{"id":12164,"date":"2014-09-01T19:42:40","date_gmt":"2014-09-01T16:42:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=12164"},"modified":"2018-05-10T17:43:41","modified_gmt":"2018-05-10T14:43:41","slug":"fields-madalyasini-ilk-kez-bir-kadin-aldi-uzun-egri-yollarin-azimli-yolcusu-meryem-mirzakani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/09\/01\/fields-madalyasini-ilk-kez-bir-kadin-aldi-uzun-egri-yollarin-azimli-yolcusu-meryem-mirzakani","title":{"rendered":"Fields Madalyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ilk kez bir kad\u0131n ald\u0131 \/ Uzun e\u011fri yollar\u0131n azimli yolcusu: Meryem Mirzakhani"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mirzakhani matematik yapmay\u0131uzun ve \u00e7etin bir y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe benzetiyor: Hi\u00e7bir ize rastlan\u0131lmayan, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fckmedi\u011fi, sonsuzlu\u011fa uzanan bir yolda olma hali. Elbette, \u201cEvreka\u201d anlar\u0131, yeni bir \u015feyi ke\u015ffetmi\u015f, anlam\u0131\u015f olman\u0131n derin co\u015fkusunu ve keyfini ya\u015fatan o ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc anlar, bir da\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcst noktas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, bir anda ufku geni\u015flemi\u015f ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc berrakl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f gibi hissettiriyor ona…\u00a0 Gene de da\u011flara uzanan yollar\u0131 seviyor esas.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cRuhunu a\u015f ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 elinde tut\u201d… Matematik\u00e7ilere verilen Fields Madalyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n y\u00fcz\u00fcnde, Ar\u015fimet\u2019in kafas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fdan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc, bu s\u00f6z\u00fc \u00e7evreliyor. 1936\u2019dan bu yana toplam 54 matematik\u00e7iye giden madalyan\u0131n yan y\u00fcz\u00fcneyse ilk defa bir kad\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 kaz\u0131nd\u0131: Meryem Mirzakhani (Maryam Mirzakhani).<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 Matematik\u00e7iler Birli\u011fi (IMC), \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn Meryem Mirzakhani\u2019ye, Riemann y\u00fczeyleri veonlar\u0131n mod\u00fcl uzaylar\u0131n\u0131n geometrisi ve dinami\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lardan dolay\u0131 verildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Matematikte en \u00f6nemli \u00f6d\u00fcl kabul edilen Fields Madalyas\u0131, 40 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7medenalan\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ki\u015filere veriliyor. D\u00f6rt y\u0131lda bir verilen \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc, Mirzakhani ile birlikte \u00fc\u00e7 matematik\u00e7i daha ald\u0131. Fields Madalyas\u0131, erken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardaki \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcllendirmekle birlikte, gelece\u011finmatemati\u011finde belirleyici olacak matematik\u00e7ilerin se\u00e7ilmesi olarak da yorumlan\u0131yor. Stanford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde profes\u00f6r olan Mirzakhani, hen\u00fcz 37 ya\u015f\u0131nda. Fields Madalyas\u0131 alan ilk kad\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, bu \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan ilk \u0130ranl\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yava\u015f ama derinden<\/strong><\/p>\n

