{"id":12151,"date":"2014-09-01T19:29:09","date_gmt":"2014-09-01T16:29:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=12151"},"modified":"2018-05-11T12:43:49","modified_gmt":"2018-05-11T09:43:49","slug":"kuresel-iklim-degisimi-ve-yeni-fosil-yakitlar-fosil-yakitlar-fosil-politikacilar-fosil-bir-sistem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/09\/01\/kuresel-iklim-degisimi-ve-yeni-fosil-yakitlar-fosil-yakitlar-fosil-politikacilar-fosil-bir-sistem","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimi ve yeni fosil yak\u0131tlar: Fosil yak\u0131tlar, fosil politikac\u0131lar, fosil bir sistem\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cK\u00fcresel iklim krizi\u201d, kapitalizmin sonunu veya k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, kapitalizmin t\u0131k\u0131r t\u0131k\u0131r i\u015fledi\u011fini ifade etti\u011fi i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuz sorunu daha do\u011fru anlat\u0131yor. Kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama ve tar kumu, bize, \u015fu ya da bu krizin (hatta bildi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131yla gezegenin sonu anlam\u0131na gelen k\u00fcresel iklim krizinin bile) mevcut d\u00fczeni kendili\u011finden de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyece\u011fini veya ortadan kald\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor. \u00d6te yandan, Keystone XL kampanyas\u0131 aktivistleri de, her krizin, \u201cba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc bir \u015fey\u201d isteyenler i\u00e7in \u00fcmit verici m\u00fccadele alanlar\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/em><\/p>\n

Su yok, sel var<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma hem var hem yok. Baz\u0131 gazeteler baz\u0131 baz\u0131 k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fiminden ve bilmem ka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra nerede ne gibi felaketler olaca\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ediyorlar. Sonra ama \u0130stanbul\u2019da hortum g\u00f6r\u00fclene kadar kimse \u0131s\u0131nmadan bug\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek bir sorunmu\u015f gibi s\u00f6z etmiyor. Oysa \u015fu grafi\u011fe bir bak\u0131n:<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130SK\u0130’nin resmi internet sitesinden 12 A\u011fustos 2014 tarihinde al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (http:\/\/www.iski.gov.tr\/web\/barajdoluluk.aspx)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu grafik, bug\u00fcn var, yar\u0131n yok. Yani, genel gidi\u015fat, kullan\u0131labilir suyun h\u0131zla ve do\u011frusal olarak azalmas\u0131 de\u011fil. Genel gidi\u015fat, bu gibi y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 olaylar\u0131n etkisinin ve s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, seneye kurakl\u0131k olacak diye bir kural yok, ama yak\u0131nda ciddi bir kurakl\u0131k daha olacak ve bu senekinden daha da \u015fiddetli olacak. (Melih G\u00f6k\u00e7ek 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cBelediye personelini iki ayl\u0131k izne g\u00f6ndermeyi planl\u0131yorum, bir kasaba n\u00fcfusu kadar insan Ankara\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z tatile \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n. Bir 50 bin 60 bin ki\u015fi bir s\u00fcre Ankara\u2019dan ayr\u0131lsa biraz rahatlar\u0131z. Annelerini babalar\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret etseler fena m\u0131 olur.\u201d Sonra biz iklim m\u00fcltecilerinden s\u00f6z edince abartm\u0131\u015f say\u0131ld\u0131k.)<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130SK\u0130’nin resmi internet sitesinden 12 A\u011fustos 2014 tarihinde al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (http:\/\/www.iski.gov.tr\/web\/barajdoluluk.aspx)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019da su \u00fcst\u00fcnde giden minib\u00fcsle, kurakl\u0131k nedeniyle servis edilen tuhaf kokulu suyun ard\u0131nda ortak bir sebep var. Bu ortak sebep, ayr\u0131ca, Filipinler\u2019de 6 bin ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcren Haiyan tayfununa, Bosna-Hersek ve S\u0131rbistan\u2019da 1,2 milyon insan\u0131 etkileyen su bask\u0131nlar\u0131na, ABD\u2019nin Kolorado eyaletinde haftalarca s\u00fcren orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131na ve 2013 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n kaydedilen en s\u0131cak alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u0131l olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. K\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimi, \u015fu anda, \u015fimdi ve yerk\u00fcrenin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor.<\/p>\n

