{"id":12098,"date":"2013-11-01T13:28:52","date_gmt":"2013-11-01T11:28:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=12098"},"modified":"2017-06-19T13:53:03","modified_gmt":"2017-06-19T10:53:03","slug":"konya-ovasinda-tarihoncesi-bir-yerlesme-catalhoyuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2013\/11\/01\/konya-ovasinda-tarihoncesi-bir-yerlesme-catalhoyuk","title":{"rendered":"Konya Ovas\u0131\u2019nda tarih\u00f6ncesi bir yerle\u015fme: \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te ekonomik, politik ve sosyal farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu yerle\u015fmede evler, toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n merkezindeydi. Ev i\u00e7indeki g\u00fcnl\u00fck eylemler s\u0131k\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde rutine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve bu eylemler sosyal d\u00fczeni yeniden onaylam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar, toplum kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6revlerini \u00f6\u011frenerek edindikleri g\u00fcnl\u00fck al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar i\u00e7inde yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu kurallar ve gelenekler, evlerin tabanna g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f atalar ve yabani hayvanlara odaklanm\u0131\u015f karma\u015f\u0131k ve incelikli bir sembolik sistemin i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Prof. Dr. Ian Hodder<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck Kaz\u0131s\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131, Stanford \u00dcnv. Antropoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi<\/p>\n

\u00c7ev. Yard. Do\u00e7. Serap \u00d6zd\u00f6l Kutlu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck Kaz\u0131s\u0131 Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, Ege \u00dcnv. \u00c7e\u015fme Turizm ve Otelcilik Y\u00fcksekokulu \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sunu\u015f:<\/strong> Yazar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bize ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bu makale, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia<\/em> (\u201cAntik Anadolu Oxford K\u0131lavuzu\u201d, Ed. S. R. Steadman-G. McMahon, Oxford \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2011) adl\u0131 kitap i\u00e7in kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kimi araba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 biz ekledik. Dosyaya, hem Hodder\u2019in makalesini \u00e7evirerek, hem sorular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 yan\u0131tlayarak b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131da bulunan Serap \u00d6zd\u00f6l\u2019e yard\u0131mlar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7ok te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz.<\/p>\n

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Resim 1: \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck G\u00fcney alan\u0131n\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan genel bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f. \u201c\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u201d dosyas\u0131 boyunca kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z t\u00fcm g\u00f6rsel malzeme kaz\u0131 ar\u015fivindendir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c7atah\u00f6y\u00fck ilk kez 1961-1965 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda James Mellaart taraf\u0131ndan kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mellaart d\u00f6neminde, Bat\u0131 \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te de iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak kaz\u0131lar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Do\u011fu \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn g\u00fcneybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesinde (Resim 3\u2019de \u201cG\u00fcney\u201d alan\u0131 etraf\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7ukurlu b\u00f6lge) yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yerle\u015fmenin \u00f6nemi; olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlara sahip olmas\u0131 (Do\u011fu \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck 13,5 hektard\u0131r ve 21 m y\u00fcksekliktedir), erken bir d\u00f6nemin karma\u015f\u0131k bir sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sergilemesi ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019da uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n be\u015fi\u011fi olarak kabul edilen b\u00f6lgenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 gibi \u00f6zellikleriyle fark edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn Neolitik bir\u00a0 yerle\u015fme olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

1960\u2019lardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Anadolu Neoliti\u011fi ile bilgilerimizde \u00e7ok \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerden art\u0131k ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Yerle\u015fme, Neolitik D\u00f6nem i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7 bir yerde, Akeramik Neoliti\u011fin (\u00c7anak \u00c7\u00f6mleksiz Neolitik) sonlar\u0131nda ilk kez varl\u0131k bulur ve \u00c7anak \u00c7\u00f6mlekli Neolitik\u2019ten, Kalkolitik i\u00e7lerine kadar devam eder. Neolitik Do\u011fu \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck M\u00d6 7400-6200\/6000 aras\u0131na ve ard\u0131l\u0131 Kalkolitik Bat\u0131 \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck ise M\u00d6 6. biny\u0131l\u0131n erken d\u00f6nemlerine tarihlendirilir. Orta Anadolu\u2019da, A\u015f\u0131kl\u0131h\u00f6y\u00fck (Esin ve Harmankaya, 1999) gibi \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019ten daha erken b\u00fcy\u00fck yerle\u015fmeler ve b\u00f6lgesel olarak Konya Ovas\u0131\u2019nda \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn daha erken \u00f6nc\u00fclleri olan P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131 ve Boncuklu (Baird, 2007) gibi merkezler kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fuya do\u011fru daha erken tarihlere giden, G\u00f6beklitepe ve Jerf el Ahmar (Schmidt, 2006; Stordeur ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2000) gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f bir sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip b\u00fcy\u00fck ve karma\u015f\u0131k yerle\u015fmeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yine de \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn di\u011fer \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 ve kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6zellikleri vard\u0131r. Sanat\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011fu, tek bir yerle\u015fmede hemen her evde g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi dikkate de\u011ferdir. Ger\u00e7ekten de \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck ile ilgili olarak, t\u00fcm bu sanat ve sembolizmin, bu parlak betimleme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, neden zaman\u0131n bir yerinde, bu yerde topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorular\u0131 bir s\u0131r olarak kalmakta ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 cevaplanmay\u0131 beklemektedir. Etmenlerden biri \u00fcst \u00fcste birikme s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle ilgilidir. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel silsilesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n ufak ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a zengin bir kayd\u0131n\u0131 bize sunar. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan sert kire\u00e7 tabanlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 yerine (Anadolu ve Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da \u00e7o\u011fu Akeramik yerle\u015fmede g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi), \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te tabanlar s\u00fcrekli yenilenmeyi gerektiren, kire\u00e7 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden zengin ve bu nedenle yumu\u015fak bir kil s\u0131va ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu nedenle her y\u0131l ya da hatta bazen aydan aya, taban ve duvar s\u0131valar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a ince tabakalar halinde yeniden kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 10 cm\u2019lik bir taban ya da duvar s\u0131vas\u0131 i\u00e7inde, 450\u2019ye kadar \u00fcst \u00fcste s\u0131va katman\u0131 bulunabildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum yap\u0131lar i\u00e7indeki g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir kayd\u0131n\u0131 elde etmemizi sa\u011flar. \u00c7\u00f6p alanlar\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a iyi bir bi\u00e7imde tabakalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde ocaktan at\u0131lan bireysel \u00e7\u00f6p at\u0131klar\u0131 da ay\u0131rt edilebilir.