Madalyay\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanan videoda, Mirzakhani\u2019nin yerde dizlerinin \u00fczerine iki b\u00fckl\u00fcm oturmu\u015f, \u00f6n\u00fcndeki k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da bir \u015feyler karalarkenki halini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce, onunla Ar\u015fimet aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n madalyada kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcm. O \u00fcnl\u00fc sahne geldi g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne: Ar\u015fimet kumun \u00fczerine e\u011filmi\u015f, matematik \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. O kadar kendini kapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ki, ba\u015f\u0131nda dikilen Romal\u0131n\u0131n emirlerini duymuyor bile… Askeri \u00fcnl\u00fc c\u00fcmlesiyle tersliyor: \u201cL\u00fctfen \u00e7emberlerimi bozmay\u0131n!\u201d\u00a0 K\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n inece\u011fi kafa, i\u00e7inde paha bi\u00e7ilmez fikirler dola\u015fsa bile, her faniyle ayn\u0131 maddi yasalara ba\u011fl\u0131… \u00d6yk\u00fcye g\u00f6re Ar\u015fimet, \u00f6l\u00fcme giderken de matematikle kendinden ge\u00e7mi\u015f halde. Mirzakani\u2019yi, yerdeki k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da bir deniz gibi dalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an hiberpolik cisimlerin derinliklerinden \u00e7\u0131karan ise tek bir kuvvet olabilir. Hen\u00fcz 3 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u0131z\u0131 Anahita\u2019n\u0131n sesleni\u015fi: \u201cAnneeee, resim mi \u00e7iziyorsun?\u201d<\/p>\n

Mirzakhani\u2019nin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeleri istenen, kimisi hocas\u0131, kimisi baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131arkada\u015f\u0131, kimisi dostu, kimisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 izleyen matematik\u00e7ilerin hepsi, s\u0131cak bir sayg\u0131yla, yer yer co\u015fkulu bir takdirle yorumlaryapm\u0131\u015flar. T\u00fcm yorumlar\u0131n ortakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme var: Mirzakhani, matemati\u011fin en g\u00f6z korkutucu sorular\u0131yla inat\u00e7\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k ve sab\u0131rla, y\u0131lmadan m\u00fccadele eden bir matematik\u00e7i.<\/p>\n

Kendisiyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00f6yle\u015fide, matematik yapmay\u0131 \u00a0uzun ve \u00e7etin bir y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe benzetiyor: Hi\u00e7bir ize rastlan\u0131lmayan, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fckmedi\u011fi, sonsuzlu\u011fa uzanan bir yolda olma hali. Elbette, \u201cEvreka\u201d anlar\u0131, yeni bir \u015feyi ke\u015ffetmi\u015f, anlam\u0131\u015f olman\u0131n derin co\u015fkusu ve keyfini ya\u015fatan o ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc anlar, bir da\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcst noktas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, bir anda ufku geni\u015flemi\u015f ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc berrakl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f gibi hissettiriyor ona…\u00a0 Gene de da\u011flara uzanan yollar\u0131 seviyor esas.<\/p>\n