Yani torunlar\u0131m\u0131za veya \u00e7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131za iyi bir d\u00fcnya b\u0131rakmaktan s\u00f6z etmiyoruz. Basbaya\u011f\u0131, bir\u00e7o\u011fumuzun (\u00f6zellikle de kentlerde ya\u015fayan ve sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 merkezi altyap\u0131 sistemlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan milyonlarca insan\u0131n) sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden bir olgudan s\u00f6z ediyoruz.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimini \u015fu anda, \u015fimdi anlamam\u0131z ve acilen harekete ge\u00e7memiz gerekiyor; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc biz harekete ge\u00e7medik\u00e7e ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za gelenlerin \u015fiddetlenerek artmas\u0131 bir ihtimal de\u011fil bilimsel bir olgu olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda duruyor.<\/p>\n

Sorun ne dostum?<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma, atmosferde sera etkisi yapan gazlar\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 sebebiyle daha \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yerk\u00fcrede hapsedilmesi anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131, zat\u00fcrre olan bir hastan\u0131n ate\u015finin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz: Hastal\u0131k ate\u015fin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 de\u011fil; ate\u015fin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir (ve en \u00f6nemli) i\u015fareti.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczden, bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma yerine k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimi<\/strong> terimini kullanmak daha do\u011fru. Zira k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimi, (k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n zaten ifade etti\u011fi kurakl\u0131k, s\u0131cakl\u0131k rekorlar\u0131, salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klarda art\u0131\u015f vb. yan\u0131nda) a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuk dalgalar\u0131n\u0131, sel bask\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ve okyanuslar\u0131n asitlenmesini de a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. Daha da do\u011frusu, yine bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan, insan kaynakl\u0131 k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimi<\/strong>nden s\u00f6z etmekte fayda var. Burada insan kaynakl\u0131 derken, bu de\u011fi\u015fimin do\u011fal fakt\u00f6rler nedeniyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini, yani G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in aktifli\u011fi veya d\u00fcnyan\u0131n do\u011fal co\u011frafi d\u00f6ng\u00fcleri ile a\u00e7\u0131klanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kast ediyoruz. Yani, bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan do\u011fru olan, insan kaynakl\u0131 k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fiminden s\u00f6z etmek.<\/p>\n

Buraya kadar her \u015fey g\u00fczel. Ancak tabii ki bu genel \u201cinsan\u201d soyutlamas\u0131, tarihin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir su\u00e7luya i\u015faret etti\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, politik a\u00e7\u0131dan yanl\u0131\u015f. K\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fiminden t\u00fcm \u201cinsan\u201dlar e\u015fit \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sorumlu de\u011filler. \u00d6rne\u011fin on binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r \u201cinsan\u201d var d\u00fcnyada, ancak her ne hikmetse k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimi sadece son iki y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor. Her nedense, \u00fclkeler, kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imine ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Peki, k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin sorumlusu kim? \u0130klimbilimi literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde genellikle g\u00f6rmezden gelinen as\u0131l sorumlu, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sermaye sisteminin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye dayal\u0131 olu\u015fu ve bu b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin de fosil yak\u0131tlara g\u00f6bekten ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131.([i]<\/a>) Bu anlamda, k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin sorumlusu nedir sorusunu yan\u0131tlarken ilk olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye dayal\u0131 kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imini ve sonras\u0131nda da bu s\u00fcrecin kalbinde duran fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131 s\u0131ralayabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u0131saca asl\u0131nda kapitalizm kaynakl\u0131 k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimi<\/strong>nden s\u00f6z etmemiz gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi laf\u0131 fazla da uzatmadan, bu sorunu biraz a\u00e7al\u0131m. Asla akl\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131karmamam\u0131z gereken d\u00f6rt say\u0131 var:<\/p>\n

