{"id":11940,"date":"2014-08-01T21:06:08","date_gmt":"2014-08-01T18:06:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=11940"},"modified":"2018-05-15T17:19:10","modified_gmt":"2018-05-15T14:19:10","slug":"israil-arap-savaslari-sykes-picotdan-balkanizasyona","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/08\/01\/israil-arap-savaslari-sykes-picotdan-balkanizasyona","title":{"rendered":"\u0130srail-Arap sava\u015flar\u0131: Sykes-Picot\u2019dan Balkanizasyona"},"content":{"rendered":"

Araplar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet\u00e7iklere b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi fikrini net bir proje\/plan olarak ortaya koyan Oded Yinon\u2019du. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 D\u00fcnya Siyonist Te\u015fkilat\u0131 yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Kivum dergisinde 1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu plan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek ABD ve \u0130srail eliyle y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu. Ama art\u0131k durum de\u011fi\u015fmekte, yeni bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. <\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"L\u00fcbnan nerededir? Jean-Marie Gu\u00e9henno Demokrasinin Sonu<\/em> kitab\u0131nda bu soruya, \u201cL\u00fcbnan Ortado\u011fu haritas\u0131n\u0131n bir yerlerinde kaybedilmi\u015f bir \u00fclke de\u011fildir. Art\u0131k hepimizin i\u00e7indedir\u201d yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 veriyordu. (1) Kitab\u0131nda ulus devletlerin ve demokrasinin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile L\u00fcbnanla\u015fma kategorisini birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve analiz ediyordu. Gu\u00e9henno L\u00fcbnanla\u015fmay\u0131 ulussal yap\u0131lar\u0131n birbirine has\u0131m cemaatlere ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131yordu. Sykes-Picot\u2019nun \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, Irak\u2019\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015farak sona erdi\u011fine dair yaz\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n birbirini takip etti\u011fi bu d\u00f6nemde, Gu\u00e9henno\u2019nun bu form\u00fclasyonunun hat\u0131rlanmamas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Irak\u2019\u0131n L\u00fcbnanize edilip edilemedi\u011fi meselesi bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede tart\u0131\u015fmam\u0131za giriyor.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131\u2019da bunun b\u00f6yle oldu\u011fu uzun s\u00fcredir kabul ediliyor; Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 yeni Beyrut olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri ve hatta yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Nitekim Foreign Policy<\/em> dergisinde 24 A\u011fustos 2010 tarihinde yay\u0131mlanan \u201cBeirut in Baghdad: Is The Lebanonization Of Iraq Complete?\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131da, Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n Beyrut olma yolunda ilerledi\u011fi ve Irak\u2019\u0131n L\u00fcbnanla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespitlerini bulabiliyoruz. (2) Birbirine d\u00fc\u015fman ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan cemaatlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke tablosudur. Ulus devlet kategorisinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve hatta onu \u00e7\u00f6kertmeye y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu da a\u015fikard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Ortado\u011fu\u2019da bug\u00fcn ayr\u0131\u015fan ulusal yap\u0131lar\u0131n nicelik ve nitelikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, L\u00fcbnan \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin yeterince a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 kabul edilmemesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Balkanla\u015fma belki de daha yetkin bir kavramla\u015ft\u0131rma olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fini ise Yugoslavya te\u015fkil etmektedir. Irak ile benzer t\u00fcrden bir ayr\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7erisinden birka\u00e7 devlet \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rl\u0131yoruz. Bir bak\u0131ma, d\u00fcn\u00fcn Yugoslavya\u2019s\u0131 bug\u00fcn\u00fcn Irak\u2019\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilmek i\u00e7in bir model niteli\u011findedir. (3) Sosyologca<\/em> dergisinde Yal\u00e7\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn de\u011ferlendirmesi de bu y\u00f6ndeydi. \u201cBalkanization & Lebanization & Egyptization\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Ortado\u011fu\u2019yu kastederek, \u201cSovyetler ve Yugoslavya\u2019dan sonra as\u0131l b\u00f6l\u00fcnme merkezi buraya kaym\u0131\u015f olabilir, ciddiyetle hesaplamak zorunday\u0131z\u201d uyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131yordu. (4) Irak\u2019ta ayr\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nemli oranda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi de makalesinde kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Time<\/em> dergisinin 30 Haziran 2014 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda ise \u2018bir ulus devlet olarak Irak\u2019\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir olgu\u2019 oldu\u011fu c\u00fcmleci\u011fi yer al\u0131yor. (5) Irak\u2019\u0131n verili durumunda \u015eii, S\u00fcnni ve K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgelerinden olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7 balkan devlet\u00e7i\u011finin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u0131k\u00e7a tekrarlanan bir tespit. B\u00f6ylelikle Sykes-Picot\u2019ya ve Irak\u2019\u0131n bug\u00fcn\u00fcne ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\"\"Sykes-Picot hapishanesindeki Arap ulusu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sykes-Picot Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funun neresinde durur? Sykes-Picot 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 devletinin topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere ile Fransa aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fman\u0131n ad\u0131yd\u0131. Arap topraklar\u0131n\u0131 yapay s\u0131n\u0131rlarla b\u00f6l\u00fcyor, n\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131na ay\u0131r\u0131yor ve \u0130srail devletinin de temellerini at\u0131yordu. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki taksimat da genel hatlar\u0131yla Sykes-Picot\u2019ya uygun yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Denebilir ki, bir y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki d\u00fczenin temelini bu anla\u015fma temsil etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Araplar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan anlam\u0131n\u0131 ise, bir d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 devletinde de g\u00f6rev yapan, Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funun \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden Sati el-Husri\u2019de bulabiliyoruz. 1950\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Sykes-Picot\u2019da \u00e7izilen \u201cbu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u201d, emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Araplara \u201cdayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018h\u00fccre hapsi\u2019 ve \u2018ev hapsi\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu yaz\u0131yordu. (6) Tam da bu nedenle Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funun y\u00fckseli\u015fi, s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fccre s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmakla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131. Nas\u0131r \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funun 1958 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 bu y\u00f6ndeydi. M\u0131s\u0131r ile Suriye, Birle\u015fik Arap Cumhuriyeti ad\u0131 ile tek bir devlet \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftiklerinde, ihlal edilen her \u015feyden \u00f6nce Sykes-Picot\u2019nun \u00e7izdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlard\u0131. \u00d6yle ki, Araplar\u0131n birle\u015fmelerinin yolu Sykes-Picot\u2019da \u00e7izilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ihlalinden ge\u00e7iyordu. Arap ulusu Sykes-Picot s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir yerlerdeydi. Suriye ile M\u0131s\u0131r aras\u0131ndaki bu birli\u011fe Irak\u2019\u0131n da dahil olmas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla, bu, daha da net bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Balkanizasyon ve \u0130srail<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun Balkanizasyonunu bir t\u00fcr Osmanizasyon kategorisi ile ba\u011flant\u0131land\u0131ran isim ise Chomsky idi. Chomsky Fateful Triangle<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck etnik ve mezhepsel yap\u0131lara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ile ama\u00e7lanan\u0131n, merkezinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0130srail\u2019in yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir Osmanizasyon projesi oldu\u011funu yaz\u0131yordu. (7) Merkezde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devletin, \u00e7evrede ise k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve tercihen birbirine has\u0131m devlet\u00e7iklerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir model. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, Osmanl\u0131 zaman\u0131nda merkezde T\u00fcrkiye yer al\u0131rken, \u015fimdi burada konumlanm\u0131\u015f olan devlet \u0130srail olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet\u00e7iklere b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi fikrini net bir proje\/plan olarak ortaya koyan Oded Yinon\u2019du. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 D\u00fcnya Siyonist Te\u015fkilat\u0131 yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Kivum<\/em> dergisinde 1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dok\u00fcman \u201cA Strategy For Israel In The Nineteen Eighties\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Kitap haline getiren ise Israel Shakak oldu. Kitab\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yay\u0131mc\u0131 Khalil Nakhieh\u2019in \u201cnotlar\u0131nda\u201d, Yinon taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan dok\u00fcman\u0131n Siyonist y\u00f6netimin, Menachem Begin ve Ariel Sharon\u2019un Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisini de bulabiliyoruz.<\/p>\n