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra, bir evin terk edili\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, duvar resimlerinin \u00fczeri kapat\u0131l\u0131r, f\u0131r\u0131n ve di\u011fer ev i\u00e7i mimari \u00f6\u011feleri bazen \u00f6zenli bir bi\u00e7imde toprakla doldurulur. Evlerin duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r ve evin altta kalan yar\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla olduk\u00e7a temiz bir toprakla doldurulur. Bu \u015fekilde evlerin alt k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 iyi korunmu\u015f ve saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeni bir ev, daha erken evin duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n alt yar\u0131lar\u0131, yeni duvarlar i\u00e7in temel olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde kullan\u0131larak in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. H\u00f6y\u00fck b\u00f6ylece a\u015famal\u0131 olarak ev \u00fcst\u00fcne ev in\u015fa edilerek 21 metreye y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Karbonize olmu\u015f bitki, hayvan ve insan vb. kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n iyi korunmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan toprak ko\u015fullar\u0131 sayesinde, bu birikimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7, uzun bir d\u00f6nemi kapsayan olduk\u00e7a ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 verilere sahip, son derece iyi korunmu\u015f bir yerle\u015fmenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu t\u00fcrde karma\u015f\u0131k bir yerle\u015fmeyi kazmak zor olsa da, ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi sundu\u011fundan \u00f6d\u00fcl b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Resim 2: Ian Hodder, b\u00f6lgenin yerel halk\u0131ndan bir gruba \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fc anlatarak gezdiriyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

N\u00fcfus 3500-8000 ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyordu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mellaart\u2019\u0131n geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, yerle\u015fmenin \u00f6nemini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermi\u015ftir. Mellaart, birbirlerine biti\u015fik bir bi\u00e7imde in\u015fa edilmeleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yerle\u015fmenin i\u00e7indeki hareketi ancak damlarda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan evleriyle, \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Evlere giri\u015fler, ocak ve f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n dumanlar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 damdaki delikler yoluyla sa\u011flan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

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Resim 3: \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck
Neolitik Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fcklerindeki kaz\u0131 alanlar\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mellaart\u2019\u0131n bulgular\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6nlerinden biri, Neolitik Do\u011fu H\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn boyutlar\u0131d\u0131r. Yerle\u015fmedeki isk\u00e2n\u0131n herhangi bir evresinde, n\u00fcfusun 3500 ile 8000 ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir (Cessford, 2005). \u015eimdiye kadar, g\u00f6revlerin yerle\u015fme i\u00e7indeki farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ya da uzmanla\u015fmaya dair \u00e7ok az kan\u0131t elde edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te evler, hayvan a\u011f\u0131llar\u0131 ve at\u0131k alanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r; ancak yo\u011fun y\u00fczey \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen h\u00e2l\u00e2, end\u00fcstriyel alanlar -i\u015flikler- (yerle\u015fmenin hemen d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kire\u00e7 yakma alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda), mezarl\u0131klar (g\u00f6m\u00fc ev i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir), t\u00f6ren merkezleri ve buna benzer kamu yap\u0131lar\u0131na rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1993\u2019de ba\u015flayan arazi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Mellaart\u2019\u0131n bulgular\u0131n\u0131 genel olarak desteklemi\u015ftir (Hodder, 1996, 2000, 2005a, b, c, 2006, 2007). Yeni d\u00f6nem kaz\u0131lar\u0131 Mellaart\u2019\u0131n \u201ctap\u0131nak \/ kutsal alan\u201d (shrine) olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 en karma\u015f\u0131k ve \u00f6zenli yap\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bile isk\u00e2na dair kuvvetli izler ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Biz, evlerin i\u00e7sel d\u00fczenlenmesi ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak bezenmelerinde baz\u0131 farklar tan\u0131mlamam\u0131za kar\u015f\u0131n, yerle\u015fmede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan t\u00fcm yap\u0131lar\u0131 domestik evler olarak nitelendirdik.<\/p>\n

Neolitik Do\u011fu H\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergelerinden biri, h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortadan iki tepe halinde b\u00f6len geni\u015f bir \u00e7ukurluktur. Asl\u0131nda hen\u00fcz h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bu iki k\u0131sm\u0131 aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde stilistik ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k bulamam\u0131\u015f olsak da, h\u00f6y\u00fck ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir durumda geli\u015fmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, al\u00e7ak ve ge\u00e7 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir y\u00fckselti ise b\u00f6lge olarak Do\u011fu H\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131nda tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hodder, 1996).<\/p>\n

Yerle\u015fmenin ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, evlerin geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 olarak k\u00fcmelendikleri de anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131nda Mellaart, evler aras\u0131nda kavisli bir bi\u00e7imli k\u0131vr\u0131lan \u201csokaklar\u0131n\u201d izlerini bulmu\u015ftur. Son d\u00f6nem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, biz de h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn her biri yakla\u015f\u0131k 10-50 evden olu\u015fan \u201csekt\u00f6rleri\u201d aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve dar ge\u00e7itler bulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131k (Resim 4). Hatta ekonomik ve sosyal g\u00f6stergeleri var oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ev gruplar\u0131ndan da s\u00f6z edilebilir. Belki 3 – 6 evden olu\u015fan bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar, \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00f6m\u00fctler i\u00e7in ortak kullan\u0131lan tek bir ana evle ba\u011fl\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir [Bu ana evler, belki Mellaart\u2019\u0131n \u201ctap\u0131nak\/kutsal mek\u00e2n\u0131\u201dna ve mevcut ekibin \u201ctarih\/an\u0131 evleri\u201dne (history houses) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelebilir]. S\u00f6z konusu tarih evleri i\u00e7inde, heykelcik \u00fcretimi ve obsidyen i\u015fleme gibi faaliyetlerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir uzmanla\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 izler de ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Evlerin i\u00e7inde alan kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te