1) \u0130ki derece.<\/p>\n

2) Milyonda 350 par\u00e7ac\u0131k (350 ppm).<\/p>\n

3) 565 gigaton.<\/p>\n

4) 2795 gigaton.<\/p>\n

Son y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde k\u00fcresel ortalama y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 0,8\u00b0C artt\u0131. Gezegende ya\u015fam\u0131n bildi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131yla devam edebilmesi i\u00e7in, bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 2\u00b0C\u2019nin <\/strong>alt\u0131nda tutmam\u0131z gerekiyor. Bu de\u011ferin \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n, bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f etkisi yaratabilece\u011fi ve ekosistemlerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6kece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u0130ki derece art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sonras\u0131nda t\u00fcm do\u011fal ekosistemler y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7inde yeni bir denge noktas\u0131na ula\u015fmak \u00fczere sars\u0131lacak, \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hava olay\u0131\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc anlam\u0131n\u0131 yitirecek, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc a\u015f\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ya\u015famak yeni norm olacak. Bu y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n altyap\u0131 hizmetleri (su, sa\u011fl\u0131k, bar\u0131nma vb.) ve asayi\u015f (iklim m\u00fcltecileri, kurakl\u0131k, su ve g\u0131da krizi) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan toplumsal i\u015fleyi\u015fleri de k\u00f6kten sarsaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.([ii]<\/a>) \u0130klimbilimciler, 2 derecenin a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumun \u201cbildi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131yla d\u00fcnya\u201dn\u0131n sonu olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurguluyorlar.([iii]<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Bu iki derece hedefini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, atmosferdeki karbondioksit miktar\u0131n\u0131 milyonda 350 par\u00e7ac\u0131kta (350 ppm \u2013 particle per million) <\/strong>tutmam\u0131z gerekiyor. Bunun \u00f6tesinde bir karbondioksit konsantrasyonunun yarataca\u011f\u0131 sera etkisi, 2\u00b0C hedefinin tutturulmas\u0131n\u0131 olanaks\u0131z hale getiriyor. \u015eu anda bu say\u0131n\u0131n 401 ppm\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeden ge\u00e7meyelim. Yani yapmam\u0131z gereken, emisyonlar\u0131 acilen durdurmak.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bu aciliyeti ifade eden de\u011fer 565 gigaton. H\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin m\u00fczakereleri, pazarl\u0131klar\u0131 bitmek t\u00fckenmek bilmiyor. Ancak fizikle kimyayla pazarl\u0131k olmaz: Atmosfere salma hakk\u0131m\u0131z olan toplam sera gaz\u0131 miktar\u0131 565 gigaton <\/strong>karbona e\u015fde\u011fer. Bu miktar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde karbon emisyonu, 350 ppm\u2019yi de, 2\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da \u0131skalamam\u0131z ve uygarl\u0131k denilen \u015feye de veda etmemiz anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

Ancak, fosil yak\u0131t \u015firketlerinin rezervlerinde yak\u0131lmaya haz\u0131r 2795 gigaton <\/strong>karbon var. Demek ki bu \u015firketleri derhal durdurmam\u0131z gerekiyor. Hem de hemen \u015fimdi! Zira biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplamalarda y\u00fczde 2-3 band\u0131nda bir k\u00fcresel ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyle ve bu b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin fosil yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131yla ilgili bir hesaplamayla 2 derece s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir zamanda ula\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar: 2048<\/strong>. Evet yanl\u0131\u015f okumad\u0131n\u0131z! 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcrecin sonunda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ekolojik dengesinin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz bir bi\u00e7imde bozulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, yeni fosil kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bu u\u00e7uruma do\u011fru gidi\u015f s\u00fcrecini daha da h\u0131zland\u0131racak bir durum olarak alabiliriz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u015fimdi biraz geleneksel olmayan fosil yak\u0131tlardan ve kapitalizmin bu ke\u015ffinin getirdi\u011fi politik ve teorik zorluklardan s\u00f6z edelim.<\/p>\n

Enerji politikalar\u0131 ve yeni fosil yak\u0131tlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

2000\u2019lerde k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n karbon emisyonlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkisi art\u0131k genel ge\u00e7er bilgi haline geldi\u011finde, iki k\u00fcresel geli\u015fme ekolojik krizle ilgili kayg\u0131 duyan \u00e7evrelere umut vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Birincisi k\u00fcresel finansal krizin yarataca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon emisyonu, ikincisiyse petrol rezervlerinden \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00fcnl\u00fck petrol miktar\u0131n\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131n t\u00fckeni\u015fiyle beraber art\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7ece\u011fi ve bu durumun k\u00fcresel kapitalizmi g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisine y\u00f6nlendirece\u011fine dair umuttu.<\/p>\n