Acelesiz bir y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fc. Kendisini \u201cyava\u015f bir insan\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor. Ele avuca s\u0131\u011fmayan bir dehayla, problemleri birbiri ard\u0131na deviren matematik\u00e7ilere benzemedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor: B\u00fcy\u00fck problemlerin \u00fczerinde aylarca, y\u0131llarca y\u00fcr\u00fcyor. \u201cUzun s\u00fcre ayn\u0131 problemle u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flars\u0131n\u0131z\u201d diyor. \u201cOnlar roman karakterleri gibidir; ilerledik\u00e7e daha iyi tan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Olaylar geli\u015fir ve bir bakars\u0131n\u0131z ki, karaktere dair ilk izlenimleriniz tamamen de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sadece matematikte de\u011fil, ya\u015famda da yava\u015f ama sa\u011flam ilerliyor. Azmiyle nice tav\u015fan\u0131 yolda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f, e\u015fini de… Kuramsal bilgisayar bilimcisi olan Jan Vondrak, Harvard\u2019da y\u00fcksek lisans yapt\u0131klar\u0131 y\u0131llarda, ilk kez ko\u015fuya gittikleri g\u00fcn\u00fc an\u0131ms\u0131yor: \u201c\u00c7ok ufak tefekti, bense formdayd\u0131m. Durumumun iyi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordum, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00f6ndeydim. 1,5 saat sonra ben yorulmu\u015ftum, o ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 ayn\u0131 tempoda ko\u015fuyordu. Asla yava\u015flamad\u0131…\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0130lk matematiksel keyiflenme Gauss\u2019dan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Meryem Mirzakhani, May\u0131s 1977, Tahran do\u011fumlu. \u00dc\u00e7 karde\u015fi daha var. Ailesi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n, anlaml\u0131 i\u015fler yapabilecekleri ve tatmin olabilecekleri bir meslekleri olmas\u0131n\u0131 her zaman desteklemi\u015f, ama \u201cba\u015far\u0131l\u0131\u201d olmalar\u0131n\u0131dert etmemi\u015f. Mirzakani\u2019nin \u00e7ocukluk hayali yazar olmak.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Mirzakhani \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Matemati\u011fe dair ilk an\u0131s\u0131, bilime merakl\u0131 a\u011fabeyiyle ilgili. Ona her zaman \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi yeni \u015feylerden s\u00f6z eden a\u011fabeyi, pop\u00fcler bir bilim dergisinden okudu\u011fu, Gauss\u2019un hen\u00fcz bir \u00e7ocukken geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi 1\u2019den 100\u2019e kadar say\u0131lar\u0131 toplaman\u0131n k\u0131sa yolunu da anlatm\u0131\u015f. Mirzakani, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmle b\u00fcy\u00fclendi\u011fini an\u0131ms\u0131yor. \u201cKendim bulmam\u0131\u015f olmama ra\u011fmen, ilk defa bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmdeki g\u00fczellikten keyif alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mirzakhani, buldu\u011fu her kitab\u0131 okuyan bir \u00e7ocukmu\u015f. \u0130ki farkl\u0131 dalda Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan ilk biliminsan\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda ilk Nobel\u2019li kad\u0131n olan Marie Curie veg\u00f6rme ve i\u015fitme engelli olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen okuma yazma \u00f6\u011frenmeyi ve bir yazar olmay\u0131 ba\u015faran Helen Keller\u2019in ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fclerinden \u00e7ok etkilenmi\u015f, ama onun i\u00e7ine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015feyler yapmak, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir yazar olmak arzusunu ekenin Vincent Van Gogh\u2019un hayat\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Irving Stone\u2019un Lust for Life<\/em>(Hayat\u0131 Arzulamak) kitab\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Mirzakhani\u2019nin ilkokulu tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llar, \u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bitimine rastlam\u0131\u015f. \u201cE\u011fer bir on y\u0131l \u00f6nce do\u011fmu\u015f olsayd\u0131m, ortaokulda yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131m f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulamayabilirdim\u201d diyor. 1987\u2019de, yeniden olu\u015fturulan Ulusal S\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 Yeteneklere Sahip \u00d6\u011frencileri Yeti\u015ftirme Organizasyonu\u2019nunkurdu\u011fu, iyi \u00f6\u011fretmenleri olan okullardan biri olan Ferzanegan Lisesi\u2019ne girdi. Okulun ilk haftas\u0131nda, onunla ilgilerini payla\u015fan ve destekleyen yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 Roya Behe\u015fti ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Okul \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda, birlikte kitap\u00e7\u0131lara gidiyorlard\u0131. Kitaplar\u0131 uzun uzun kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7ekindikleri i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funlukla geli\u015fig\u00fczel sat\u0131n al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Neyse ki kitaplar ucuzdu.<\/p>\n

Mirzakhani ilk y\u0131l matematik dersinde iyi de\u011fildi. \u00d6\u011fretmeni onun \u00f6zel bir yetene\u011fi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyordu, \u201cO ya\u015ftayken ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n sizi nas\u0131l g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Kendime olan g\u00fcvenimi ve matemati\u011fe olan ilgimi kaybettim\u201d diyor. \u015eimdi Washington \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde matematik do\u00e7enti olan Roya Behe\u015fti, ikinci y\u0131llar\u0131nda daha te\u015fvik edici bir \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u201c\u0130kinci y\u0131l\u0131m\u0131zda Meryem bir y\u0131ld\u0131zd\u0131…\u201d<\/p>\n