Plan, Khalil Nakhieh\u2019e g\u00f6re iki temel \u00f6nc\u00fcle sahipti. Birincisi, \u0130srail\u2019in b\u00f6lgesel bir emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine i\u015faret ediyordu. \u0130kinci \u00f6nc\u00fcl ise, b\u00f6lgedeki Arap devletlerinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet\u00e7iklere b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi zorunlulu\u011funa ili\u015fkindi. (8) Nakhieh yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 notlarda, buradaki \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u201d kelimesinin s\u00f6z konusu devlet\u00e7iklerin etnik ve mezhepsel bile\u015fimini ifade etti\u011fini a\u00e7ma gere\u011fi duyuyor. Ard\u0131ndan ekliyor: Siyonizmin beklentisi, bu devletlerin \u0130srail\u2019in uydular\u0131 haline gelmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. (9) Israel Shakak taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan \u00f6ns\u00f6zde ise bu noktaya ili\u015fkin olarak, \u201call<\/em> the existing Arab states\u201d \/ \u201chalihaz\u0131rdaki b\u00fct\u00fcn<\/em> Arap devletlerinin\u201d ifadesi kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve s\u00f6z konusu par\u00e7alama plan\u0131na hepsinin dahil edildi\u011fi Israel Shakak taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (10)<\/p>\n

Oded Yinon 1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 planda, L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131n be\u015f b\u00f6lgeye b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin, M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye, Irak ve Arap yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alacak bi\u00e7imde t\u00fcm Arap b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in bir \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturdu\u011funu yaz\u0131yordu. Suriye ve Irak\u2019\u0131n dinsel ve etnik \u00f6\u011felerine ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da \u0130srail\u2019in birincil hedefi oldu\u011fu dok\u00fcmanda netlikle form\u00fcle edilmi\u015fti. Planda Irak\u2019\u0131n \u015eii, S\u00fcnni ve K\u00fcrt devlet\u00e7iklerine ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi tezi de yer al\u0131yordu. Arap devletleri ve ulusunu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck siyasal birimlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek isteyen Oded Yinon\u2019a g\u00f6re, Arap devletleri aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u0130srail\u2019in yarar\u0131nayd\u0131. (11) Hatta Yinon\u2019un, \u0130ran ile Irak aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131, Irak\u2019taki \u015eiiler ile S\u00fcnniler aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in olumlu bir geli\u015fme olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Peter Mansfield\u2019in A History Of The Middle East<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, ABD\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli politikac\u0131lar\u0131ndan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Henry Kissinger\u2019\u0131n da 80\u2019li y\u0131llar boyunca devam eden Irak-\u0130ran sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi bilgisini bulabiliyoruz. Bir d\u00f6nem \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda da g\u00f6rev yapan Peter Mansfield\u2019in Kissenger\u2019a atfen yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201c\u0130ran-Irak sava\u015f\u0131nda en iyi sonu\u00e7, her iki taraf\u0131n da kaybetmesi olurdu\u201d ifadesi kelimesi kelimesine do\u011fru mudur, bug\u00fcn bilmek zor. (12) Ancak ifadenin siyonist politika ile tutarl\u0131 oldu\u011fu muhakkakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yinon Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Khalil Nakhieh, Plan\u2019da ulusalc\u0131 e\u011filimlere sahip her Arap devletinin er ya da ge\u00e7 hedef al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da Yinon\u2019un kitab\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda vurgulamadan edememi\u015fti. (13) Yinon\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131ma haz\u0131rlayan Israel Shakak ise, kitab\u0131n sonundaki sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, b\u00fct\u00fcn plan\u0131n Araplar\u0131n o g\u00fcn olduklar\u0131ndan daha fazla b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olmalar\u0131 ve aralar\u0131ndan ilerici bir kitle hareketinin \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu fikrindedir. (14) Plandaki tezlerin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uygulamaya konuldu\u011funu, Ortado\u011fu\u2019da ya\u015fananlardan bilebiliyoruz.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Anti-emperyalist Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funun simgesi M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 lider Cemal Abd\u00fcl Nas\u0131r (sa\u011fda), Che Guevara ile Kahire\u2019de.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011fundan sonra<\/strong><\/p>\n

E\u011fer bir Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilecek ise, bu ak\u0131m\u0131n k\u00f6k sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 as\u0131l toprak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019d\u0131. Arap devletlerini birle\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik ulusalc\u0131 projeler de hep M\u0131s\u0131r ve Nas\u0131r ba\u011flam\u0131nda ifadesini bulmu\u015flard\u0131. 1958 y\u0131l\u0131nda Suriye ile M\u0131s\u0131r birle\u015fme karar\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131nda, aralar\u0131nda kalan \u00fclkenin ad\u0131n\u0131 ise \u0130srail olarak biliyoruz. Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funun y\u00fckseli\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131 boyunca \u0130srail tam da bu konumu nedeniyle hep birka\u00e7 cephede birden sava\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131. T\u00fcm bu sava\u015flar boyunca Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ulusal anlamda liderlik eden \u00fclke ise Nas\u0131r \u00f6nderli\u011findeki M\u0131s\u0131r oluyordu.<\/p>\n

Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funun bu y\u00fckseli\u015fini k\u0131ran, 1967\u2019deki, \u0130srail ile Arap devletleri aras\u0131ndaki Alt\u0131 G\u00fcn Sava\u015f\u0131 oldu. Sava\u015f\u0131 kazanan \u0130srail, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ait Sina Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek Nas\u0131r\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yordu. Nas\u0131r\u2019\u0131n 1970\u2019teki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan ise Nas\u0131r d\u00f6nemine ait b\u00fct\u00fcn uygulamalar yava\u015f yava\u015f geri al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. Ortado\u011fu\u2019yu etkileyen en net geri ad\u0131m, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Arap ulusalc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n lideri konumundan vazge\u00e7mesi oldu. Nas\u0131r\u2019\u0131n yerini alan Enver Sedat, 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Henry Kissinger\u2019\u0131n sundu\u011fu, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n \u0130srail\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmaktan vazge\u00e7mesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130srail\u2019in Sina\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir Amerikan plan\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyordu. B\u00f6ylelikle \u0130srail ve ABD, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 Arap-\u0130srail \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f oluyorlard\u0131. (15) Ama bu hamleyle ABD ve \u0130srail sadece Arap \u00fclkelerinin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc ve lideri konumundaki M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 n\u00f6tralize etmekle kalm\u0131yor, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130srail\u2019in iki cephede birden sava\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren jeostratejik sorununu da ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu anla\u015fmay\u0131 Enver Sedat\u2019\u0131n 1977 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kud\u00fcs\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyaret takip edecekti. Ziyaretin ard\u0131ndan 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda Camp David Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve 1979 ilkbahar\u0131nda da \u0130srail-M\u0131s\u0131r Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131yordu. (16) Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bu politikalar\u0131na ilk tepkisi ise, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Arap Birli\u011fi\u2019nden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 oldu. (17) Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funun ve siyasetinin kalbi olan M\u0131s\u0131r, art\u0131k onun \u00fccra bir k\u00f6\u015fesine at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lan, t\u00fcm bir Arap siyasetine son otuz y\u0131ld\u0131r kan pompalayan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019d\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle Arap siyaseti de kalbi olmayan bir g\u00f6vdeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Hepsi Nas\u0131r\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Neticede \u0130srail ve ABD, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131ndan tecrit etme planlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koymay\u0131 becerebilmi\u015flerdi. (18)<\/p>\n

Sonras\u0131 ise daha k\u0131sa ve ne yaz\u0131k ki kanl\u0131d\u0131r. 1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130srail, 1967\u2019den beri elinde tuttu\u011fu Suriye\u2019ye ait Golan Tepeleri\u2019nde \u0130srail kamu hukukunun ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu ilan ile b\u00f6lgeyi ilhak etti. 1982 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 6 Haziran\u0131\u2019nda s\u0131ra \u0130srail\u2019in L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgaline geliyordu. (19) 16 Eyl\u00fcl 1982 tarihini ise Sabra ve \u015eatilla katliamlar\u0131 olarak biliyoruz. 1982 tarihine kay\u0131tl\u0131 Oded Yinon raporu i\u015fte tam bu s\u0131rada, \u0130srail\u2019in L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali ile Sabra ve \u015eatilla katliamlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Raporun \u0130srail h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini tam anlam\u0131yla yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisini ise, raporun ba\u015f\u0131ndaki notlardan okuyabiliyoruz. Demek ki, 1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130srail, Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun Balkanizasyonunu a\u00e7\u0131ktan tart\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. Tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n izole edilmesi, ulusal e\u011filimli Arap devletlerinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve b\u00f6lgede ilerici bir kitle hareketin yoklu\u011fu \u00fczerine oturdu\u011funu anlayabiliyoruz.<\/p>\n