Birka\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k resesyonun ard\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle BRIC\u2019te (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, \u00c7in) y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131 ile ABD ve AB\u2019de tekrar canlanan ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ilk umudu k\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130kinci durum, yani karbon kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n 2048\u2019de bitecek olmas\u0131yla ilgili umut, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ve Kanada\u2019dan gelen yeni haberle suya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor: ABD, \u0130ngilizce\u2019de \u201cshale gas fracking\u201d denen, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u201csezeryanla petrol \u00e7\u0131karma\u201d veya \u201ckaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama\u201d olarak ge\u00e7en bir y\u00f6ntemle, normalden \u00e7ok daha derinden, y\u00fczeyin 3 km alt\u0131ndan petrol \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken, Kanada \u00e7ok daha ilgin\u00e7 bir y\u00f6ntemle, \u201ctar kumu\u201d denilen bir maddeyi i\u015fleyerek sentetik petrol \u00fcretmekte. Bu durumun s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz ikinci beklentiye (karbon yo\u011fun kaynaklar\u0131n bitmesi beklentisine) etkisini ve bu yeni kaynaklara kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015filen m\u00fccadeleye de\u011finmeden \u00f6nce, s\u00fcrecin nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fine ve meselenin yerel ekolojik etkisine bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama (sezeryanla petrol \u00e7\u0131karma)<\/strong>: Normal do\u011falgaz ve petrol \u00e7\u0131karma y\u00f6ntemlerinde, fosil yak\u0131t\u0131 yeralt\u0131nda tutan kayalar\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te do\u011fal olarak par\u00e7alanmas\u0131yla kayalardan s\u0131zan petrol ve gaz, y\u00fczeye yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktada sondajla elde edilmektedir.\u00a0 Kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama (veya sezeryanla petrol \u00e7\u0131karma) k\u0131saca bu do\u011fal ve yava\u015f s\u00fcreci insan m\u00fcdahalesiyle h\u0131zland\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. Bunun i\u00e7in, yani yerin \u00fc\u00e7 kilometre alt\u0131nda kayan\u0131n i\u00e7inde s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f gaz\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir hale getirmek i\u00e7in, kayaya milyonlarca litre bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 su ve kimyasal madde enjekte ediyor. Kayada olu\u015fan yar\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kan do\u011falgazsa ba\u015fka bir sondaj sistemiyle y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu y\u00f6ntem esas\u0131nda \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcredir ABD\u2019de uygulanmakla beraber, yak\u0131n zamana kadar teknolojinin pahal\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00e7ok ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rm\u00fcyordu ve 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin do\u011fal gaz ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 1\u2019ini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. ABD Enerji Bilgilendirme Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn verilerine g\u00f6re bu rakam 2010\u2019da y\u00fczde 20\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve 2046\u2019da ABD\u2019nin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 46\u2019s\u0131 kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama yoluyla elde edilecek.([iv]<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131 savunucular\u0131n\u0131n 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Obama taraf\u0131ndan da dillendirilen en pop\u00fcler arg\u00fcman\u0131, do\u011falgaz\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve petrole g\u00f6re temiz enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fu. Lakin konuyla ilgili bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar h\u00e2l\u00e2 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir noktada. ABD\u2019de 1,4 milyon biliminsan\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden Bilim \u0130nsanlar\u0131 Konseyi (Council of Scientific Community), Obama\u2019n\u0131n bu yorumuna yan\u0131t olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa bir metinde, kaya par\u00e7alama y\u00f6ntemiyle a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00fcksek metan gaz\u0131 de\u011ferine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor ve bu gaz\u0131n karbondioksitten \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sera etkisine sahip oldu\u011funu vurguluyor. Kaya gaz\u0131 y\u00f6nteminin k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle ilgili etkisinin, bu metan gaz\u0131 etkisi ile do\u011falgaz\u0131n yak\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan karbondioksit etkisiyle birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek incelenmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.([v]<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Konseyin dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi bir di\u011fer nokta da kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama y\u00f6nteminin i\u015flemin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekolojik etki. Ger\u00e7ekten de yine hen\u00fcz ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu bir konu olmakla birlikte, en b\u00fcy\u00fck korku ve kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f suyla beraber yer alt\u0131na verilen kimyasal maddelerin, daha y\u00fczeyde bulunan i\u00e7me suyu yataklar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fma ihtimali. Bu konuda korkular ger\u00e7ekten de yersiz g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor; zira bu y\u00f6nteminin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Marcellus Shale Deposit\u2019in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Pennsylvania\u2019n\u0131n Amwell Township adl\u0131 kasabas\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar, bu y\u00f6ntemin uygulanmas\u0131 muhtemel di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lacak etkileriyle ilgili \u00f6nemli bulgular veriyor: \u0130lk ba\u015flarda topraklar\u0131na \u015firketin verdi\u011fi y\u00fcksek de\u011ferle ve \u015firketin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131yla canlanan ekonomiyle mutlu olan b\u00f6lge halk\u0131, sonras\u0131nda s\u00fcrecin \u00e7evresel felakete yol a\u00e7mas\u0131yla beraber ciddi ciddi Amwell\u2019i terk etmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor.([vi]<\/a>) \u00d6nceleri \u00e7ocuklarda ama daha sonras\u0131nda yeti\u015fkinlerde de kronik deri ve akci\u011fer hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015f g\u00f6steriyor, hayvan \u00f6l\u00fcmleri al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yor ve art\u0131k musluklar\u0131ndan akan suyu v\u00fccutlar\u0131na bile s\u00fcremeyecekleri hissiyat\u0131na kap\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Bu tarz \u015fik\u00e2yetlere \u015firketin cevab\u0131, evin bah\u00e7esine su dolu bir tanker b\u0131rakmaktan ibaret. Sorun, i\u00e7me suyu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kirlenmesiyle sadece 4000 ki\u015filik Amwell kasabas\u0131nda bir mikro-ekolojik felakete yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 de\u011fil, bu kimyasal maddelerin yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n hareketiyle Ohio, New York gibi \u00e7evre eyaletlerin i\u00e7me suyunu da kirletecek olmas\u0131. Yani artan fosil yak\u0131t fiyatlar\u0131 ve azalan kaynaklara cevaben yeni fosil enerji kaynaklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelen ABD y\u00f6netimi, hem y\u00f6resel hem de k\u00fcresel bir ekolojik felakete yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Tar kumu<\/strong>: Tar kumu k\u0131saca sentetik bir \u015fekilde petrol \u00fcretme olana\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131yan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m bir madde. Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n i\u00e7indeki maddelerden yaln\u0131zca biri, bitumen maddesi. \u0130\u015fte tar kumunu de\u011ferli k\u0131lan da bu madde. Do\u011fru teknolojiyle i\u015flendi\u011finde bu madde sentetik petrole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febiliyor ve bireysel t\u00fcketimden end\u00fcstriye kadar bir\u00e7ok alanda kullan\u0131labilecek bir hale geliyor.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdilik sadece Kanada\u2019da tar kumundan sentetik petrol \u00fcretimi yap\u0131l\u0131yor olsa da Venezuela\u2019da Kanada\u2019dakinden de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir miktar tar kumunun oldu\u011fu ifade ediliyor.([vii]<\/a>) 2000\u2019lerde ke\u015ffedilen bu kaynaklarla OPEC verilerine g\u00f6re Venezuela birden Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erek, toplam kullan\u0131labilir kaynaklar listesinde 1. s\u0131raya, Kanada ise 3. s\u0131raya y\u00fckseldi.([viii]<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Tar kumunun i\u015flenme s\u00fcrecinden k\u0131saca s\u00f6z edelim. Tar kumunun yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 10\u2019luk k\u0131sm\u0131 bitumenden olu\u015fuyor. Kum sentetik petrole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fene kadar iki a\u015famal\u0131 bir y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131tma s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7iyor. Bu nedenle, ilk \u0131s\u0131tma i\u015flemi kumun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor ve a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan bitumen ikinci bir \u0131s\u0131tma i\u015flemine girmek i\u00e7in petrol \u015firketlerinin rafinelerine g\u00f6nderiliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle, t\u00fcm bu s\u00fcrecin ekonomik maliyetinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ve bu maliyetin ancak ve ancak petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fu anki y\u00fcksek seviyelerinde oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir yat\u0131r\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyelim. Tabii bizi daha \u00e7ok ilgilendiren (ve g\u00f6r\u00fclen o ki \u015firketleri de en az ilgilendiren), s\u00fcrecin ekolojik maliyeti, yani \u00f6rne\u011fin, bu yaz\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda, k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimine etkisi. Kanada\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, \u00fcretimindeki y\u00fcksek enerji girdisi nedeniyle sentetik petrol konvansiyonel petrolden y\u00fczde 12 daha fazla karbon emisyonuna yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n AB\u2019nin karbon emisyonunu azaltmakla ilgili ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesel karar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde 2012\u2019de Kanada petrol\u00fcne boykot uygulama tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek,([ix]<\/a>) y\u00fczde 12\u2019den daha da y\u00fcksek bir miktarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131nda, ke\u015ffedilen rezervler devasa rezervler. Yukar\u0131da iklim de\u011fi\u015fiminin matemati\u011fi olarak sundu\u011fumuz d\u00fcnyan\u0131n toplam kar\u015f\u0131layabilece\u011fi azami karbondioksit seviyesini misliyle a\u015facak miktarda yeni fosil yak\u0131ttan s\u00f6z ediyoruz.([x]<\/a>) Bu durumu eski NASA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nemli jeologlar\u0131ndan olan James Hansen \u015fu \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcketiminin kademeli olarak bitirilmesi ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u00fccadeleyi gerektiriyor. Fakat e\u011fer tar kumlar\u0131 da tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7ine girerse, esas\u0131nda oyun bitmi\u015f demektir.\u201d([xi]<\/a>) Burada s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz oyun D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ta kendisi ve esas mesele de onun biti\u015fine raz\u0131 olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u015fimdi k\u0131saca bu s\u00fcrece kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015fen toplumsal hareketlili\u011fe bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Kanada 2003\u2019te Alberta eyaletinde ke\u015ffetti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck tar kumu rezervleri sayesinde ABD\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck tedarik\u00e7isi oldu. Esas sorun olan ta\u015f\u0131ma maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla iki h\u00fck\u00fcmet Kanada\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda olan Alberta eyaletinden Amerika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusundaki Meksika K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne uzanacak Keystone XL ad\u0131nda 3462 kilometrelik bir boru hatt\u0131 planlad\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu boru hatt\u0131 ekolojik m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in bir kalk\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Alberta eyaletinde \u00e7evre felaketine kar\u015f\u0131 daha \u00e7ok Kanadal\u0131 yerli halk\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha c\u0131l\u0131z ama sesi duyulan eylemlere, Amerika sol kamuoyundan ciddi bir destek geldi. Denilebilir ki, ABD\u2019de Occupy Wall Street eylemleriyle yeniden canlanan sol eylemlilik kendisini \u015fu anda iklim de\u011fi\u015fimi m\u00fccadelesine kanalize etmi\u015f durumda. Hareket, Keystone XL boru hatt\u0131na muhalefet \u00fczerinden kitleselle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

Boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n petrol s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131, bu durumun su rezervlerine ve do\u011fal hayata ciddi zarar verece\u011fi, projeye kar\u015f\u0131 ortaya koyulan arg\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hareketin liderlerinin akl\u0131ndaki temel meseleyse, yukar\u0131da James Hansen\u2019dan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z al\u0131nt\u0131daki gibi, tar kumlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131yla beraber iklim m\u00fccadelesinin kaybedilece\u011fi ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz bir iklimsel felakete s\u00fcr\u00fcklenece\u011fi. \u015eimdiye kadar hareketin tahmin edilemeyen bir ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz: 2012\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7 bin ki\u015filik c\u0131l\u0131z birka\u00e7 eylemden sonra Nisan 2013\u2019te 50 bin ki\u015filik bir kitlenin Beyaz Saray\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi eylem, boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 en az\u0131ndan \u015fimdilik durdurdu. Obama eylemden sonra yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada son a\u015faman\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcresiz durduruldu\u011funu ve Amerikan Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin karar\u0131 gelmeden bir ilerleme kaydedilmeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. \u015eimdilik Kas\u0131m 2014 ara se\u00e7imlerine kadar bu kararda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik beklenmese de,([xii]<\/a>) 3000 ki\u015finin boru hatt\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131 devam ederse tutuklanma tehlikesine ra\u011fmen kendilerini in\u015faat alan\u0131na zincirleyeceklerini belirten dilek\u00e7eleri Beyaz Saray\u2019a g\u00f6ndermeleri, hareketin ne derece radikalle\u015febilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Yeni fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n ekoloji m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in anlam\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama y\u00f6ntemi ve tar kumuyla birlikte, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n me\u015fhur \u201cKonvansiyonel petrol kaynaklar\u0131 bitiyor\u201d \u00fcmidi t\u00fcm ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirmi\u015f durumda. Geriye tek kalan \u00fcmit, \u00fcnl\u00fc ekoloji aktivisti ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr (ayr\u0131ca Keystone XL kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderlerinden) Bill McKibben\u2019\u0131n tabiriyle \u201cpetrol krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u201d kar\u015f\u0131 verilen ve ABD\u2019de git gide b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ekolojik m\u00fccadele.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201ckapitalizm kaynakl\u0131 k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fiminden\u201d s\u00f6z etmemiz gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik. Anla\u015f\u0131lan o ki, k\u00fcresel iklim krizi<\/strong>nden s\u00f6z etmek daha yerinde olacak.<\/p>\n

