{"id":11901,"date":"2014-08-01T20:27:36","date_gmt":"2014-08-01T17:27:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=11901"},"modified":"2018-05-16T12:04:41","modified_gmt":"2018-05-16T09:04:41","slug":"tony-judt-avrupa-trenlerinin-sonsuz-bilet-sahibi-yolcusu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/08\/01\/tony-judt-avrupa-trenlerinin-sonsuz-bilet-sahibi-yolcusu","title":{"rendered":"Tony Judt: Avrupa Trenlerinin Sonsuz Bilet Sahibi Yolcusu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cHep tarih\u00e7i olmak istedim. Gerekli dereceleri ne kadar zamanda alaca<\/em>\u011f\u0131m\u0131 hesaplamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131mda on iki ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131m. Tarih\u00e7iler ge\u00e7imini nas\u0131l kazan\u0131rlard\u0131? \u0130nsan tarihte nas\u0131l \u2018kariyer\u2019 yapard\u0131?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 ne olursa olsun bir tarih\u00e7i i\u00e7in, t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011fer mesleklerde oldu\u011fu gibi, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olman\u0131n \u00f6n ko\u015fulu tutku sahibi olmakt\u0131r. Tarih\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konuya dair bildi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerde ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 yapar ve hik\u00e2yesini kurgular. Bu tutkuya on iki ya\u015f\u0131ndan beri sahip oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Tony Judt, y\u0131llar sonra \u00f6nemli bir Avrupa tarih\u00e7isi olacak ve 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda yukar\u0131daki s\u00f6zleri zikreden \u00e7ocuk Tony’yi hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131. Ancak bu s\u00f6zleri k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da aktaran Judt de\u011fil asistan\u0131 Eugene Rusyn olacakt\u0131. \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u015eubat ay\u0131nda ALS hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi. Amyotforik lateral skleroz bir motor n\u00f6ron hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131. Judt’\u0131n deyimiyle; zihne hi\u00e7bir etkide bulunmaz; b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131zd\u0131r yani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi engellemez. Ama el ve kollar\u0131 fel\u00e7 eder. Yazmak en iyi ihtimalle ikinci elden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek bir u\u011fra\u015f haline gelir. ALS hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip ki\u015filerin omurilik ve beyin sap\u0131 denilen b\u00f6lgelerde motor sinir h\u00fccrelerinde azalma ba\u015flar. Bu h\u00fccrelerin kayb\u0131 kaslarda g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fck ve erimeye yol a\u00e7ar; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ba\u015fkalar\u0131na yazd\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131r. A\u011fustos 2010’da ALS’den hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden Judt, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcresince d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini okuyucular\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 sayesinde aktarmaya devam etti. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te s\u0131ras\u0131yla K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck Kol Gezerken<\/em> (2010), An\u0131lar \u015ealesi<\/em> (2010) ve Timoty Snyder’in katk\u0131lar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi s\u00f6yle\u015fi kitab\u0131 Yirminci Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00dczerine D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler<\/em> (2010) yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/p>\n

1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda Londra’da do\u011fan \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i \u0130ngiltere’de ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenimine, Paris’te \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieur’de Avrupa tarihi alan\u0131nda uzmanla\u015farak devam etti. Erken d\u00f6nem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Frans\u0131z Solu, Marksizm ve Frans\u0131z Entelekt\u00fcelleri \u00fczerineydi. Tony Judt’\u0131 d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc bir tarih\u00e7i haline getiren ve bir\u00e7ok dile \u00e7evrilmesini sa\u011flayan ise geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131: 1945 Sonras\u0131 Avrupa Tarihi<\/em> idi. Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 izleriyle ilk kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 ele al\u0131yor ve detayl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Nazi ideolojisinden nas\u0131l ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yordu. Avrupa’n\u0131n rehabilitasyonunu izleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7te Judt s\u0131ras\u0131yla So\u011fuk Sava\u015f, Refah Devletlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, Berlin Duvar\u0131’n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yeni Avrupa’n\u0131n tarihini 2005 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar getirecekti. Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131<\/em> kitab\u0131 yak\u0131n tarihin altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k bir kesitini g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n izini s\u00fcrerek, detayl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Judt’\u0131n hastal\u0131k sonras\u0131 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserleri ise \u015fu iki temel sorunun etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenmi\u015fti. Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada ters giden nedir ve bu durum nas\u0131l d\u00fczeltilebilir? Ki\u015fi \u00f6lece\u011fini biliyorken neler hakk\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve nelerin de\u011fi\u015fmesini ister? Tony Judt, K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck Kol Gezerken<\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi kitab\u0131nda kendisinin g\u00f6remeyece\u011finden emin oldu\u011fu ancak gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131n ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131 yeni y\u00fczy\u0131lda onlar\u0131 nelerin bekledi\u011fini anlat\u0131r. Judt, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na ithaf etti\u011fi ve Atlas Okyanusu’nun her iki yakas\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7ler i\u00e7in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kitapta neoliberal politikalar\u0131n ekonomiye ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131na olan etkisini anlat\u0131p bu politikalara kar\u015f\u0131 ne yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sorusu \u00fczerinde durmaktad\u0131r. Bir y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce kom\u00fcnist hayaletin gezindi\u011fi Avrupa’da ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer k\u0131talar\u0131nda bug\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck kol geziyor. Yanl\u0131\u015f giden \u015feyi \u00f6nce anlamal\u0131 sonra ona bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde muhalefet etmeliyiz.<\/p>\n

Neoliberal politikalar\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fi 2000li y\u0131llar gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011finin de y\u00fcksek oranlarda artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llar olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131yor. Judt \u015fu \u00f6rne\u011fi veriyor; Wal-Mart’\u0131 kuran ailenin serveti, Birle\u015fik Devletler n\u00fcfusunun en alt gelir grubunu olu\u015fturan y\u00fczde 40’l\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ( yani 120 milyon insan\u0131n) kazanc\u0131yla ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Az say\u0131daki zenginle \u00e7ok say\u0131daki yoksul aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumun geni\u015flemesi, Judt’a g\u00f6re toplumsal sorunlar\u0131n daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmesine neden olur. Bu y\u00fczden pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz onca \u00e7eli\u015fkili ve birbirleriyle ancak k\u0131smen uyumlu hedef aras\u0131nda, e\u015fitsizli\u011fin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 en \u00f6n s\u0131rada gelmelidir. Yayg\u0131n e\u015fitsizlik ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, arzulanan di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn ama\u00e7lara ula\u015fmak daha zorla\u015f\u0131r. \u0130ster Delhi’de olsun ister Detroit’te, yoksullar ve daima yoksunluk i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayanlar adalet bekleyemez hale gelirler. Sa\u011fl\u0131ktan e\u011fitime gereksinimlerini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alamad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi hayatlar\u0131 k\u0131sal\u0131r ve imkanlar\u0131 daral\u0131r. \u0130yi bir e\u011fitim g\u00f6remezler ve o olmay\u0131nca b\u0131rak\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 toplumun k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kat\u0131lmay\u0131, asgari d\u00fczeyde g\u00fcvenceli i\u015f bulma umutlar\u0131 bile kalmaz. Bu anlamda, Judt’\u0131n \u00f6nemle \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu gibi ki\u015fisel haklardan tutun da suya kadar her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kayna\u011fa ula\u015fmadaki e\u015fitsizlik, d\u00fcnyaya y\u00f6nelik ger\u00e7ekten ilerici bir ele\u015ftirinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yanl\u0131\u015f giden \u015feyin tespitinin ard\u0131ndan Judt, insanlar\u0131n nas\u0131l muhalefet etti\u011fi ve nas\u0131l muhalefet etmesi gerekti\u011fi k\u0131sm\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Judt’a g\u00f6re biz insanlar ele\u015ftirmeye \u00f6ncelikli olarak devlet kurumlar\u0131ndan ba\u015flar\u0131z. Parlamentolar, partiler, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 ve se\u00e7imler ilk ele\u015ftirilerimizi y\u00f6neltti\u011fimiz kurumlard\u0131r. Kurumlar b\u00fcnyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek de\u011fi\u015fimlerin g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131m\u0131za olumlu y\u00f6nde olacak etkisini biliriz ancak \u00f6ncellikle g\u00fcvenimizi kaybetti\u011fimiz kurumlara tekrar g\u00fcvenmemiz gerekmektedir. Peki bu g\u00fcveni kim sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r? Sol’un bu noktada yapabilece\u011fi \u015feyler nelerdir? Judt kitab\u0131n\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde sosyal demokrasi kavram\u0131ndan bahsederken Sol’un sesini bulmak zorunda oldu\u011funu belirtir. Kol gezen k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri, servet ve f\u0131rsat e\u015fitsizli\u011findeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131, ekonomik