ABD ve \u0130srail\u2019in Balkanizasyon projesi tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fclkelerin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden ibaret de\u011fildi. Devletleri mezhepsel ve etnik unsurlar\u0131na ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131racak bi\u00e7imde yo\u011fun bir dinselli\u011fi de pompal\u0131yordu. Bunu Il\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slam Projesi olarak form\u00fcle edebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Hem M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, hem de Ortado\u011fu\u2019da \u0130slamc\u0131 siyasetin yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 1967 yenilgisi sonras\u0131na, \u0130srail\u2019in Arap ulus\u00e7ulu\u011fu \u00fczerinde hakimiyet kurdu\u011fu d\u00f6neme denk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. (20) M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Enver Sedat\u2019\u0131n, \u0130hvan \u00fczerindeki yasa\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131rarak, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015flere \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme olana\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Sedat\u2019\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015fleri Nas\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir m\u00fcttefik olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de M\u0131s\u0131r tarihi \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan kitaplarda s\u0131k\u00e7a tekrarlanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130slam siyaseti, Amerikan hakimiyetinde ge\u00e7en 1980 ve 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar boyunca M\u0131s\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerde de ilerleme kaydediyordu. Suriye, L\u00fcbnan, Cezayir, Tunus, Bahreyn, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Fas gibi \u00fclkelerin hepsi irili ufakl\u0131 \u0130slami hareketlerin m\u00fccadelesi ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131yordu. Bir \u00f6rne\u011fini Filistin\u2019deki direni\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinde bulabiliyoruz. Laik ve sol referansl\u0131 yap\u0131lar etkilerini giderek yitirirlerken, \u0130slam referansl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctler g\u00fc\u00e7lerini art\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemi \u0130srail ve ABD\u2019nin Araplara y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerinin etnik ve mezhepsel unsurlar\u0131na ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem olarak da biliyoruz. (21) M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Arap siyasetinden izole edilmesi ve \u0130srail yan\u0131na \u00e7ekilmesi bu d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in bir girizgah niteli\u011findeydi. Bununla birlikte, bu yenilgi d\u00f6neminin kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131 da yine M\u0131s\u0131r ile olmu\u015f haldedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
M\u0131s\u0131r Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Enver Sedat ve \u0130srail Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Menahem Begin Washington\u2019daki Kongre\u2019de, ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jimmy Carter Camp David S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klarken.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar milyonlarca insandan olu\u015fan bir halk hareketiyle Ortado\u011fu politikas\u0131na tekrar d\u00f6n\u00fcyorlar. Unutulmu\u015f olan Arap ad\u0131, Nas\u0131r tekrar hat\u0131rlan\u0131yor. Baas Partisi\u2019nin kuruldu\u011fu \u00fclke olan Suriye ise, uzun bir s\u00fcredir ABD ve \u0130srail\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve laik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 koruma sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kazanma yolundad\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, I\u015e\u0130D\u2019in Irak\u2019taki ter\u00f6r eylemleri sonras\u0131nda Amerikan think-tank kurulu\u015flar\u0131, I\u015e\u0130D\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 Esad ile dahi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak durumunda kalabileceklerini yaz\u0131yorlar. Bir d\u00f6nem ABD Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda bakan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini de y\u00fcr\u00fcten Leslie H. Gelb ise, hem Suriye, hem de Irak\u2019ta as\u0131l tehdidin cihat\u00e7\u0131lar olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Ard\u0131ndan ABD\u2019nin, cihat\u00e7\u0131lar tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 Esad, \u0130ran ve Rusya ile birlikte hareket etmesi gerekti\u011fini dile getirmektedir. CFR\u2019ye verdi\u011fi s\u00f6yle\u015fide, Bat\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmak isteyen \u0130ran\u2019la da, evlilik olmasa dahi bir birlikteli\u011fin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilece\u011fini ifade ediyordu. (22) Bunlara ek olarak, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Bat\u0131 ambargosunu k\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da hat\u0131rl\u0131yoruz; kabullenmek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Hatta Irak\u2019taki krizin petrol \u00fcretimini etkilemesi halinde, olu\u015fan a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ran \u00fczerinden kapatmak zorunda kalaca\u011f\u0131 da Council On Foreign Relations\u2019\u0131n toplant\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u00f6ylenmektedir. (23)<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131ndaki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck ayaklanma 2011 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. \u0130srail\u2019in ilk tepkisini, Peter Mansfield\u2019in, Nicolas Pelham taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcncellenen kitab\u0131nda okuyabiliyoruz. \u0130srail\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki ayaklanmalara yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine de olsa, daha pes tondan konu\u015fmak bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6zetleyebiliriz. Nitekim Nicolas Pelham\u2019ca yaz\u0131lan k\u0131s\u0131mda, \u0130srail\u2019in m\u00fcttefiki M\u00fcbarek t\u00fcr\u00fcnden liderlerin ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmesinin 1973\u2019teki t\u00fcrden bir sava\u015f\u0131 tetikleyebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde oldu\u011fu kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. (24)<\/p>\n