Kriz, kapitalizmin i\u015fleyi\u015f dinami\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan kilit terimlerden biridir. Kriz, kimi muhalif \u00e7evrelerde kullan\u0131lan retori\u011fin aksine, kapitalizmin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Kriz \u00fcretmeyen bir kapitalizm olamaz. Kapitalizm, kriz \u00fcreterek<\/strong> ve bu krizleri (kendi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 dahilinde) a\u015farak<\/strong> var olur.<\/p>\n

Bu kriz \u00fcretme ve a\u015fma dinami\u011finin belki de en ilgin\u00e7 \u00f6rneklerinden biri, yeni fosil yak\u0131tlarda gizli. Petrol\u00fcn zirve yapmas\u0131 ve petrol \u00fcretiminin d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 beklentilerini takiben son y\u0131llarda petrol fiyatlar\u0131ndaki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc art\u0131\u015f, sentetik petrol \u00fcretimine neden oldu. Fosil yak\u0131tlara dair bir enerji s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ayn\u0131 fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n ba\u015fka ba\u015fka \u015fekillerde \u00fcretilmesiyle; sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131na dair ekolojik kayg\u0131lar ise k\u00f6m\u00fcre k\u0131yasla daha az emisyon sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama y\u00f6ntemiyle \u201ca\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n