Bir g\u00fcn Meryem ve Roya\u2019n\u0131n eline Uluslararas\u0131 Bili\u015fim Olimpiyat\u0131na gidecek \u00f6\u011frencileri belirlemek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan matematik sorular\u0131 ge\u00e7ti. Sorular\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131lar ve alt\u0131 sorudan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc\u00e7\u00f6zebildiler. Mirzakani ve Behe\u015fti kendilerini benzer yar\u0131\u015fmalarda denemek istiyorlard\u0131, bu isteklerini okul m\u00fcd\u00fcrlerine ilettiler. Mirzakani, okul m\u00fcd\u00fcrlerinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kad\u0131n oldu\u011funu belirtiyor. Daha \u00f6nce \u0130ran Uluslararas\u0131 Matematik Olimpiyat\u0131 Tak\u0131m\u0131na hi\u00e7 k\u0131z \u00f6\u011frenci al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, onun g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc y\u0131ld\u0131rmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Olumlu, iyimser ve destekleyiciydi; erkeklerin yararland\u0131klar\u0131 olanaklardan k\u0131zlar\u0131n da yararlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. \u201cBiz bunu ger\u00e7ekten istiyorsak, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in elinden geleni yapacakt\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mirzakhani ve Behe\u015fti, 1994 \u0130ran Matematik Olimpiyat\u0131 Tak\u0131m\u0131na girmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131klar\u0131nda, 17 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. 1994 ve 1995\u2019deki olimpiyatta Mirzakani alt\u0131n madalya kazan\u0131rken, Behe\u015fti 1994\u2019de g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madalya ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mirzakhani, matematik olimpiyatlar\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n, zor problemler \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Mirzakani\u2019nin doktora dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131, kendisi de daha \u00f6nce Fields Madalyas\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f bir matematik\u00e7i olan Curtis McMullen\u2019in, olimpiyatlarda kazan\u0131lan ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n her \u00f6rnekte matematiksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardaki ba\u015far\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemedi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir g\u00f6zlemi var: \u201cBu yar\u0131\u015fmalar, ustaca haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f problemlere zeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmeye haz\u0131rlar, ama matematiksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, bazen problemlerin belirli bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc yoktur\u201d diyor. McMullen, Mirzakani\u2019nin olimpiyat ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 elde etmi\u015f pek \u00e7ok matematik heveslisine g\u00f6re, \u201cKendi vizyonunu olu\u015fturabilecek becerilere, c\u00fcretli bir hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcne, g\u00f6z\u00fc kara bir tutkuya\u201d sahip oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

Mirzakhani, liseden sonra bir devlet \u00fcniversitesi olan \u015eerif Teknoloji \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde matematik lisans\u0131na ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Burada kendisine ilham veren matematik\u00e7iler ve s\u0131n\u0131f arkada\u015flar\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Mirzakhani, \u201cMatemati\u011fe daha \u00e7ok kafa yorduk\u00e7a, daha \u00e7ok emek verdik\u00e7e, daha \u00e7ok co\u015fku duyar hale geldim. Matemati\u011fin g\u00fczelli\u011fini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba ve emek harcaman\u0131z gerekir\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