\"\"
M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131ndaki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck ayaklanma 2011 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. 2011\u2019de Tahrir Meydan\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

2013\u2019te, \u0130srail ve Amerika\u2019ya dost M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015fler iktidar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan laik nitelikteki ayaklanmalarda ise, bu sefer ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilen \u0130srail ve ABD m\u00fcttefiki \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slam oluyordu. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisindeki ikinci kay\u0131plar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ikinci halk hareketinin ilk taleplerinden birinin Camp David Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n feshedilmesi oldu\u011funu da hat\u0131rl\u0131yoruz. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, ABD\u2019ye ra\u011fmen, Mursi\u2019nin iktidardan indirilmesinin ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015flerin yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan sonucu, b\u00f6lgede Il\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slam Projesi\u2019nin bitirilmesi oluyordu. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ilerici siyasetin halk ayaklanmas\u0131 ile Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, ABD\u2019nin bu uzun d\u00f6nemli \u0130slam projesinin yok edilmesi anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Demek ki, \u015fimdi bir e\u015fikteyiz. ABD ve \u0130srail\u2019in y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve her g\u00fcn Gazze\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden sald\u0131r\u0131larla yeniden y\u0131kmak istedi\u011fi Ortado\u011fu\u2019da bir yol kav\u015fa\u011f\u0131nday\u0131z. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, son birka\u00e7 y\u0131lda t\u00fcm Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yay\u0131lan ilerici halk hareketlerinin d\u00fczledi\u011fi verimli topra\u011fa ayaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bas\u0131yoruz. Yeni bir yola do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

Ortado\u011fu\u2019da yeni bir d\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p>\n

Balkanizasyon projesi g\u00fcncel planda \u00f6nemli a\u00e7mazlar ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya. Uzun bir zaman boyunca bu projeye bir ba\u015fka proje, Il\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slam e\u015flik etti. Bu ikinci siyasetin Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki ayaklanmalar ile birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde h\u0131zla \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bug\u00fcn art\u0131k g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. \u00d6nce Tunus\u2019ta ba\u015flad\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r geldi. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slamc\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015flerin iktidardan indirilmesi ve ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc say\u0131larak yasaklanmas\u0131, yolun sonuna gelindi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyordu. B\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerinin de, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve Suudi Arabistan, \u00f6rg\u00fcte y\u00f6nelik benzer tasarruflarda bulunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Bat\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131ndan okuyabiliyoruz.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki, \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slam hem M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, hem de b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerinde ABD\u2019nin ummad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sert bir direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Suriye ve Irak\u2019\u0131 yerle bir eden bu \u0130slam projesinin art\u0131k iktidar pozisyonundan \u00e7ekildi\u011fini g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. M\u0131s\u0131r ve Suriye\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan laik direni\u015fle birlikte, \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slamc\u0131lar \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede radikal \u0130slamc\u0131lara ve radikal \u0130slamc\u0131 ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle laik direni\u015f, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ve radikal versiyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dikkate de\u011fer bir mesafe bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Art\u0131k perde kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ba\u015fka bir d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6zlerimizi a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f haldeyiz.<\/p>\n