ekonomik, sosyal ve rit\u00fcelistik faaliyetlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ev d\u00fczeyinde (house level) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Evler k\u00fclt\u00fcrel silsilenin neredeyse tamam\u0131 boyunca (\u00fcst tabakalarda ve Bat\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te evler \u00e7ok-odal\u0131 kompleksler haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr) bir ana oda (bkz. Resim 6) ve ona biti\u015fik depo alan\u0131 ve yiyecek haz\u0131rlama i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131lan 1-3 yan odac\u0131ktan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ana odalar\u0131n duvarlar\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k yeniden s\u0131van\u0131r ve normalde g\u00fcney duvara dayal\u0131 bir giri\u015f merdiveni ya da basamaklar\u0131, onun da alt\u0131nda ocak ve f\u0131r\u0131n bulunur. Ana odan\u0131n kuzey taraf\u0131ndaki tabanlar\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, beyaz ve temiz tutulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu k\u0131sm\u0131n s\u0131k s\u0131k s\u0131vanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Duvar resimleri, heykeller, ev i\u00e7i baz\u0131 mimari \u00f6\u011feler ve g\u00f6m\u00fctler, neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fcyle bu kuzeydeki sekilerin alt\u0131nda ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr (Ancak, yeni do\u011fmu\u015f bebek ve \u00e7ocuk g\u00f6m\u00fctleri, ana odalar\u0131n g\u00fcney k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda, ocak ve f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr).<\/p>\n

Bu evlerdeki ya\u015fam nas\u0131ld\u0131? \u0130nsanlar evlerin i\u00e7inde ne kadar zaman ge\u00e7iriyorlard\u0131 ve bu ya\u015fam nas\u0131l bir niteli\u011fe sahipti? Genellikle evlerin i\u00e7inin karanl\u0131k oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Ancak Mira Stevanovic taraf\u0131ndan yerle\u015fmede yapt\u0131r\u0131lan bir deneysel ev; g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda merdiven bo\u015flu\u011fundan bir hayli \u0131\u015f\u0131k geldi\u011fini ve ana odan\u0131n olduk\u00e7a ayd\u0131nl\u0131k oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Beyaz s\u0131val\u0131 duvarlar olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k yenilendikleri ve parlat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 gayet iyi yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hatta yan odalar bile bir miktar yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece i\u00e7lerindeyken, ki\u015finin g\u00f6z\u00fc bir kere karanl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6rece al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, baz\u0131 faaliyetler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilirdi. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck halk\u0131n\u0131n obsidyeni ana oda i\u00e7indeki merdiven giri\u015flerinin yak\u0131n\u0131nda i\u015flediklerini ve onlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mda bir \u00e7ukurda saklad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Asl\u0131nda, obsidyenin gizlendi\u011fi yer ve bunun yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan i\u015flendi\u011fi yer, bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131yla ili\u015fkili olmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Fakat odalar olas\u0131l\u0131kla duman i\u00e7indeydi. Bu durum s\u0131val\u0131 duvarlar \u00fczerinde bulunan is katmanlar\u0131ndan bellidir. Duvarlar\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131kla yeniden s\u0131vanmas\u0131 (y\u0131ll\u0131k, mevsimlik ve ayl\u0131k olarak; Matthews, 2005) ana odalar i\u00e7inde \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gerekli olabilirdi. Evlerin tabanlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc, kaburgalar\u0131nda karbon kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da birey ya\u015fl\u0131yd\u0131 (Andrews ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2005), \u00e7o\u011fu ya\u015fl\u0131 insan\u0131n bu t\u00fcrde kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaburgalar \u00fczerindeki karbon, s\u0131val\u0131 duvarlar \u00fczerinde saptanan is katmanlar\u0131na ve evler i\u00e7inde havaland\u0131rman\u0131n iyi oldu\u011funa dair mimari bir kan\u0131t olmamas\u0131na ve ayn\u0131 zamanda zorlu k\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 s\u00fcresince evin i\u00e7inde zaman ge\u00e7irme zorunluluklar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kan\u0131t, hem erkekler hem de kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in, kapal\u0131 bir ya\u015fam\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n birikmesi \u015feklinde yorumlanabilir. \u0130leri ya\u015flardaki insanlar, kesinlikle ev i\u00e7inde ve kapal\u0131 ortamda bir hayli zaman ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer taraftan, baz\u0131 gen\u00e7 bireyler ve \u00e7ocuklar evlerin i\u00e7inde baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli noktalarda g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Buna kap\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131na yap\u0131lan, baz\u0131 \u00f6zel yeni do\u011fmu\u015f bebek g\u00f6m\u00fcleriyle, ocak kenarlar\u0131na yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fcleri dahil edebiliriz. Demek ki, ya\u015fl\u0131lar ve gen\u00e7ler, \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilece\u011fimiz gibi, eve \u00f6zellikle ba\u011fl\u0131 idiler.<\/p>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck insanlar\u0131 ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7lik ve ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ve yine \u00f6zellikle k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131n\u0131, eve fazlas\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir. Evin i\u00e7ine hapsolmu\u015f bu hayat sosyalle\u015fme i\u00e7in ortam yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sakinlerinin sosyal rolleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, ev i\u00e7sel olarak nas\u0131l d\u00fczenleniyordu? Evler bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak \u201ckasaba\u201dda belli al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar ve yap\u0131lar olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere mi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131?<\/p>\n

Evlerin i\u00e7indeki alanlar\u0131n tekrar tekrar yenilenerek kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nceden fark edilmi\u015ftir (Mellaart, 1967). Matthews (2005); 5 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131n\u0131n ana odas\u0131ndaki duvarlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde 450\u2019nin \u00fczerinde beyaz kumlu kil s\u0131va katman\u0131 oldu\u011funu, buna kar\u015f\u0131n biti\u015fik odalar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca 3 ya da 4 defa, turuncu ve kahverengi kumlu, demiroksit \u00f6zl\u00fc topraktan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u0131valarla kapland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Di\u011fer tekrar eden \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler (pattern) de iyi bilinmektedir. Ana odalar\u0131n tabanlar\u0131 genellikle sekilere (platform) ya da farkl\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fi olan alanlara ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek olanlar\u0131 beyaz bir s\u0131vayla kaplan\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 taban alanlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f kenarlarla ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar taban \u00f6rt\u00fcleriyle de ili\u015fkili olabilir; beyaz tabanlar i\u00e7lerine kal\u0131nt\u0131 girmesin diye daha kal\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kaplanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. 1 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131 i\u00e7indeki bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 (phytolith) kan\u0131tlar\u0131, farkl\u0131 sekiler \u00fczerinde, farkl\u0131 tipte has\u0131r \u00f6rt\u00fcler kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Cessford, 2007; Rosen, 2005). G\u00f6m\u00fctlerle ilgili de bir ba\u011flant\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ana g\u00f6m\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 seki s\u00f6z konusu beyaz tabanla ilintili g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Oturma zemininin, ki bunlar ocak ve f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki k\u00fcl ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck buluntular i\u00e7eren \u201ckirli\u201d tabanlard\u0131r, alt\u0131na yeni do\u011fmu\u015f bebeklerin g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclse de, baz\u0131 az say\u0131da g\u00f6m\u00fcte de rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6m\u00fctlerde hi\u00e7 \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek bulunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Resim 4: \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck 4040 Alan\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan, bir araya k\u00fcmelenmi\u015f evler ve