\u015eerif Teknoloji \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden 1999\u2019da mezun olduktan sonra, Harvard \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne gidiyor. Harvard\u2019a ilk geldi\u011fi s\u0131ralarda, daha \u00e7ok cebir ve kombinatorik (genellikle sonlu soyut nesneleri konu alan p\u00fcr matematik) altyap\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu, ama kompleks analizle ilgili temelinin epeyce zay\u0131f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bu alanda, iyi \u00fcniversitelerden gelen pek \u00e7ok akran\u0131n\u0131n zaten bildi\u011fi konular\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeye ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu fark ediyor. B\u00f6ylelikle, Curt McMullen\u2019in seminerlerine kat\u0131lmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. En ba\u015fta hi\u00e7bir \u015fey anlamasa da, McMullen\u2019in kimi yorumlar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu sezdi\u011fini; konular\u0131 basit ve zarif bir hale getirebilmesinden b\u00fcy\u00fclendi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Akl\u0131na tak\u0131lanlar\u0131, d\u00fczenli olarak her seminerden sonra McMullen\u2019e sormaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Tek ba\u015f\u0131nayken, bu ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan problemler \u00fczerine uzun uzun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. \u201cCurt\u2019\u00fcn hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyemem. Beni hep cesaretlendirmi\u015ftir, ke\u015fke ondan daha \u00e7ok \u00f6\u011frenebilseymi\u015fim. Onun da destekleriyle, mezun olana dek \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakistedi\u011fim ham fikirlerden olu\u015fan uzun bir listeye sahip olmu\u015ftum\u201d diyor. Mirzakani, 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Curtis McMullen dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda doktoras\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131yor. 2004-2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Princeton \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde yard\u0131mc\u0131 do\u00e7ent ve Clay Matematik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00dcyesi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda, hen\u00fcz 31 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, halen \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Stanford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde profes\u00f6r oluyor.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck sorulara y\u00f6nelme cesareti<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mirzakhani\u2019nin sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 matematik\u00e7ilerden Alex Eskin (\u015eikago \u00dcniversitesi), \u201cOnun hiperbolik geometriye sahip y\u00fczeylerdeki say\u0131labilir ilmekler \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 doktora tezinin muhte\u015fem oldu\u011funu\u201d s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Mirzakani\u2019nin doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda el att\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck problemlerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda, daha \u00f6nce \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcreten matematik\u00e7ileraras\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Fields Madalyas\u0131 alanlar var. \u015eikago \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Benson Farb, Mirzakhani\u2019nin doktora tezinde \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc problemlerin her birini \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f olman\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir olay olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunlar\u0131n birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kurman\u0131n da daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olay olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Mirzakhani tek bir tezde hepsini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f. Bu doktora tezi, \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 makale halinde, en sayg\u0131n matematik dergilerinde bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f:Annals of Mathematics\u00a0<\/em>(Matematik Y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131), \u0130nventiones Mathamaticae<\/em> (Matematik Bulu\u015flar\u0131) ve Journal of the American Mathematical Society<\/em>\u2019de (Amerikan Matematik Derne\u011fi Yay\u0131n\u0131).<\/p>\n

