\u0130ngiliz Ulusal M\u00fczesi\u2019nde ilk defa sergilenmekte olan iki iskelet, sol taraflar\u0131na do\u011fru yan yana k\u0131vr\u0131larak yatm\u0131\u015f halleriyle ne kadar da huzurlu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Oysa onlar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bilinen en eski sava\u015f\u0131 denebilecek kalabal\u0131k ve silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131ndan sadece ikisi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 13 biny\u0131l \u00f6nce vah\u015fice bir \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tatm\u0131\u015flar; kemikleri \u00fczerindeki jilet keskinli\u011finde ta\u015flar\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaralar, say\u0131s\u0131z k\u0131r\u0131k ve kesik, eski \u00e7a\u011f silahlar\u0131n\u0131n izleri.<\/p>\n
Bu iskeletler bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kuzey Sudan\u2019da Nil\u2019in do\u011fu yakas\u0131nda bulunan Jebel Sahaba toplu mezar\u0131ndan geliyor. Mezarl\u0131k 1960\u2019larda Aswan Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla su alt\u0131nda kalacak olan arkeolojik siteleri ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen kaz\u0131larda g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Baraj\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyadan arkeologlar M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gitmi\u015f, sular y\u00fckselmeden \u00f6nce tarih ad\u0131na kurtar\u0131labilecek ne varsa kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. B\u00f6lgeden o kadar \u00e7ok materyal \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ki, bunlar\u0131n incelenmesi sonras\u0131ndaki yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca devam etti.<\/p>\n
Jebel Sahaba Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1964\u2019te \u00fcnl\u00fc Amerikal\u0131 arkeolog Fred Wendorf taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilmi\u015fti. Wendorf buldu\u011fu 61 insana ait kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren silahlardan par\u00e7alar\u0131 Teksas\u2019a \u00fcniversitesine g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, 2001\u2019de emekli olduktan sonra ara\u015ft\u0131rma notlar\u0131n\u0131, foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 ve yerle\u015fim yerlerinin \u00e7izimlerini de i\u00e7eren t\u00fcm koleksiyonunu \u0130ngiliz Ulusal M\u00fczesi\u2019ne ba\u011f\u0131\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Koleksiyon halka a\u00e7\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt taraf\u0131ndan biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n incelemesine sunuldu. Nihayet iskeletlerden ikisi ve baz\u0131 silah kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130ngiliz Ulusal M\u00fczesi\u2019nin yeniden a\u00e7\u0131lan erken d\u00f6nem M\u0131s\u0131r galerisinde sergilenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. M\u00fcze\u2019nin Eski M\u0131s\u0131r ve Sudan Departman\u0131 K\u00fcrat\u00f6r\u00fc Dr. Daniel Antoine, iskeletlerin sadece b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bulgular\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ait olduklar\u0131 Jebel Sahaba Mezar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015fimdiye dek Nil Vadisi\u2019nde bulunan en eski mezarl\u0131k olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor.<\/p>\n
Vah\u015fet \u00e7ocuk-kad\u0131n tan\u0131mam\u0131\u015f\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n Son y\u0131llara kadar, kal\u0131nt\u0131lar hen\u00fcz modern teknoloji kullan\u0131larak incelenmi\u015f de\u011fildi. Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n sergilenmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla birlikte, payla\u015f\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7akmakta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f u\u00e7lara sahip oklarla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f onlarca insan\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. M\u00fcze k\u00fcrat\u00f6rlerinden Renee Friedman \u201cBu kadar eski bir zamana ait kal\u0131nt\u0131lar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, genellikle ger\u00e7ekten ne oldu\u011funu asla bilemezsiniz. Bu iskeletler ise hi\u00e7bir soru i\u015fareti b\u0131rakm\u0131yor, omurgalara saplanm\u0131\u015f ok u\u00e7lar\u0131, g\u00f6z \u00e7ukurlar\u0131na girmi\u015f m\u0131zrak u\u00e7lar\u0131 bulduk, \u00e7o\u011fu bariz bir \u015fekilde bir ok ya\u011fmuru alt\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f. Bu insanlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcmleri hi\u00e7 ho\u015f olmam\u0131\u015f\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00fczerinde tespit edilen sonradan iyile\u015fmi\u015f yaralar ve kaynam\u0131\u015f k\u0131r\u0131klar bu insanlar\u0131n daha \u00f6ncede benzer \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n yorumu, bu insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ola\u011fan\u0131n \u00f6tesinde vah\u015fi bir d\u00f6nem oldu\u011fu, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n uzatmal\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu bir sava\u015f \u015feklinde aylara ya da belki y\u0131llara yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde. \u201cBir d\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131yorum\u201d diye ekliyor k\u00fcrat\u00f6r Friedman; \u201cBunlar k\u0131t kaynaklar\u0131 kullanmak i\u00e7in birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenli ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z bask\u0131nlar d\u00fczenleyen kabileler. Kimse ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmam\u0131\u015f, \u00f6l\u00fcler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk var. Bu bir toplu mezar i\u00e7in al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bir bile\u015fim.