Balkanizasyon anlam\u0131nda da beklenen ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f haldedir. \u0130srail ve ABD, Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkelerinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden \u0130srail\u2019e dost uydu devlet\u00e7ikler \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 istiyorlard\u0131. \u015eimdi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan radikal \u0130slamc\u0131 ve ter\u00f6rist I\u015e\u0130D hakimiyetindeki S\u00fcnni devlet\u00e7i\u011fi ile t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u0130ran yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir \u015eii devlet\u00e7i\u011fidir. K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgesi haricinde ABD\u2019ye dost bir etnik-devlet icad\u0131 ise k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemde imkan dahilinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu tabloya \u0130ran ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n artan n\u00fcfuzunun da dahil edilmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Her iki \u00fclke de b\u00f6lgedeki n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 ABD\u2019ye ra\u011fmen peki\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. I\u015e\u0130D ter\u00f6r\u00fc Irakl\u0131 \u015eiileri ve Maliki\u2019yi \u0130ran\u2019la ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaya iterken, Suriye ise Rusya\u2019yla ili\u015fkilerini kuvvetlendiriyor. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n etkisindeki bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131, CFR ba\u015fkan\u0131 Richard H. Haass hi\u00e7 saklamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tiksintiyle, \u2018art\u0131k Irak, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfuzunun bir uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r\u2019 bi\u00e7iminde ifade ediyordu. (25) Bunlara Maliki\u2019nin I\u015e\u0130D\u2019i bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gerekli u\u00e7aklar\u0131 Rusya\u2019dan, di\u011fer askeri yard\u0131mlar\u0131 ise \u0130ran\u2019dan temin etti\u011fi bilgisini de ekleyebiliriz. ABD\u2019nin b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015fluk, g\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki, \u0130ran ve Rusya taraf\u0131ndan doldurulmu\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim Amerikan yanl\u0131s\u0131 yay\u0131nlarda da ABD\u2019nin Ortado\u011fu\u2019da art\u0131k kilit bir rol\u00fcn\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu yeni bir durum ve yeni bir siyasal a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 beraberinde getirmek zorunda.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Jean-Mari Gu\u00e9henno, Demokrasinin Sonu<\/em>, \u00e7ev: Mehmet Emin \u00d6zcan, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara, 1998, s.39.<\/p>\n

2) Lara Setrakian, \u201cBeirut in Baghdad: Is the \u2018Lebanonization\u2019 of Iraq complete?\u201d, Foreign Policy<\/em>, August 24- 2010.<\/p>\n

3) The Jerusalem Post\u2019ta 30.12.2012 tarihinde\u00a0 yay\u0131mlanan \u201cA Middle East Islamicized or Balkanized?\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131da \u015fu c\u00fcmleler yer al\u0131yor: \u201cMight Yugoslavia\u2019s recent devolution be a model? Would this leave most Middle East peoples bette off?\u201d Michael Zimmerman, \u201cA Middle East Islamicized or Balkanized?\u201d, The Jerusalem Post<\/em>, 30.12.2012.<\/p>\n

4) Yal\u00e7\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, \u201cBalkanization & Lebanization & Egyptization\u201d, Sosyologca<\/em>, Ocak-Haziran 2012, say\u0131 3, s.262.<\/p>\n

5) \u201c\u2026 but the breakup of Iraq as a nation-state appears to be all but an accomplished fact.\u201d Michael Crowley, \u201cIraq\u2019s Eternal War\u201d, Time<\/em>, 30.06.2014.<\/p>\n

6) Adid Davi\u015fa, Arap Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/em>, \u00e7ev: L\u00fctfi Yal\u00e7\u0131n, Literat\u00fcr Yay., \u0130stanbul, 2004, s.259.<\/p>\n

7) Chomsky\u2019nin Fateful Triangle<\/em> kitab\u0131ndan aktaran Yal\u00e7\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck. Bkz: Yal\u00e7\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck<\/strong>, \u201cBalkanization & Lebanization & Egyptization\u201d, Sosyologca<\/em>, Ocak-Haziran 2012, say\u0131 3, s.256.<\/p>\n

8) Oded Yinon, A Strategy For Israel In The Nineteen Eighties, published by Association of Arab-American University Graduates Inc. Massachusetts, 1982, p.1. (Elimizdeki metin sayfa numaralar\u0131ndan yoksun oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sayfa numaralar\u0131 taraf\u0131m\u0131zca verilmi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n

9) Oded Yinon, age., p.1.<\/p>\n

10) Oded Yinon, age., p.3.<\/p>\n

11) Oded Yinon, age., p.11.<\/p>\n

12) Peter Mansfield, A History Of The Middle East, Penguin Books, New York, Fourth Edition, 2013, p.373.<\/p>\n

13) Oded Yinon, age., p.2.<\/p>\n

14) Oded Yinon, age., p.14.<\/p>\n

15) \u201c\u2026 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n \u0130srail ile bir bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman devletler aras\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karan, b\u00f6ylece ba\u015fl\u0131ca sava\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015f olan Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 daha da zay\u0131flatan bir antla\u015fma imzalam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi oldu\u011fu gibi duruyordu. O andan itibaren, \u0130srailliler di\u011fer Arap devletlerine ve Bar\u0131 \u015eeria sakinlerine kar\u015f\u0131 gitgide daha uzla\u015fmaz ve kavgac\u0131 davranmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.\u201d Bkz: Afaf Lutf\u0131 Al-Sayy\u0131d Marsot, M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihi, \u00e7ev: G\u00fcl \u00c7a\u011fal\u0131 G\u00fcven, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay., \u0130stanbul, 2010, s.135.<\/p>\n