IBM Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u2019nde teorik bilgisayar bilimcisi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Jan Vondrak, e\u015fi Meryem\u2019in zemine yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir par\u00e7a k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde \u00e7izimler yaparak saatler ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u201cNe yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, bana hep ayn\u0131 \u00e7izimleri yap\u0131yormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor\u201d diyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma odas\u0131nda her yere rasgele da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kitaplar ve k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar oldu\u011fundan yak\u0131n\u0131yor. \u201cB\u00f6yle nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabildi\u011fini anlayam\u0131yorum, ama en sonunda sonu\u00e7 al\u0131yor.\u201d Bir tahmini var tabii: \u201c\u00dczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 problemler \u00e7ok soyut ve olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k, mant\u0131ksal ad\u0131mlar\u0131 teker teker atam\u0131yor, ama b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131\u00e7ramalar yapabiliyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Meryem, \u00e7izimlerin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na, odaklanmas\u0131na yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor. \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 not almak yerine, bir \u015fekil bir\u00e7ok \u015feyi anlatabilir, \u00e7izme s\u00fcreci ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6sterebilir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma tarz\u0131 olarak, onu yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak m\u0131 daha \u00fcretken k\u0131l\u0131yor, kolektif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar m\u0131? \u201cFarkl\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015flerden gelen, farkl\u0131 altyap\u0131lar\u0131 olan meslekta\u015flarla matematik tart\u0131\u015fmak, geli\u015fme kaydetmenin en \u00fcretken yollar\u0131ndan biridir. \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmay\u0131 heyecan verici buluyorum. Farkl\u0131 alanlar aras\u0131na \u00e7izilmi\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ge\u00e7meyi hayal eden insanlar\u0131 seviyorum. Bu \u00e7ok tazeleyici. Onlardan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fim \u015feyler i\u00e7in, meslekta\u015flar\u0131ma minnettar\u0131m. Ama ben her iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tarz\u0131n\u0131 da tercih ediyorum; ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yaparken de, her zaman \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm kendi sorular\u0131m vard\u0131r\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"Mirzakhani, b\u00fcy\u00fck sorular \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u201cZamanla, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck numaralar gerektiren \u00e7ocuk oyuncaklar\u0131n\u0131 reddetmeye ba\u015flars\u0131n\u0131z\u201d diyor. Elbette b\u00fcy\u00fck sorular y\u00f6nelmek, s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi kadar kolay de\u011fildir, \u201cYol boyunca i\u015fkence \u00e7ekeceksinizdir.\u201d Ama Mirzakhani bundan ho\u015flan\u0131yor, \u201cHayat, kolay olan\u0131 desteklemez\u201d diyor. Meslekta\u015f\u0131 Alexander Eskin ile, bilardo masas\u0131yla ilintili soyut y\u00fczeylerin dinamikleri (zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fimi) \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken birka\u00e7 kere t\u0131kanm\u0131\u015flar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n s\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flayan Mirzakhani\u2019nin kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve iyimserli\u011fi olmu\u015f. Eskin, Mirzakhani\u2019nin iyimserli\u011finin bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cOnunla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta umutsuz g\u00f6r\u00fcnen problemin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in bir \u015fansa sahip oldu\u011funuzu hissedersiniz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Curtis McMullen, Mirzakhani\u2019nin modern zamanlarda az rastlan\u0131r bi\u00e7imde, uzmanla\u015fmalar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun i\u00e7in gereken ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc problem \u00e7\u00f6zme yetene\u011fine, ve iddial\u0131 bir matematiksel vizyona sahip oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Onun kurdu\u011fu kimi ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n zihni u\u00e7urucu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cDo\u011frultu at\u0131ml\u0131 bir deprem d\u00fczene\u011fiyle geometrisi deforme edildi\u011finde hiperbolik y\u00fczeylere ne olur?\u201d sorusunda oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n

Mirzakhani, i\u015fin i\u00e7inde heyecan olmadan matemati\u011fin anlams\u0131z ve so\u011fuk g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilece\u011fini kabul ediyor. \u201cMatematik g\u00fczelli\u011fini, sadece sab\u0131rl\u0131 takip\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6sterir\u201d diyor. Paris Diderot \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Anton Zorich, Mirzakhani\u2019nin bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2, onu \u00e7epe\u00e7evre saran matematikten kesinlikle \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heyecan duyan 17 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bir gen\u00e7 k\u0131z gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Mirzakhani gelecekte bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n\u0131n Fields Madalyas\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131ndan emin. Ama matematikteki kad\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fc olarak an\u0131lmak istemiyor. Belki daha gen\u00e7 olsa bu ho\u015funa gidebilirdi, ama \u015fimdi sadece ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na yo\u011funla\u015fmak istiyor.<\/p>\n

