{"id":11828,"date":"2013-11-01T20:28:16","date_gmt":"2013-11-01T18:28:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=11828"},"modified":"2017-06-13T20:44:26","modified_gmt":"2017-06-13T17:44:26","slug":"2013-nobel-kimya-odulu-kimyayi-bilgisayar-ile-bulusturanlara","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2013\/11\/01\/2013-nobel-kimya-odulu-kimyayi-bilgisayar-ile-bulusturanlara","title":{"rendered":"2013 Nobel T\u0131p\/Fizyoloji \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc: H\u00fccrede hatas\u0131z ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n perde arkas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

H\u00fccreler birer molek\u00fcl fabrikas\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00fcrettikleri molek\u00fcllerin h\u00fccre i\u00e7inde ya da h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fi hatas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde i\u015fler; do\u011fru paket her defas\u0131nda do\u011fru adrese do\u011fru zamanda ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, pankreas h\u00fccreleri ins\u00fclin \u00fcretir ve kana b\u0131rak\u0131r. N\u00f6rotransmitter denilen kimyasal sinyaller bir sinir h\u00fccresinden di\u011ferine g\u00f6nderilir ve bu ileti\u015fim insanlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcmesini, konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylemesini ya da s\u0131cak bir f\u0131r\u0131ndan elini \u00e7ekmesini sa\u011flar. Peki, ama bu m\u00fckemmelli\u011fin arkas\u0131ndaki mekanizma nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r? \u0130\u015fte bu soruyu cevaplamak \u00fc\u00e7 biliminsan\u0131na Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc getirdi: James E. Rothman (Yale \u00dcniversitesi), Randy W. Schekman (California \u00dcniversitesi) ve Dr. Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof (Stanford \u00dcniversitesi).<\/p>\n

Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar molek\u00fcllerin kesecikler i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve bir h\u00fccrenin i\u00e7indeki molek\u00fcl trafi\u011finin herhangi bir \u015fehrin en yo\u011fun zaman\u0131 kadar karma\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funu\u2026 Her ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 h\u00fccrelerdeki ta\u015f\u0131ma sisteminde do\u011fru paketin do\u011fru zamanda do\u011fru yere ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan mekanizman\u0131n farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini ke\u015ffetti. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na 1970\u2019lerde ba\u015flayan Dr. Schekman kesecik trafi\u011fi i\u00e7in gereken gen setini ke\u015ffetti. Dr. Rothman 1980-90 aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda keseciklerin hedefleri ile birle\u015fip kargoyu iletmelerini sa\u011flayan protein d\u00fczene\u011fini ayd\u0131nlatt\u0131. Dr. S\u00fcdhof ise keseciklerin do\u011fru zamanda kargolar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmak \u00fczere sinyaller ile nas\u0131l y\u00f6nlendirildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

Membran ad\u0131 verilen kabukla kapl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kesecikler,\u00a0 de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6l\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda kargo getirir g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Ta\u015f\u0131ma sistemi sinirleri harekete ge\u00e7irir ve ayn\u0131 zamanda hormon ve enzimleri kontrol eder. M\u00fckemmel bi\u00e7imde i\u015fleyen bu kontrol sistemindeki bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ciddi zararlara neden olur. Bu aksakl\u0131klar\u0131n, baz\u0131 n\u00f6rolojik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n, diyabetin ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi ile ilgili rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n olu\u015fumuna katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in 49 milyondan fazla b\u00fct\u00e7e ay\u0131ran National Institues of Health\u2019in b\u00fct\u00e7e kesintileri nedeniyle pek \u00e7ok personelini evine g\u00f6ndermek zorunda kalmas\u0131 ise ABD bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeminde Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc ile birlikte yer buldu. B\u00fct\u00e7e bulma zorunlulu\u011fu ve s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 merkeze alan tart\u0131\u015fmalar hakk\u0131nda Rothman, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ortaya at\u0131lan fikrin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa olsun her t\u00fcrl\u00fc riskin al\u0131nabildi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Kendisinin be\u015f y\u0131l boyunca ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funu anlatan Rothman\u2019a g\u00f6re g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde riskli fikirler i\u00e7in daha az destek var.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/10\/08\/health\/3-win-joint-nobel-prize-in-medicine.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Nobel T\u0131p\/Fizyoloji \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc hakk\u0131nda\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

* Bu y\u0131l verilen, 1901\u2019den beri 104. Nobel T\u0131p\/Fizyoloji \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc.<\/p>\n

* T\u0131p\/Fizyoloji alan\u0131nda Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131 58. En gen\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda 32 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken \u00f6d\u00fcl kazanan Frederick G. Banting. 1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda 87 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6d\u00fcl sahibi olan Peyton Rous ise listenin en ya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131. Bu y\u0131l\u0131n ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131 ise 61.<\/p>\n

* Verilen 104 \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn 8\u2019inin sahibi kad\u0131n. (1947 – Gerty Cori, 1977 – Rosalyn Yalow, 1983 – Barbara McClintock, 1986 – Rita Levi-Montalcini, 1988 – Gertrude B. Elion, 1995 – Christiane N\u00fcsslein-Volhard, 2004 – Linda B. Buck, 2008 – Fran\u00e7oise Barr\u00e9-Sinoussi, 2009 – Elizabeth H. Blackburn ve Carol W. Greider)<\/p>\n

* Erik Lindenberg taraf\u0131ndan tasarlanan \u00f6d\u00fcl madalyas\u0131nda kuca\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir kitapla betimlenen bir kad\u0131n, yan\u0131ndaki hastan\u0131n susuzlu\u011funu gidermek i\u00e7in kayadan \u00e7\u0131kan suyu elindeki kaba doldurmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

* 1930\u2019larda \u015fizofreni, anksiyete ve depresyon hastalar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etmek amac\u0131yla lobotomi (\u00f6n beyin lop ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n cerrahi m\u00fcdahaleyle kesilmesi) y\u00f6ntemini geli\u015ftiren Antonio Moniz bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nobel T\u0131p\/Fizyoloji \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131. Ne var ki 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda bu y\u00f6ntemin san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar i\u015fe yaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uzun vadede ciddi yan etkileri oldu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131l\u0131nca y\u00f6ntem terk edildi.<\/p>\n

* Johannes Fibiger, fare ve s\u0131\u00e7anlarda Spiroptera carcinoma<\/em><\/a> ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bir organizman\u0131n kansere neden oldu\u011funu iddia eden bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Kanserin tedavisinin bulundu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyordu ve 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fibiger Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131. Fakat daha sonra t\u00fcm\u00f6r olu\u015fumunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebinin bu organizma olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  H\u00fccreler birer molek\u00fcl fabrikas\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00fcrettikleri molek\u00fcllerin h\u00fccre i\u00e7inde ya da h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fi hatas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde i\u015fler; do\u011fru paket her defas\u0131nda do\u011fru adrese do\u011fru zamanda ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, pankreas h\u00fccreleri ins\u00fclin \u00fcretir ve kana b\u0131rak\u0131r. N\u00f6rotransmitter denilen kimyasal sinyaller bir sinir h\u00fccresinden di\u011ferine g\u00f6nderilir ve bu ileti\u015fim insanlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcmesini, konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, \u015fark\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":448,"featured_media":11837,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[154,19,38,33],"tags":[920,289,927,629,929,928,930,932,931,640],"class_list":["post-11828","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-117-sayi","category-bilim-gundemi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-saglik-bilimleri","tag-920","tag-fizyoloji","tag-james","tag-nobel","tag-randy","tag-rothman","tag-schekman","tag-sudhof","tag-thomas","tag-tip"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t