\u201d<\/p>\n Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bir ba\u015fka d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ise, d\u00fc\u015fman bir topluluk taraf\u0131ndan ac\u0131mas\u0131zca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bu kurbanlar\u0131n kendi insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fcnde. Dikkatlice ve \u00f6zenle g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fler, b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u00fccutlar sol yanlar\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Ba\u015flar\u0131 do\u011fuyu g\u00f6steriyor, y\u00fczleri ise g\u00fcneye bak\u0131yor, yani ya\u015fam\u0131n iki kayna\u011f\u0131na, hayatta kalman\u0131n iki esas dayana\u011f\u0131na, nehrin ve g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fdu\u011fu yere. Friedman \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: \u201cBunlar avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6k salmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 bir zamandan kalm\u0131\u015f. Atalar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir yere g\u00f6mmek, bir b\u00f6lge \u00fczerinde hak iddia etmenin en temel yollar\u0131ndan biri. Besbelli ki bu insanlar topraklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015flar, hem de \u00e7ok defa ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bedeller pahas\u0131na.\u201d<\/p>\n Levantenler Sahra-alt\u0131 Afrikal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz Ulusal M\u00fczesi\u2019nden biliminsanlar\u0131 bundan sonra kurbanlar hakk\u0131nda, cinsiyetlerinden, hastal\u0131klar\u0131na, ne yediklerinden \u00f6l\u00fcm ya\u015flar\u0131na kadar, daha pek \u00e7ok \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenmeyi hedefliyor. \u015eimdiye dek bu y\u00f6nde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar kurbanlar\u0131n modern siyahi Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n atalar\u0131 olan Sahra-alt\u0131 k\u00f6kenli insanlar oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmi\u015fti. Katillerin kimliklerini belirlemek ise daha g\u00fc\u00e7. \u015eimdiye kadarki bulgular tamamen farkl\u0131 bir gruptan, Kuzey Afrika\/Levanten\/Avrupal\u0131 halklardan olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Her ikisi de kesinlikle t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz Homo sapiens<\/em>\u2019in par\u00e7as\u0131 olan bu iki grup birbirinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, ayn\u0131 zamanda muhtemelen k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve dil olarak da birbirinden farkl\u0131lar. Sahra-alt\u0131 k\u00f6kenli kurbanlar uzun kol ve bacaklara, g\u00f6rece k\u0131sa bir v\u00fccuda, yuvarlak al\u0131n, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131k alt ve \u00fcst \u00e7ene ve geni\u015f burunlu bir kafaya sahipler. D\u00fc\u015fman grup ise k\u0131sa kol ve bacaklar, uzun bir v\u00fccut ve d\u00fcz y\u00fcz\u00fcyle ay\u0131rt ediliyor. Her iki grup da olduk\u00e7a kasl\u0131 ve sa\u011flam yap\u0131l\u0131 v\u00fccutlara sahip.<\/p>\n O d\u00f6nemde Kuzey Sudan b\u00f6lgesinin bu iki grup i\u00e7in bir s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor. Sald\u0131rgan toplulu\u011fa ait baz\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n Jebel Sahaba\u2019n\u0131n 300 km g\u00fcneyine dek yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, onlar\u0131n da bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu vah\u015fi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, kaynaklar i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck rekabetin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011fda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. Younger Dryas olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu iklimsel d\u00f6nemde, b\u00f6lgenin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kavurucu \u00e7\u00f6l manzaras\u0131ndan da sulak verimli nehir vadisinden de farkl\u0131 bir iklimsel \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi, havan\u0131n so\u011fuk ve kuru oldu\u011fu, bereketli topraklar\u0131n ise \u00e7ok az oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kurudu\u011fu ko\u015fullarda, hayvanlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u0131l boyunca su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n elveri\u015fli oldu\u011fu tek yer olan Nil k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fi tahmin ediliyor. Ayn\u0131 \u015feyi yapmak zorunda olan insan topluluklar\u0131 da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir rekabete ve \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmaya girmi\u015f olmal\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/science\/archaeology\/saharan-remains-may-be-evidence-of-first-race-war-13000-years-ago-9603632.html<\/p>\n 2) http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2014\/jul\/14\/13000-year-old-skeletons-war-dead-british-museum<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130ngiliz Ulusal M\u00fczesi\u2019nde ilk defa sergilenmekte olan iki iskelet, sol taraflar\u0131na do\u011fru yan yana k\u0131vr\u0131larak yatm\u0131\u015f halleriyle ne kadar da huzurlu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Oysa onlar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bilinen en eski sava\u015f\u0131 denebilecek kalabal\u0131k ve silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131ndan sadece ikisi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 13 biny\u0131l \u00f6nce vah\u015fice bir \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tatm\u0131\u015flar; kemikleri \u00fczerindeki jilet keskinli\u011finde ta\u015flar\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaralar, say\u0131s\u0131z k\u0131r\u0131k ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":227,"featured_media":25420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[163,20,19,222],"tags":[1079,578,238],"class_list":["post-12029","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-126-sayi","category-arkeoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","category-tarih","tag-antik-misir","tag-savas","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t