdi. Sarayda bir meclis olu\u015fturdu, bu meclis bir t\u00fcr parlamento g\u00f6revi yap\u0131yordu. Ancak kral meclis \u00fcyelerini her y\u0131l yeniden belirliyordu. Bu mecliste rahiplerle laikler e\u015fit say\u0131dayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu arada tiers \u00e9tat <\/em>b\u00fcy\u00fcyor ve g\u00fc\u00e7leniyordu, feodal toplum da h\u0131zla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. \u00d6te yandan toplumun genel ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyi epeyce y\u00fckselmi\u015fti. Yeni kurulmakta olan sanayinin \u00e7ok iyi durumda oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemezdi, gene de \u00fclkede belli bir sanayi etkinli\u011fi vard\u0131. Korporasyonlar aras\u0131nda rekabet art\u0131yor, bu art\u0131\u015f par\u00e7alanmay\u0131 da kendili\u011finden getiriyordu. \u201cB\u00f6ylece tespih \u00fcretenler \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 korporasyonda toplanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131: birileri yaln\u0131zca kemikten ve boynuzdan tespih yap\u0131yordu, \u00f6b\u00fcrleri fildi\u015finden ve deniz hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n kabuklar\u0131ndan tespih yap\u0131yordu, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcler amberden ve kehribardan tespih yap\u0131yordu\u201d <\/em>(Henri Vast). S\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in 1294\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan bir buyrultu burjuvalar\u0131n araba sahibi olmas\u0131n\u0131, k\u00fcrk giymesini, alt\u0131ndan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften ya da ba\u015fka de\u011ferli madenden m\u00fccevher takmas\u0131n\u0131 yasakl\u0131yordu. Y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri alt\u0131 bin liradan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olan d\u00fcklerin ve kontlar\u0131n y\u0131lda d\u00f6rtten fazla ve rahiplerin de y\u0131lda ikiden fazla giysiye sahip olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildiriyordu. Bu karara uymayanlara b\u00fcy\u00fck para cezalar\u0131 verilecekti. Ancak bu buyrultunun maddeleri uygulanabilir gibi de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131n da Capet hanedan\u0131n\u0131n etkili kral\u0131 Philippe IV\u2019\u00fcn ulusal devlet kurma yolundaki \u00e7abalar\u0131 bunlar oldu. K\u0131sacas\u0131 Philippe IV yeni zamanlara giden yolun ba\u015f\u0131nda tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 epeyce h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. Ulusal diller hen\u00fcz tam olarak geli\u015fmemi\u015f, ulus kavram\u0131 tam olarak olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f, ulusal devlet fikri ya\u015fama ge\u00e7memi\u015fti. O d\u00f6nem bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemiydi, bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi olman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Evet, kral \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli i\u015fler yapt\u0131 ama \u00e7ok sevilmedi, insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6nl\u00fcnde bir Saint Louis\u2019nin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiyi yaratamad\u0131. \u015eiddete olan e\u011filimiyle, i\u00e7ten pazarl\u0131kl\u0131 olu\u015fuyla hatta sinsili\u011fiyle, kincili\u011fiyle intikamc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman hi\u00e7 \u00e7ekinmeden uygulamaya koydu\u011fu haks\u0131z kararlar\u0131yla halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde kendini epeyce y\u0131pratt\u0131. Bu olumsuz \u00f6zellikleri olmasa Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131 Yeni\u00e7a\u011f\u2019a ba\u011flayan ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n birinci ustas\u0131 diye an\u0131lacakt\u0131. Gene de onun d\u00f6nemi modern Fransa\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funda ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilerleyi\u015finde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00fczel Philippe ulusal devletin kurulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli i\u015flere ra\u011fmen \u00e7ok sevilmedi. \u015eiddete olan e\u011filimiyle, i\u00e7ten pazarl\u0131kl\u0131 olu\u015fuyla hatta sinsili\u011fiyle, kincili\u011fiyle intikamc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman hi\u00e7 \u00e7ekinmeden uygulamaya koydu\u011fu haks\u0131z kararlar\u0131yla halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde kendini epeyce y\u0131pratt\u0131. Gene de onun d\u00f6nemi modern Fransa\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funda ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilerleyi\u015finde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Birileri bilir bilmez \u201corta\u00e7a\u011f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":206,"featured_media":26204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[162,222],"tags":[883,882,881,884],"class_list":["post-11718","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-125-sayi","category-tarih","tag-feodal-toplum","tag-fransa","tag-ortacag","tag-uluslar"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t