Elbette bu \u201ca\u015f\u0131lma\u201dn\u0131n ne insanlar ne de ekosistemlere faydas\u0131 oluyor. Nas\u0131l ki bir ekonomik kriz fakirin fakirle\u015fmesi ve zenginin zenginle\u015fmesiyle son bulursa, bu yaz\u0131da biraz olsun i\u015flemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z iklim krizi de d\u00fcnya ekosistemlerin yepyeni \u015fekillerde y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131yla a\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Kapitalizm, bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 her yerde sermaye birikimi f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.([xiii]<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Tekrar edelim: Keystone XL boru hatt\u0131, Kuzey Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda bir k\u00f6\u015fegen \u00e7izecek \u015fekilde in\u015fa ediliyor! Kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama dedi\u011fimiz faaliyet ise yerin \u00fc\u00e7 kilometre alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor! Enerji krizinin (ve d\u00fcnyada -\u015firketlerin k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda- \u00e7ekilen ac\u0131lar\u0131 dert eden bizler i\u00e7in, iklim krizinin) kapitalizm i\u00e7indeki \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d\u00fc b\u00f6yle fantastik y\u00f6ntemleri i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 kriz(ler)in insana etkisine ise bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda iklim de\u011fi\u015fiminin etkilerinden s\u00f6z ederken de\u011finmi\u015ftik. Neoliberal iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iklim kaynakl\u0131 felaketlerde \u00f6lenlerin \u00f6nemi, bu insanlar\u0131n sat\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00f6re belirleniyor. Sa\u011f kalanlar i\u00e7in ila\u00e7 ve temel t\u00fcketim maddelerinin yeniden \u00fcretilmesi ile felaketin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki altyap\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015ftan in\u015fa edilmesi ise, ekonomiye yeni olanaklar sunuyor.([xiv]<\/a>)<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, \u201ck\u00fcresel iklim krizi\u201d, kapitalizmin sonunu veya k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, kapitalizmin t\u0131k\u0131r t\u0131k\u0131r i\u015fledi\u011fini ifade etti\u011fi i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuz sorunu daha do\u011fru anlat\u0131yor. Kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama ve tar kumu, bize, \u015fu ya da bu krizin (hatta bildi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131yla gezegenin sonu anlam\u0131na gelen k\u00fcresel iklim krizinin bile) mevcut d\u00fczeni kendili\u011finden<\/strong> de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyece\u011fini veya ortadan kald\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor. \u00d6te yandan, Keystone XL kampanyas\u0131 aktivistleri de, her krizin, \u201cba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc bir \u015fey\u201d isteyenler i\u00e7in \u00fcmit verici m\u00fccadele alanlar\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

[i]\u00a0<\/a>\u00d6rne\u011fin John Bellamy Foster, ayn\u0131 ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme hedeflerine g\u00fcne\u015f, r\u00fczg\u00e2r gibi yenilenebilir kaynaklarla da ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi arg\u00fcman\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, metalar\u0131n \u00fcretiminden dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ve t\u00fcketimine kadar her alanda mevcut altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131na dayal\u0131 oldu\u011funu, bunlar\u0131 yenilebilinir kaynaklarla de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin maliyetinin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Foster, \u015firketlerin ve devletlerin ye\u015fil enerji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na \u00e7ok az kaynak yat\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n bir nedeninin de bu oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor. Yani, sermaye d\u00fczeninin yap\u0131sal olarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fcme modeli nedeniyle ye\u015fil enerjiye dayal\u0131 bir kapitalizmin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. John Bellamy Foster, \u201cThe Fossil Fuels War\u201d, Monthly Review<\/em>, 1 Eyl\u00fcl 2013. http:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/2013\/09\/01\/fossil-fuels-war\/<\/p>\n

[ii]\u00a0<\/a>IPCC: \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00fcvenlik, g\u0131da ve insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in bir tehdit – Suzanne Goldenberg. https:\/\/network23.org\/outforbeyond\/2014\/08\/20\/ipcc-iklim-degisimi-guvenlik-gida-ve-insanlik-icin-bir-tehdit-suzanne-goldenberg\/<\/p>\n

[iii]\u00a0<\/a>Burada s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz, 2 derecelik \u0131s\u0131nma sonras\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yok olaca\u011f\u0131 gibi bir arg\u00fcman de\u011fil. B\u00f6yle bir yok olu\u015f senaryosunu ne biliminsanlar\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r, ne de ekososyalistler b\u00f6yle bir felaket arg\u00fcman\u0131yla ilerlemektedir. S\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz, s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 2 dereceyi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ekolojik dengesinin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz bir bi\u00e7imde bozulaca\u011f\u0131, \u015fu anda da devam eden a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hava olaylar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k 2 dereceyi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha ciddi boyutlarda ve s\u0131kl\u0131kta ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Konuyla ilgili, d\u00fcnya solundan gelen felaket\u00e7ilik ele\u015ftirisi ve ekososyalist m\u00fccadele \u00fczerine Ian Angus\u2019un zihin a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131 okunabilir: Ian Angus, \u201cOnce Again on \u2018Environmental Catastrophism\u2019, A Reply to Sam Gindin\u201d, Monthly Review<\/em>, 14 Temmuz 2014. http:\/\/mrzine.monthlyreview.org\/2014\/angus140714.html<\/p>\n