olas\u0131 sokak, a\u00e7malar\u0131 koruyan korugan\u0131n alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Farkl\u0131 insan gruplar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 sekiler alt\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fckleri g\u00f6zlenir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131da, kuzeybat\u0131daki sekinin alt\u0131na daha \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 insanlar, orta-do\u011fudaki sekinin alt\u0131na ise daha ya\u015fl\u0131 bireyler g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Cessford, 2007).<\/p>\n

Evlerde \u201csanat\u201d ve sembolizmin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 da mek\u00e2nsal bir ayr\u0131m g\u00f6sterir. Duvar resimleri ve heykeller nadir bir bi\u00e7imde evin g\u00fcney kesiminde bulunmu\u015ftur, boynuzlu s\u0131\u011f\u0131r kafalar\u0131 (bukranyum-bucrania) daha \u00e7ok do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 duvarlar\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Akbaba resimlerine yaln\u0131zca kuzey ve do\u011fu duvarlar\u0131nda rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Russell and Meece, 2005). G\u00f6m\u00fcler en \u00e7ok kuzey ve do\u011fu duvarlar\u0131na dayal\u0131 sekilerin alt\u0131na yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve akbaba resimleri ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u015fs\u0131z insan resimleri de i\u00e7erdi\u011fi i\u00e7in, akbabalar ile \u00f6l\u00fcm aras\u0131nda mek\u00e2nsal bir ba\u011flant\u0131 akla gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Resim 5: Ah\u015fap ve kuma\u015f par\u00e7alar\u0131yla kaplanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ocuk g\u00f6m\u00fcs\u00fc,
yeti\u015fkin g\u00f6m\u00fcs\u00fcyle yan yana. Foto\u011fraf: Jason Quinlan.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te evin, daha eskilerde genellikle toplulukla ili\u015fkili olan bir\u00e7ok rol\u00fc \u00fcstlendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ortado\u011fu ve Anadolu\u2019daki daha erken yerle\u015fmelerde \u00f6l\u00fc g\u00f6mme gelenekleri evle daha az ili\u015fkilidir. Baz\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fcler, yap\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131nda ya da \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019ndeki gibi \u00f6zel yap\u0131lar i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Fakat \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te g\u00f6m\u00fc nadiren evin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te sembolizm ve rit\u00fcel, kamusal yap\u0131lardan (A\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck, \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc, G\u00f6bekli Tepe ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 yerlerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen) al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve ev i\u00e7ine ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha erken d\u00f6nemlerde kamusal ve a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yiyecek haz\u0131rlama ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok \u00fcretim faaliyeti yine \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck evi i\u00e7inde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te ev; sosyal hayat i\u00e7inde rol ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n belirlendi\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir mek\u00e2nd\u0131. Ancak s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde, ev birimlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda toplulu\u011fun zarar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Yerle\u015fmenin \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131nda, ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc toplumsal kurallar\u0131n sars\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair baz\u0131 kan\u0131tlara rastlan\u0131r. Ev birimleri daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z davranmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve eski toplulu\u011fun birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uyumu bozulmaya y\u00fcz tutmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sosyal belle\u011fin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Woodburn\u2019nun (1980) i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi, t\u00fcketici avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklar (immediate return hunter-gatherer societies) bug\u00fcn\u00fc ya\u015farlar ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ba\u011flar\u0131 \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. Fakat Neoliti\u011fin biriktiren ve depolayan sistemi (delayed return systems) ile birlikte, insanlar ge\u00e7mi\u015fe s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 bir maddi d\u00fcnyada ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ev \u00fcst\u00fcne ev in\u015fa edilerek olu\u015fan \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019teki derin tabakalanma, belli bir zamana ait s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak incelenmesine olanak sa\u011flar (Resim 1).<\/p>\n

Belle\u011fin aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 (transmission of memory) kontrol etmek i\u00e7in verilen b\u00fcy\u00fck u\u011fra\u015f evlerin i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyordu. Baz\u0131 evlerde 50-100 y\u0131l aras\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131 ve sonra terk edildi, terk edilmi\u015f bir\u00e7ok ev at\u0131k alan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin 2 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131). Ayn\u0131 duvarlar\u0131n planlar\u0131n\u0131n 4-6 kez yeniden yap\u0131m i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla, ayn\u0131 alanda ba\u015fka yap\u0131lar eskilerinin yerini ald\u0131lar. Her yeni bina, ortalama 70-100 y\u0131l ayakta kalm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Bu t\u00fcrde uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc baz\u0131 yap\u0131 silsilelerinin tabanlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda daha fazla g\u00f6m\u00fct oldu\u011funu kaz\u0131larda deneysel olarak (bkz. D\u00fcring, 2006) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131k. Baz\u0131 evlerde hi\u00e7 g\u00f6m\u00fct yokken ya da bir evde ortalama 5-8 aras\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fct bulunuyorken, 1 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131da, sekilerin alt\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc 62 insan iskeleti ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7inde belki \u00f6nceden di\u011fer ya da daha erken binalara g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, ikincil g\u00f6m\u00fctlere ait (secondary burials) g\u00f6vde par\u00e7alar\u0131na da rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, \u00f6ylece \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6m\u00fct i\u00e7eren, daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve \u00f6zenli bezemelere sahip olan ve ayn\u0131 alanda \u00fcst \u00fcste in\u015fa edildi\u011finin kan\u0131tlar\u0131 olan evler bizi, \u201ctarih evleri\u201d terimine ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tarih evlerinin alan kullan\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tekrar edici \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine ili\u015fkin epey bir kan\u0131t bulunmu\u015ftur ve