s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcleri, demokrasinin atardamarlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131kayan yolsuzluklar\u0131, imtiyazlar\u0131 tespit edebilen Sol, tespitlerinin ard\u0131ndan kenara \u00e7ekilmemelidir. E\u011fer kendimizi ekonomik verimlilik ve \u00fcretkenlik meseleleriyle k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131p etik ve daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 toplumsal hedeflere ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmeleri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edersek, bunu ba\u015farma umudumuz bile olmaz. Judt kitab\u0131n\u0131 Marx’a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00f6nderme ile bitirir; filozoflar\u0131n bug\u00fcne dek d\u00fcnyay\u0131 t\u00fcrl\u00fc yollarla sadece yorumlad\u0131klar\u0131na dair \u00fcnl\u00fc bir g\u00f6zlem vard\u0131r; as\u0131l mesele ise onu de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir.<\/p>\n

Judt’\u0131n okuyucular\u0131na ve ailesine veda niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan son kitaplar\u0131 sadece g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n sosyo-ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ele almakla kalmaz, bir tarih\u00e7i olarak beslendi\u011fi kitaplardan, filmlerden ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerden de s\u00f6z eder. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na vesile olan Judt’\u0131n tren ve demiryollar\u0131 tutkusundan, \u00e7ocukken ailesinden gizlice yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehirleraras\u0131 tren seyahatlerine, Fransa’da ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi y\u0131llar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ABD’ye gidi\u015fine ve Erich Maria Remarque Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fc kuru\u015funa de\u011fin hayat\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 periyotlar\u0131ndan anekdotlar aktarmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Biyografi:<\/strong> \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i Tony Judt 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda Londra’da do\u011fdu. \u00d6\u011frenimini Cambridge King’s College ve \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieur’de tamamlad\u0131. Avrupa tarihi konusunda uzmanla\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra Cambridge, Oxford ve Berkeley’de dersler verdi. New York University b\u00fcnyesindeki Erich Maria Remarque Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn kurucusu ve ba\u015fkan\u0131yd\u0131. T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evirilen ilk yap\u0131t\u0131 Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131: 1945 Sonras\u0131 Avrupa Tarihi<\/em>, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pulitzer \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne aday g\u00f6sterildi. New York Review of Books<\/em> ve The Times Literary Supplement<\/em> gibi dergilerde d\u00fczenli olarak makaleleri yay\u0131mlanan Judt, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda Britanya siyasi yaz\u0131n\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lardan dolay\u0131 \u00d6zel Orwell Hayat Boyu Ba\u015far\u0131 \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda New York’ta hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. (Bu biyografi Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede Tony Judt: Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131 1945 Sonras\u0131 Avrupa Tarihi<\/em> (Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2009), K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck Kol Gezerken<\/em> (Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2012), Yirminci Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00dczerine D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler<\/em> -Timothy Snyder’in Katk\u0131s\u0131yla- (Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2013), An\u0131lar \u015ealesi<\/em> (Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2013)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cHep tarih\u00e7i olmak istedim. Gerekli dereceleri ne kadar zamanda alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131 hesaplamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131mda on iki ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131m. Tarih\u00e7iler ge\u00e7imini nas\u0131l kazan\u0131rlard\u0131? \u0130nsan tarihte nas\u0131l \u2018kariyer\u2019 yapard\u0131?\u201d \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 ne olursa olsun bir tarih\u00e7i i\u00e7in, t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011fer mesleklerde oldu\u011fu gibi, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olman\u0131n \u00f6n ko\u015fulu tutku sahibi olmakt\u0131r. Tarih\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konuya dair bildi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerde ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 yapar ve hik\u00e2yesini […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":588,"featured_media":25631,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[163,511],"tags":[238,957,771],"class_list":["post-11901","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-126-sayi","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-tarih","tag-tony-judt","tag-yayin"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t