Fields Madalyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verilme gerek\u00e7esi olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mirzakhani, ge\u00e7en sene (2013) Amerikan Matematik Derne\u011fi\u2019nin verdi\u011fi Satter \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcne de lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Fields Madalyas\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an katk\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u015fl\u0131klarla a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Meryem Mirzakhani, Riemann y\u00fczeyleri ve onlar\u0131n mod\u00fcl uzaylar\u0131 teorisini \u00e7apr\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ilerletmi\u015ftir. Bu alanda yeni s\u0131n\u0131rlara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131, cebirsel gemoetri, topoloji ve olas\u0131l\u0131k teorisi gibi birbirinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f alanlar\u0131 birle\u015ftirecek y\u00f6ntemlere sahiptir.<\/li>\n
  • Hiperbolik geometride, Mirzakhani, bir g genusu Riemann y\u00fczeyi \u00fczerinde, basit kapal\u0131 jeodeziklerin say\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in istatistikler ve asimptotik form\u00fcller olu\u015fturdu. Daha sonra bu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, noktalarla i\u015faretli Riemann y\u00fczeylerinin mod\u00fcl uzaylar\u0131n\u0131n karakteristik bir s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir form\u00fcl olan Witten\u2019in varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle beklenmedik ve yeni bir kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131.<\/li>\n
  • Dinamikte, moduli uzay\u0131n\u0131n simplektik ve holomorfik y\u00f6nlerine k\u00f6pr\u00fc olan kayda de\u011fer yeni bir yap\u0131 buldu ve bunu Thurstan\u2019\u0131n deprem ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ergodik ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131.<\/li>\n
  • Son g\u00fcnlerde, karma\u015f\u0131k bir alanda, Mirzakhani ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131, bir san\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcredir be\u011fenilen bir kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcrettiler, mod\u00fcli uzay\u0131 i\u00e7indeki ger\u00e7ek bir jeodezik kapan\u0131rken, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya meydan okuyarak, fraktal bir a\u011f haline gelebilir, kompleks jeodeziklerin kapanmas\u0131 her zaman cebirsel bir alt\u00e7e\u015fitlemedir.<\/li>\n
  • Mirzakhani\u2019nin, Margulis, Ratner ve di\u011ferleri taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen homojen uzaylar\u0131n kat\u0131 teorisini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, h\u00e2l\u00e2 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serilmemi\u015f baz\u0131 geli\u015fmelerin oldu\u011fu mod\u00fcl uzay\u0131n\u0131n, pek de t\u00fcrde\u015f olmayan ama e\u015fit temel alan\u0131nda, bir rezonans tan\u0131m\u0131na sahiptir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    2014 matematik \u00f6d\u00fcllerini kazanan di\u011fer matematik\u00e7iler<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Mirzakhani ile birlikte Fields Madalyas\u0131n\u0131 kazanan \u00fc\u00e7 matematik\u00e7i de, \u00f6d\u00fcllerini Uluslararas\u0131 Matematik\u00e7iler Kongresi\u2019nde ald\u0131. Madalyaya ek olarak Fields Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, kazananlara 15 bin Kanada dolar\u0131 da veriyor. \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan di\u011fer matematik\u00e7iler ve \u00f6del gerek\u00e7eleri k\u0131saca \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n

    Paris\u2019teki Jussieu Matematik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden, Brezilyal\u0131 matematik\u00e7i Artur Avila<\/strong>\u2019ya \u00f6d\u00fcl,birle\u015ftirici bir ilke olarak yeniden normalle\u015ftirme fikrinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak, dinamik sistemler teorisine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftiren derin katk\u0131lar i\u00e7in verildi.<\/p>\n

    Princeton \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Hint as\u0131ll\u0131 Manjul Bhargava<\/strong>, \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc,say\u0131lar geometrisi i\u00e7inde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yeni bir y\u00f6ntem geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve bunlar\u0131, eliptik e\u011frilerin ortalama a\u015famalar\u0131na s\u0131\u00e7ratmaya ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck a\u015famalar\u0131n halkalar\u0131n\u0131 saymaya uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inald\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ngiltere Warwick \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Avusturyal\u0131 Martin Hairer ise, k\u0131smi diferansiyel denklemlerin stokastik teorisine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn katk\u0131lar ve \u00f6zellikle de b\u00f6ylesi denklemlerin d\u00fczenli yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n teorisini yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in verildi.<\/p>\n