b\u00f6ylece s\u00f6z konusu geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yap\u0131lar i\u00e7inde tabakadan tabakaya, evreden evreye duvar resimleri ve kabartma heykellerin yinelenmesine dair de \u00f6rnekler vard\u0131r. Bazen bu \u00f6rnekler, yerle\u015fme i\u00e7indeki tercihlerin rastlant\u0131sal \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olmaktan ziyade \u00f6zel ama\u00e7l\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir \u00e7ift leopar kabartmas\u0131 be\u015f yap\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur (Russell and Meece, 2005), fakat bunlardan iki tanesi, VII.44 ve VI.44\u2019de, farkl\u0131 bir stilde ve biri di\u011ferinin hemen \u00fcst\u00fcne gelecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu an\u0131msat\u0131c\u0131 belle\u011fin (commemorative memory) a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu evlerde biriken \u201ctarih\u201d, insan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu birikim, evlerin tabanlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda birincil ve ikincil g\u00f6m\u00fctlerin yo\u011funlu\u011fundan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6vde par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n yerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yeniden kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Son d\u00f6nem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, Ba\u015fak Boz 65-56-44-10 No\u2019lu yap\u0131lar silsilesindeki bir evde bulunan bir iskeletten al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve silsile i\u00e7indeki ge\u00e7 yap\u0131lardan birindeki bir bireyin a\u011fz\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir di\u015f saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 49 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131da, tam ve iyi korunmu\u015f bir iskelette, kol ve bacak gibi uzuvlar ve k\u00fcrekkemi\u011fi dikkatli bir bi\u00e7imde yerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok kafataslar\u0131 korunmu\u015f ve ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Az say\u0131da \u00f6rnekte, evlerin tabanlar\u0131 alt\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f iskeletlerden s\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kafataslar\u0131na rastlad\u0131k. Kafataslar\u0131 korunmu\u015f ve sonra evlerdeki ah\u015fap direklerin zeminlerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, ya da di\u011fer baz\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fctlere eklenmi\u015f ve hatta terk edilmi\u015f dolgular i\u00e7ine konulmu\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Bir \u00f6rnekte, y\u00fcz\u00fc etlendirip cisimle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kafatas\u0131 s\u0131va ile kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu birbirinden ayr\u0131 kafatas\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri \u00e7ok say\u0131da farkl\u0131 tipte ev i\u00e7inde bulunmu\u015ftur. Ancak bu kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iskeletlerin g\u00f6vdeleri t\u00fcm\u00fcyle tarih evlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir (\u00d6rnekler az say\u0131dad\u0131r, mevcut proje taraf\u0131ndan incelenen 150\u2019nin \u00fczerindeki iskelet i\u00e7inde yaln\u0131zca 7 a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6rnek bulunuyor). Ba\u015flar\u0131n (ve belki di\u011fer g\u00f6vde par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n) tarih evlerindeki bireylerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p di\u011fer evlere yerle\u015ftirilmesi olas\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tarih evleri ile sosyal birle\u015fme, \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn evden eve, tabakadan tabakaya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla sa\u011flanabiliyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Resim 6: 77 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131, terk edili\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u015fiddetli olarak yanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ana odan\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fu
k\u00f6\u015fesinde bulunan g\u00f6m\u00fc sekisinin \u00fczerine, evin orijinal halinde oldu\u011fu gibi kaide \u00fczerinde
iki bo\u011fa boynuzu yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f halde sergileniyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cTarihin \/ ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kayd\u0131n\u0131n\u201d (histories) mek\u00e2nda, evlerin yinelenmesi ve insan kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n nesilden nesile aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, erken bir d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da Neolitik topluluklar\u0131n uzun s\u00fcreli yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur (Hodder, 2007). \u0130nsan kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n saklanmas\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 kimi benzer varsay\u0131mlar da vard\u0131r (\u00d6rn. Kuijt, 2008). \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te belle\u011fin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde evin rol\u00fc hayvan kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131narak dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. 2 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131da, ana odan\u0131n bat\u0131 duvar\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir \u015feyin s\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair izler vard\u0131r. Bu iz olas\u0131l\u0131kla odan\u0131n taban\u0131nda bulunan s\u0131\u011f\u0131r boynuzlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkiliydi (Farid, 2007). Mellaart heykelin s\u00f6k\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in ana odalar\u0131n bat\u0131 duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 uygulamas\u0131na s\u0131k\u00e7a rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmi\u015ftir. Elleri ve ayaklar\u0131 yukar\u0131da olarak betimlenmi\u015f kabartma fig\u00fcrlerin (olas\u0131l\u0131kla ay\u0131 tasvirleridir) ba\u015flar\u0131 ve el\/ayaklar\u0131 her zaman bina doldurulmadan \u00f6nce yerlerinden s\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131da, yap\u0131 terk edildikten ve i\u00e7i doldurulduktan sonra bat\u0131 duvar\u0131ndan bir heykeli (belki s\u0131vanm\u0131\u015f bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r kafatas\u0131yd\u0131?) yerinden \u00e7\u0131karabilmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru bir \u00e7ukur kaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair a\u00e7\u0131k bir kan\u0131t vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Resim 7: 4040 Alan\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fckte k\u0131r\u0131k
olarak ele ge\u00e7irilen \u00e7anak. \u00c7ana\u011f\u0131n iki
taraf\u0131nda, bo\u015f g\u00f6zleri olan bir insan ba\u015f\u0131 tasvir
edilmi\u015ftir, her iki y\u00fcz\u00fcn de s\u0131\u011f\u0131r boynuzlar\u0131 ve
ba\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fig\u00fcrinler \u00e7o\u011funlukla ba\u015fs\u0131z olarak bulunur (Meskell ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2008). Bu durum, bir fig\u00fcrinin en zay\u0131f noktas\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla boyun oldu\u011fundan, pek\u00e2l\u00e2 normal bir k\u0131r\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinin sonucu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ancak pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rnekte, H\u00f6y\u00fccek\u2019te de bulundu\u011fu gibi, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p yeniden tak\u0131labilir ba\u015flar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar vard\u0131r. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te baz\u0131 durumlarda, 17 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131da bir oca\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu gibi, k\u0131r\u0131k ba\u015flar \u00f6zel olarak bir araya toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Hodder, 2006). Bununla birlikte, bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rnekte \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te kil ve ta\u015f fig\u00fcrinler \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fck alanlar\u0131na at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; olduk\u00e7a az say\u0131da \u00f6rnek \u00f6zel bir ba\u011flamda ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir (Meskell ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2008).