16) Adid Davi\u015fa, Arap Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi, \u00e7ev: L\u00fctfi Yal\u00e7\u0131n, Literat\u00fcr Yay., \u0130stanbul, 2004, ss.240-241.<\/p>\n

17) Afaf Lutf\u0131 Al-Sayy\u0131d Marsot, M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihi, \u00e7ev: G\u00fcl \u00c7a\u011fal\u0131 G\u00fcven, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay., \u0130stanbul, 2010, s.135.<\/p>\n

18) B. J. Odeh, L\u00fcbnan\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f, Belge Yay., \u0130stanbul, 1986, s.307.<\/p>\n

19) Adid Davi\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u0130srail\u2019in L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali ile \u0130srail, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7tir: \u201c1982 yaz\u0131nda \u0130srail L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etti\u011finde, \u015f\u00fcphesiz Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00e7ok endi\u015felenmi\u015fti; ancak \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde art\u0131k Arap \u015fehirlerinde yayg\u0131n halk g\u00f6sterileri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyordu. Bunu M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a 1956\u2019da yap\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015fik Arap \u015fehirlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kapsaml\u0131 g\u00f6steriler, karga\u015fa ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck isyanlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d Bkz: Adid Davi\u015fa, Arap Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi, \u00e7ev: L\u00fctfi Yal\u00e7\u0131n, Literat\u00fcr Yay., \u0130stanbul, 2004, ss.247-248.<\/p>\n

20) \u0130slamc\u0131lar\u0131n 1967 yenilgisinin ard\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 anlaml\u0131d\u0131r. Peter Mansfield ise A History Of The Middle East<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka noktaya dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. \u0130slamc\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin Araplar\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 verdikleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadeleleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyemediklerini, az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak kalmaya devam ettiklerini yaz\u0131yordu. \u0130slamc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenebilmeleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015flar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde de\u011fil, ancak bir Arap yenilgisi d\u00f6neminde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabiliyordu. Bkz: Peter Mansfield, A History Of The Middle East, Penguin Books, New York, Fourth Edition, 2013, p. 364.<\/p>\n

21) The Atlantic<\/em> dergisinin 2008 y\u0131l\u0131na ait Ocak-\u015eubat say\u0131s\u0131nda, Jeffrey Goldberg\u2019in ad\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanan \u201cAfter Iraq\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131daki bir soru bu a\u00e7\u0131dan tipiktir. Goldberg form\u00fclasyonu, Akdeniz ile F\u0131rat Nehri aras\u0131nda ka\u00e7 devlet olacak bi\u00e7imindeydi: \u201cHow many states will there one day be between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates River? Three? Four? Five? Six?\u201d<\/p>\n

22) CFR\u2019nin Leslie H. Gelb ile 20 Haziran\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cA U.S. Playbook For Iraq and Syria\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 s\u00f6yle\u015fi.<\/p>\n

23) CFR\u2019nin \u201cWhat To Do About Iraq\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc 18 Haziran 2014\u2019te yay\u0131mlanan toplant\u0131s\u0131ndan.<\/p>\n

24) Peter Mansfield, A History Of The Middle East, Penguin Books, New York, Fourth Edition, 2013, p.521.<\/p>\n

25) CFR\u2019nin \u201cWhat To Do About Iraq\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc 18 Haziran 2014\u2019te yay\u0131mlanan toplant\u0131s\u0131ndan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Araplar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet\u00e7iklere b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi fikrini net bir proje\/plan olarak ortaya koyan Oded Yinon\u2019du. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 D\u00fcnya Siyonist Te\u015fkilat\u0131 yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Kivum dergisinde 1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu plan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek ABD ve \u0130srail eliyle y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu. Ama art\u0131k durum de\u011fi\u015fmekte, yeni bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. L\u00fcbnan nerededir? Jean-Marie Gu\u00e9henno Demokrasinin Sonu kitab\u0131nda bu soruya, \u201cL\u00fcbnan Ortado\u011fu haritas\u0131n\u0131n bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":849,"featured_media":25597,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[163,222],"tags":[971,970,969,536,238],"class_list":["post-11940","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-126-sayi","category-tarih","tag-arap-dunyasi","tag-israil","tag-ortadogu","tag-siyaset","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t