    Uluslararas\u0131 Matematik\u00e7iler Kongresi, Uluslararas\u0131 Matematik\u00e7iler Birli\u011fi (IMC) taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6rt y\u0131lda bir d\u00fczenleniyor. Bu kongrede Fields Madalyas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da \u00f6d\u00fcller da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor. Enformasyon bilimlerinin matematiksel y\u00f6nlerine katk\u0131 yapanlara verilenNevanlinna \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc bu y\u0131l, New York \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Subhash Kot<\/strong> ald\u0131. Kot\u2019a bu \u00f6d\u00fcl,kesin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri verecek makul h\u0131zda bir algoritman\u0131n var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, yakla\u015f\u0131k bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilecek, \u201cBensersiz Oyunlar \u201c probleminin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in verildi.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 matematik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda etki yaratan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara verilen Gauss \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ise, Los Angeles Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Stanley Osher<\/strong> ald\u0131. Osher\u2019in karma\u015f\u0131k objeleri ger\u00e7e\u011fe yak\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde canland\u0131rabilmek ve bulan\u0131k ya da tan\u0131ml\u0131 olmayan nesneseleri daha net bi\u00e7imde tan\u0131mlayabilmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc i\u015fleme teknikleri geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi.<\/p>\n

    Leevati \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc ise, Arjantinli bilim gazetecisi Adri\u00e1n Paenza\u2019ya, matemati\u011fin co\u015fkusunu ve g\u00fczelli\u011fini, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplar ve tv programlar\u0131yla duyurdu\u011fu, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta matemati\u011fin alg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in verildi.<\/p>\n

    Uluslararas\u0131 Matematik\u00e7iler Birli\u011fi, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6len matematik\u00e7i Shiing-Shen Chern onuruna, matematikte sayg\u0131n ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kazan\u0131mlar sa\u011flayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara Chern Madalyas\u0131 vermektedir. Bu y\u0131l \u00f6d\u00fcl, \u0130leri \u00d6\u011frenciler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Matematik Okulu\u2019ndan emekli Emeirus Profes\u00f6r Phillip Griffiths\u2019e gitmi\u015ftir. Griffith, \u00fczerinden 50 y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen, matematiksel geli\u015fmeleri geni\u015f bir yelpazede tetiklemi\u015f olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:\u00c7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an ve kompleks geometride d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc geli\u015fmelerin a\u015fk\u0131n metotlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00f6zellikle de Hodge teorisindeki ve cebirsel \u00e7e\u015fitler periyotlar\u0131ndaki ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1) Erica Klarreich, \u201cA Tenacious Explorer of Abstract Surfaces\u201d, Quanta Magazine, http:\/\/www.simonsfoundation.org\/quanta\/
    \n2) \u201cInterview with Reseacrh Fellow Maryam Mirzakhani\u201d; CMI Annual Report, Oxford University, 2008.
    \n3) http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/iranian-is-first-woman-to-nab-highest-prize-in-maths-1.15686
    \n4) http:\/\/www.icm2014.org\/
    \n5) http:\/\/www.ias.edu\/news\/press-releases\/2014\/griffiths-chern-medal
    \n6) http:\/\/bilimsol.org\/bilimsol\/matematik\/maryam-ve-karmasik-uzaylari
    \n7) http:\/\/evrimagaci.org\/fotograf\/37\/6246
    \n8) http:\/\/t24.com.tr\/haber\/bes-soruda-odullu-matematikci-meryem-mirzahani,267633
    \n9) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maryam_Mirzakhani
    \n10) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fields_Medal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Mirzakhani matematik yapmay\u0131uzun ve \u00e7etin bir y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe benzetiyor: Hi\u00e7bir ize rastlan\u0131lmayan, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fckmedi\u011fi, sonsuzlu\u011fa uzanan bir yolda olma hali. Elbette, \u201cEvreka\u201d anlar\u0131, yeni bir \u015feyi ke\u015ffetmi\u015f, anlam\u0131\u015f olman\u0131n derin co\u015fkusunu ve keyfini ya\u015fatan o ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc anlar, bir da\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcst noktas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, bir anda ufku geni\u015flemi\u015f ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc berrakl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f gibi hissettiriyor ona…\u00a0 Gene de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":21154,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[164,25],"tags":[1012,208,2096],"class_list":["post-12164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-127-sayi","category-matematik","tag-fields-madalyasi","tag-matematik","tag-meryem-mirzakhani"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t