<\/p>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019teki sanatsal tasvirlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131nda en etkileyici sahnelerden biri yabani bo\u011fa tasvirleridir. Bu t\u00fcrde betimlemelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yabani bo\u011falar\u0131n \u015f\u00f6len anlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n tercih edildi\u011fi \u015feklinde yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Russell and Martin, 2005). Bu iddia erkek s\u0131\u011f\u0131r kemikleri (\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te k\u00fclt\u00fcrel silsilenin neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fc boyunca hepsi de yabaniydi) ile neredeyse t\u00fcme yak\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131da b\u00fcy\u00fck hayvan kemiklerinin s\u0131kl\u0131kla ev temelleri, evin terk edilmesi, ya da ev duvarlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u00f6pler gibi ba\u011flamlarda yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcrde \u015f\u00f6lenlerin tarih evlerinde yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na dair hen\u00fcz bir kan\u0131t olmasa da, bu evlerdeki ayr\u0131nt\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k belli y\u00fckseklikteki kaideler (pedestal) \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilen bo\u011fa boynuzlar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin Resim 6) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7o\u011funlukla anlam bulmu\u015f ve de ayr\u0131ca bu evlerde sergilenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bo\u011fa ile insan ba\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki Resim 7\u2019deki pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak kap \u00fczerinde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bu kap Mellaart\u2019\u0131n olas\u0131l\u0131kla VI. Tabakas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen bir tabakada, 4040 alan\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fckte k\u0131r\u0131k olarak ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u00c7anak \u00fczerinde, yukar\u0131da da s\u00f6z edilen \u00fczeri s\u0131vanm\u0131\u015f kafatas\u0131ndaki gibi bo\u015f g\u00f6zlerle bir insan ba\u015f\u0131 tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. Y\u00fcz kab\u0131n her iki ucunda tekrar edilmi\u015ftir, ve her iki y\u00fcz\u00fcnde de s\u0131\u011f\u0131r boynuzlar\u0131 ve ba\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Tarihi \/ ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kayd\u0131n\u0131 yaratmak i\u00e7in en s\u0131k nesilden nesile aktar\u0131lan bu iki tip ba\u015f, ayn\u0131 kap \u00fczerinde bir araya getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tarih evleriyle ilintili bir sosyal farkl\u0131la\u015fma var m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarih evleri ile tarih evi olmayanlar aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n derecesinin az oldu\u011fu burada vurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tarih-evi olmayan bir evin i\u00e7inde 11 tane bo\u011fa boynuzu bir bukranyumun \u00fczerine s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (52 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131; bkz. Twiss ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2008). Tarih evlerinin, di\u011fer evlere g\u00f6re daha az say\u0131da depolar\u0131 ve yan odalar\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair zay\u0131f kan\u0131tlar vard\u0131r. Bu durum belki de di\u011fer evlerin, tarih evleri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 g\u00f6revleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiklerini akla getirse de, farkl\u0131l\u0131klar belirgin de\u011fildir. Di\u015fler \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan mikro-varyasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, tarih evlerindeki sakinlerin genetik akrabal\u0131\u011fa dayanmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Pilloud ile ki\u015fisel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme). Bir\u00e7ok ev-temelli toplumda (house societies) (Levi-Strauss, 1982; Carsten and Hugh Jones, 1995; Joyce ve Gillespie, 2000), evin \u00fcyeli\u011fi (membership of the house), akrabal\u0131ktan ziyade konuta ve hat\u0131ra nesnelerinin ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na dayal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck, sosyal ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerinin bir \u00e7e\u015fitlemesinin birbirini izledi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir topluluktu. Ancak, mesken ve kafataslar\u0131 ile di\u011fer objelerin nesilden nesile aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla tarih evleri \u00fcyeli\u011fine dayal\u0131, belli belirsiz bir sosyal farkl\u0131la\u015fma g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zaman i\u00e7indeki de\u011fi\u015fim<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Resim 8: 2005 y\u0131l\u0131 kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda
bulunan, hayvan bi\u00e7imli (olas\u0131l\u0131kla ay\u0131) bir
damga m\u00fchr\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bununla birlikte, tarih evleri sistemi \u00fcst tabakalarda y\u0131k\u0131lmaya y\u00fcz tutmu\u015ftur. Yabani s\u0131\u011f\u0131r ba\u015flar\u0131, kabartmalar ve duvar resimleri ile incelikle, \u00f6zenle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve s\u0131vanm\u0131\u015f evlere en \u00e7ok erken tabakalarda rastlan\u0131r (XII. Tabakadan V. Tabakaya kadar). Yerle\u015fmenin \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek bo\u011fa boynuzlar\u0131n\u0131n ve di\u011fer yabani hayvanlar\u0131n baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131na ait bezemelerin kullan\u0131m\u0131nda belirgin bir azalma g\u00f6zlenir. Ger\u00e7ek boynuzlar yerine, \u00e7o\u011funlukla s\u0131vadan yap\u0131lan bukranyumlar az da olsa kullan\u0131lmaya devam eder. Yerle\u015fmenin \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131nda yabani s\u0131\u011f\u0131r avlanmas\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok say\u0131da hayvan kemi\u011fi kan\u0131t\u0131 vard\u0131r; belki de o tarihlerde yerle\u015fmenin \u00e7evresindeki yabani bo\u011fa n\u00fcfusu azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel silsilenin erken d\u00f6nemlerindeki yal\u0131n \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k olu\u015fturacak bi\u00e7imde, V. Tabakadan ba\u015flayarak \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek \u00fczerinde tutamak olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sembolik bo\u011fa ba\u015flar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bo\u011falar dahil yabani hayvanlarla alay edilip sata\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve k\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p rahats\u0131z edilmesini g\u00f6steren duvar resimlerine V. Tabakadan itibaren rastlan\u0131r, bunlar a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde \u00f6yk\u00fcsel unsurlar ta\u015f\u0131rlar. Rit\u00fcelistik olarak, yabani hayvanlar\u0131n halihaz\u0131rdaki varl\u0131klar\u0131ndan, onlar\u0131n tasvir edilmelerine bir ge\u00e7i\u015f olmu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yerle\u015fmenin \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131ndaki dinsel ya\u015fam\u0131n daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki tutars\u0131z \u00f6\u011feleri V. Tabakadan sonra damga m\u00fch\u00fcrlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan da belli olur. Bu m\u00fch\u00fcrler insan ya da hayvan derileri \u00fczerinde damga yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilirler ve farkl\u0131 dizili\u015flerde \u015fifreleme i\u015faretlerine sahiplerdir (T\u00fcrkcan, 2005). Bu i\u015faretler soyuttur, ancak baz\u0131lar\u0131 el ya da belki de g\u00f6bek olarak yorumlanabilir, baz\u0131 az say\u0131da \u00f6rnek ise bir leopar\u0131 ya da ay\u0131y\u0131 temsil eder.