[iv]\u00a0<\/a>Paul Stevens, “The ‘Shale Gas Revolution’: Developments and Changes”. Chatham House. (A\u011fustos 2012)<\/p>\n

[v]<\/a>\u00a0\u201cLetter on Energy and Environment\u201d, Council of Scientific Society Presidents,\u00a0 http:\/\/www.eeb.cornell.edu\/howarth\/publications\/CCSP_letter_on_energy_environment.pdf<\/p>\n

[vi]\u00a0<\/a>\u201cThe Fracturing of Pennsylvania\u201d, Eliza Grizwald, New York Times, 17 Kas\u0131m 2011.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/11\/20\/magazine\/fracking-amwell-township.html?pagewanted=all<\/p>\n

[vii]\u00a0<\/a>M.B. Dusseault, \u201cComparing Venezuelan and Canadian Heavy Oil and Tar Sands\u201d,\u00a0 http:\/\/www.energy.gov.ab.ca\/oilsands\/pdfs\/rpt_chops_app3.pdf<\/p>\n

[viii]<\/a>\u00a0\u201cWorld proven crude oil reserves by country\u201d, OPEC resmi sayfas\u0131. http:\/\/www.opec.org\/library\/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin\/interactive\/current\/FileZ\/XL\/T31.HTM<\/p>\n

[ix]\u00a0<\/a>Barbara Lewis, David Ljunggren, Jeffrey Jones, \u201cInsight: Canada’s oil sand battle with Europe\u201d, Reuters, 10 May\u0131s 2012. http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2012\/05\/10\/us-oil-sands-idUSBRE8490OL20120510<\/p>\n

[x]\u00a0<\/a>Bill McKibben, \u201cCanada and Its Tar Sands: What the Country Can Learn From Brazil About Protecting the Environment\u201d, New Republic, 27 Haziran 2011.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.newrepublic.com\/article\/environment-and-energy\/90730\/canada-tar-oil-brazil-climate<\/p>\n

[xi]\u00a0<\/a>Joe Romm, \u201cJames Hansen slams Keystone XL Canada-U.S. Pipeline: \u201cExploitation of tar sands would make it implausible to stabilize climate and avoid disastrous global climate impacts\u201d, Think Progress. http:\/\/thinkprogress.org\/climate\/2011\/06\/05\/236978\/james-hansen-keystone-pipeline-tar-sands-climate\/<\/p>\n

[xii]\u00a0<\/a>\u201cNebraska lawsuit delays decision on Keystone XL\u201d, Journal Star, 18 Nisan 2014. \u00a0http:\/\/journalstar.com\/news\/state-and-regional\/nebraska-lawsuit-delays-decision-on-keystone-xl\/article_4708f513-0b75-5e9c-b733-2c1caed9753c.html<\/p>\n

[xiii]\u00a0<\/a>Hat\u0131rlarsan\u0131z Cumhurba\u015fbakan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan da HES projelerini savunurken \u201cnehirlerin bo\u015fa ak\u0131p denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d belirtmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

[xiv]\u00a0<\/a>\u0130stanbul’da in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde, deprem olunca oradaki binalar y\u0131k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni in\u015faat projelerine f\u0131rsat sa\u011flayan b\u00f6lgelerden s\u00f6z edilir. Bu b\u00f6lgeler, \u015fu anda yeni proje imk\u00e2n\u0131 olmasa da, deprem gibi k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir olaydan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak rant\u0131n spek\u00fclasyonuna konu olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cK\u00fcresel iklim krizi\u201d, kapitalizmin sonunu veya k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, kapitalizmin t\u0131k\u0131r t\u0131k\u0131r i\u015fledi\u011fini ifade etti\u011fi i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuz sorunu daha do\u011fru anlat\u0131yor. Kaya gaz\u0131 par\u00e7alama ve tar kumu, bize, \u015fu ya da bu krizin (hatta bildi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131yla gezegenin sonu anlam\u0131na gelen k\u00fcresel iklim krizinin bile) mevcut d\u00fczeni kendili\u011finden de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyece\u011fini veya ortadan kald\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor. \u00d6te […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":596,"featured_media":25176,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[164,217,23],"tags":[1010,308,309],"class_list":["post-12151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-127-sayi","category-cevre-bilimleri","category-iklim","tag-fosil-yakitlar","tag-iklim","tag-iklim-degisikligi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t