<\/p>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn alt tabakalar\u0131nda, daha \u00f6nce de ifade edildi\u011fi gibi, obsidyen, tabanlar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki stoklarda ya da gizli zulalarda bulunmu\u015ftur. Yerle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7 tabakalar\u0131nda, bu taban alt\u0131 stoklar\u0131 g\u00f6zden kaybolur. \u00c7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek V. Tabakadan ba\u015flayarak Bat\u0131 \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019e kadar (M\u00d6 6000\u2019lerden itibaren Kalkolitik), gitgide daha \u00e7e\u015fitli ve daha bezemeli olmaya ba\u015flar. Kalkolitik d\u00f6nemde \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek \u00e7ok daha karma\u015f\u0131k bezemelerle kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine Bat\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te yani Kalkolitik d\u00f6neme kadar evlerin i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fc gelene\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yok olur. G\u00f6m\u00fctlerin ev d\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda ve belki de mezarl\u0131klarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131r. Polonya ekibinin (Poznan) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi Do\u011fu H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131ndaki kaz\u0131lar (Resim 3\u2019de TP harfleriyle g\u00f6sterilen alan), \u00f6l\u00fc g\u00f6mme geleneklerinin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Bu kaz\u0131larda insan ve hayvan kemiklerinin bir arada g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, duvarlar\u0131 bezemeli toplu bir \u201cmezar odas\u0131\u201dna rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Erken tabakalarda bu t\u00fcrde bir olgu yoktur). Evlerin terk edilmesiyle ilgili rit\u00fceller de de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Art\u0131k evler yeniden kullan\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce yak\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Neolitik Do\u011fu \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te VI. Tabakadan ba\u015flayarak).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fimin olas\u0131 etmenleri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz? Yerle\u015fmenin \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131nda g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yabani s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n azalmas\u0131 olgusu, bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerde basit\u00e7e pay sahibi olmu\u015f olabilir. Bat\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck d\u00f6nemi ile birlikte, evcil s\u0131\u011f\u0131r t\u00fcketilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer baz\u0131 yabani hayvanlar\u0131n da (leoparlar, ay\u0131lar vb.) \u00e7evrede eskisinden daha az g\u00f6r\u00fclmeleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6nemli \u015f\u00f6len kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131n ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hayvan ruhlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n azalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, karma\u015f\u0131k ve uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek ve obsidyen \u00fcretiminin artmas\u0131 ve entegre ve daha yo\u011fun evcil hayvan ve bitki \u00fcretimine dayal\u0131 geni\u015f evlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile birlikte yerle\u015fmenin \u00fcst evrelerinde merkezile\u015fme e\u011filimleri belirgin bir hal almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. III. Tabakadan sonra koyunun ikincil kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ya\u015f ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar vard\u0131r. Bu ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm kasaban\u0131n genel plan\u0131ndaki ve evlerin d\u00fczenlenmesindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fimle ilgiliymi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. VI\/V. Tabakalardan sonra, yerle\u015fmenin baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 terk edilmi\u015f ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na yerle\u015filmi\u015ftir; kasaba daha da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve b\u00f6lgelere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir hale gelir. Sokaklar ve sokak seviyesinden evlere giri\u015fler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Evler daha geni\u015fler. Bat\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019de ise iki katl\u0131 evler in\u015fa edilir. Evler daha s\u0131k yenilenirler (D\u00fcring, 2006). Neolitik Do\u011fu H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te, III. Tabakadan sonra, evler daha geni\u015f ve \u00e7ok odal\u0131 bir karaktere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Ortada merkezi bir oca\u011f\u0131 olan geni\u015f bir ana odalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu gelenek, etraf\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oda ile \u00e7evrili ana odalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu Bat\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019e kadar devam eder.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar; \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7evresinde yabani bo\u011falar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle bulunmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu bo\u011falar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri ve \u015f\u00f6len e\u015fli\u011finde yenmeleri \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f tarih evlerine dayal\u0131 bir sosyal sistemin zarar g\u00f6rmesiyle olu\u015fmu\u015f olabilirdi. Evcil hayvan ve tah\u0131l \u00fcretimine dayal\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirebilen evler (tarih evleri olsun ya da olmas\u0131n) nedeniyle, i\u00e7sel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Bu \u015fekilde, bu evler karma\u015f\u0131k ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir mesken-t\u00f6reni sisteminden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olabilirler. Ancak hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz bu duruma d\u0131\u015fsal etmenler de dahil olmu\u015f olabilir. Neolitik Do\u011fu H\u00f6y\u00fck, yerle\u015fim s\u00fcrecinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde batakl\u0131k bir arazinin i\u00e7inde konumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u00e7evredeki al\u00fcvyon dolgular\u0131 i\u00e7inden al\u0131nan karotlar, Do\u011fu H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019teki isk\u00e2n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, M\u00d6 6200-5800 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131na tarihlenen zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f bir topra\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu da yerle\u015fmenin etraf\u0131nda al\u00fcvyon birikimin ve ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n sona erdi\u011fine, sabit bir toprak zemin olu\u015ftu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir (Rosen and Roberts, 2009). Do\u011fu H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019teki isk\u00e2n\u0131n sonu, ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fcresel iklimdeki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00fczensizlik d\u00f6nemine de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir (Alley and Agustsdottir, 2005; Clare ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2008). Bu iklimsel olay Asya ve Afrika\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde (Gasse, 2000) kurakl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur (Thomas ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2007). Ayn\u0131 zaman diliminde \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te ta\u015fk\u0131nlar evresi sona ermi\u015f ve kurak ko\u015fullar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Clare ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (2008) ile Rosen ve Roberts (2009) bu kurakl\u0131k evresinin Do\u011fu H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn sonunda g\u00f6zlemlenen de\u011fi\u015fimler ve Bat\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te yerle\u015fimin ba\u015flamas\u0131yla ili\u015fkili olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7lar <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te uzmanla\u015fma ve ekonomik, politik ve sosyal g\u00f6revlerde farkl\u0131la\u015fmayla ilgili \u00e7ok az kan\u0131t vard\u0131r. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck, \u201ckasaba\u201d (kalabal\u0131k bir insan toplulu\u011funun, birbirleriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer) etkisini daha \u00e7ok, evlerin i\u00e7indeki sosyal davran\u0131\u015flar ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n tekrarlanmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcnl\u00fck eylemler \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde rutine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve bu eylemler sosyal d\u00fczeni yeniden onaylam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar, toplum kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6revlerini \u00f6\u011frenerek edindikleri g\u00fcnl\u00fck al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar i\u00e7inde yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir. Buna ek olarak, bu kurallar ve gelenekler tabanlar alt\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f atalar ve yabani hayvanlar \u00fczerine odaklanm\u0131\u015f karma\u015f\u0131k ve incelikli bir sembolik sistemin i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu durum \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn iki en \u00f6nemli ve ay\u0131rt edici sorunuyla ili\u015fkili olabilir. Belki kamusal t\u00f6renlerin ve hiyerar\u015finin g\u00f6rece eksikli\u011fi, evlerin i\u00e7indeki karma\u015f\u0131k sembolizmle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. Belki de toplulu\u011fun sosyal g\u00f6revleri evlerin i\u00e7inde \u00f6\u011frenildi ve zorla yapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu g\u00f6revler, i\u00e7ine mitlerin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve atalar taraf\u0131ndan kutsanm\u0131\u015f t\u00f6rensel uygulamalar\u0131n i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirildikleri i\u00e7in daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve anlaml\u0131yd\u0131lar. Merkezi rit\u00fcellere e\u011filmek yerine, \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck halk\u0131 sosyalle\u015fme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ev i\u00e7i (domestik) tap\u0131mlar\u0131na ve as\u0131l yap\u0131\/g\u00f6vde d\u00fczenlemelerine (regulations of body) yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131. Bu, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00f6y\u00fcn etki alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00fcretilen g\u00fcc\u00fcn farkl\u0131 bir formu idi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Resim 9: 80 No\u2019lu Yap\u0131da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan duvar resmi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130nsanlar \u201cev\u201din kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak istediklerinde, onun belle\u011finin zihinsel in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmal\u0131yd\u0131lar. Evin dokusuyla, g\u00f6m\u00fctleriyle, sembolizmiyle, tarihiyle fiziksel olarak ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmalar\u0131 gerekiyordu. \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck yerle\u015fmesinin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle nas\u0131l geli\u015fti\u011fiyle ilgili \u00e7ok az fikrimiz vard\u0131r. Benim \u015fu anki varsay\u0131m\u0131m; evlerin tarih evleri (bunlar \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6m\u00fct i\u00e7eren ve \u00e7ok defa \u00fcst \u00fcste kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f evlerdir) etraf\u0131nda k\u00fcmelendikleri \u015feklindedir. Bu tarih evlerine fiziksel ve mek\u00e2nsal yak\u0131nl\u0131k, haklara ve kaynaklara ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Evler gruplar halinde geli\u015fip, yay\u0131l\u0131p, ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, bu ata evlerinin (ancestral home) yak\u0131n\u0131nda ya\u015famak \u00f6nemini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, insanlar\u0131n ata evlerinin yak\u0131n\u0131na konumlanabilmek ve onun fiziksel haklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7ine kat\u0131labilmek i\u00e7in, uygun her kuytu k\u00f6\u015feyi kullan\u0131p t\u00fcketmesi sonucunda, \u00e7ok yo\u011fun, kalabal\u0131k ve birbirine biti\u015fik evler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oldu. Burada ortak-varl\u0131k (co-presence) ve ortak-tarih (co-history), ortakla\u015fa \u00fcyelikle (collective membership) e\u015fit say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e gerek insan-kaynakl\u0131, gerekse iklimle ili\u015fkili baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Yerle\u015fmenin \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131na do\u011fru ve M\u00d6 7. biny\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131n yo\u011fun kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve yabani hayvanlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n azalmas\u0131yla birlikte, ekonomik bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sosyal ve t\u00f6rensel ili\u015fkilerin birer merkezi olmak yerine, evler art\u0131k \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim merkezleri olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Tarih evleri sistemi y\u0131k\u0131lmaya y\u00fcz tuttu ve evler daha geni\u015f, \u00e7ok odal\u0131 ve \u00e7ok depolu hale d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Yerle\u015fme \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131 ve t\u00fcm al\u00fcvyal yelpaze (fan) \u00fczerine yay\u0131ld\u0131. Do\u011fu \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck \u00c7ar\u015famba \u00c7ay\u0131 yelpazesi \u00fczerinde yaln\u0131z kald\u0131. Ancak M\u00d6 6. biny\u0131la tarihlenen Bat\u0131 \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck, yelpazenin \u00fczerinde ve yak\u0131n\u0131nda tespit edilen, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckten ortaya de\u011fi\u015fen \u00f6l\u00e7eklerdeki benzer 15 Erken Kalkolitik yerle\u015fmesinden biri olarak ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc (Baird, 2005).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Resim 10: Kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Alley, R. B., and Agustsdottir, A. M., 2005; \u201cThe 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change\u201d, Quaternary Science Reviews<\/em>, 24:1123-1149.<\/p>\n

– Andrews, P., Molleson, T. and Boz, B., 2005; \u201cThe human burials at \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u201d, in Hodder, I. (ed), Inhabiting \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons<\/em>, <\/strong>McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research\/British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph, Cambridge.<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te ekonomik, politik ve sosyal farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu yerle\u015fmede evler, toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n merkezindeydi. Ev i\u00e7indeki g\u00fcnl\u00fck eylemler s\u0131k\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde rutine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve bu eylemler sosyal d\u00fczeni yeniden onaylam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar, toplum kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6revlerini \u00f6\u011frenerek edindikleri g\u00fcnl\u00fck al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar i\u00e7inde yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu kurallar ve gelenekler, evlerin tabanna g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f atalar ve yabani hayvanlara odaklanm\u0131\u015f karma\u015f\u0131k ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":566,"featured_media":12101,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[154,211,38,32,1],"tags":[243,1000,200,1001,460],"class_list":["post-12098","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-117-sayi","category-antropoloji","category-dergi-sayilari","category-evrim","category-genel","tag-antropoloji","tag-catalhoyuk","tag-evrim","tag-konya-ovasi","tag-kultur"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t