{"id":12256,"date":"2018-05-25T05:50:16","date_gmt":"2018-05-25T02:50:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=12256"},"modified":"2018-05-25T12:47:36","modified_gmt":"2018-05-25T09:47:36","slug":"lepton-evrenselligi-ne-kadar-evrensel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/05\/25\/lepton-evrenselligi-ne-kadar-evrensel","title":{"rendered":"Lepton \u201cevrenselli\u011fi\u201d ne kadar evrensel?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ge\u00e7en ay CERN\u2019\u00fcn internet sitesinde yay\u0131mlanan habere g\u00f6re<sup>(1)<\/sup> lepton evrenselli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar evrensel olmayabilir. Peki leptonlar ve evrenselli\u011fi nedir? Neden \u00f6nemlidir?<\/p>\n<p>Bu zamana kadar fizi\u011fin yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 (a\u00e7\u0131klayabildi\u011fi veri say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z olarak, kabaca par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011finde bilinen neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn deneysel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz) modellerinden olan, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, zay\u0131f ve elektromanyetik kuvvetler sayesinde temel par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n (i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmeyen ancak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lan, noktasal kabul edilen) etkile\u015fimini a\u00e7\u0131klayan Standart Model\u2019de 2 farkl\u0131 temel par\u00e7ac\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 var. Bozonlar ve fermiyonlar. Bozonlar, basit\u00e7e kuvvetleri ta\u015f\u0131yan, fermiyonlar\u0131n birbirleriyle \u201cileti\u015fimini\u201d sa\u011flayan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar. Fermiyonlar ise \u201cfermiyonik madde\u201dyi olu\u015fturan yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131. Bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131yor. Kuarklar ve leptonlar. Kuarklara k\u0131saca n\u00f6tron ve protonun i\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar denilebilir. Leptonlar ise, biri bizim g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayattan da yeterince iyi bildi\u011fimiz, \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fniye (flavour) sahip. Bunlar elektron, m\u00fcon ve tau par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n n\u00f6trinolar\u0131. Bunlar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131ran tek \u00f6zellik ise k\u00fctleleri ve yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ra ile, k\u00fctleleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckten b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011fe do\u011fru s\u0131ralan\u0131yor. Ancak Standard Model, bu kadar ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir\u00e7ok cevaplanamayan soru da bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor. Bunlardan, konuyu ilgilendiren en \u00f6nemli soru, fermiyonlar\u0131n neden neredeyse birbirlerinin ayn\u0131s\u0131 olan 3 \u00e7e\u015fni \u015feklinde olu\u015fmu\u015f oldu\u011fu. Ya da acaba ger\u00e7ekten aralar\u0131ndaki tek fark k\u00fctleleri mi?<\/p>\n<p>Standard Model\u2019in 24 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z parametresi var. Yani teoriden yola \u00e7\u0131karak bulunamayacak ve deneyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcp yerine koyulmas\u0131 gereken, bu sayede de geri kalan her \u015feyin de\u011ferini bulmaya yarayan 24 farkl\u0131 fiziksel b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck var. (Her \u015feyin teorisinde yaln\u0131zca 1 tane parametre olmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.) Bu 24 parametrenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kayna\u011f\u0131 ise modelin fermiyonik k\u0131sm\u0131. 9 fermiyon k\u00fctlesi, 3 tane kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 (n\u00f6trino \u00e7e\u015fnilerinin birbiriyle ne kadar kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan parametreler) ve bir tane de kompleks faz. (Burada n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n k\u00fctlesiz oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131l\u0131yor, ama art\u0131k n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n elektrona g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa bir k\u00fctlesinin oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.) Asl\u0131nda fermiyonlar\u0131n k\u00fctlelerinin olu\u015fumu, son y\u0131llar\u0131n en pop\u00fcler par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi konusu olan Higgs par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile direkt ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131. Ama \u015fimdilik Higgs ile ilgili yeterince bilgi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fni dinamikleri alan i\u00e7ersindeki \u201cterra incognita\u201d denilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fczel olan ise leptonik k\u0131sm\u0131n kuarklara g\u00f6re incelemesinin \u00e7ok daha kolay olmas\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kuarklar hadronlar i\u00e7erisinde hapis durumda ve asla serbest olarak g\u00f6zlemlenemiyorlar. Bu sayede leptonlar\u0131n zay\u0131f ve elektromanyetik etkile\u015fimleri direkt ve hassas olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebiliyor. Sadece leptonlar aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimlerle olu\u015fan leptonik ge\u00e7i\u015flerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkile\u015fimin katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok az olmas\u0131 da, leptonik bozunmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha iyi test etmemizi ve neredeyse hatas\u0131z sonu\u00e7lar elde etmemizi sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Ayn\u0131 \u015fey yar\u0131 leptonik (hadronlar\u0131n da i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu) etkile\u015fimler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli.<\/p>\n<p>Lepton evrenselli\u011fi denilen ise, 3 \u00e7e\u015fninin k\u00fctle d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir fark\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, hadronlar\u0131n, zay\u0131f etkile\u015fimler sonucu, bozunmas\u0131nda ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde davrand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen bir teori. Yani bir X hadronu hem tau hem m\u00fcon hem de elektrona ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ve oranda bozunabilir. (K\u00fctlelerinden kaynakl\u0131 devinimsel, yani kinematik farkl\u0131l\u0131k hari\u00e7.) Ama bunun ne kadar hassas bir varsay\u0131m oldu\u011fu ise bir ba\u015fka soru.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck Hadron \u00c7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131\u2019ndaki (LHC) 4 detekt\u00f6rden biri olan LHCb deneyinde, hadron ailesine ait olan B+ mezonlar\u0131 izole edilmi\u015f ve bozunmalar\u0131 incelenmi\u015f. Standart Model\u2019e g\u00f6re B+ mezonlar\u0131 kaon (bir ba\u015fka hadron), elektron ve pozitrona (anti-elektron) ve kaon, m\u00fcon ve anti-m\u00fcona ayn\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kta bozunmal\u0131. Yani, e\u011fer biz bu B+ mezonlar\u0131n\u0131n bozunmalar\u0131n\u0131 incelersek, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, ayn\u0131 say\u0131da elektron ve m\u00fcon g\u00f6zlemlemeliyiz. E\u011fer ki bu oranda bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k olursa, bu fizikte yeni bir kap\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 olabilir. Bundan \u00f6nce iki b\u00fcy\u00fck deneyde (Belle ve Babar) \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen bu olay Standart Model\u2019in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 bulamad\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 oranda elektron ve m\u00fcon olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015fti. Ancak LHCb\u2019nin detekt\u00f6r\u00fc, haberde s\u00f6ylenilen kadar\u0131yla daha hassas bir silikon par\u00e7ac\u0131k iz s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fcne (tracker) ve par\u00e7ac\u0131k tan\u0131mlamas\u0131na sahip. Bu sebeple ayn\u0131 olaya tekrar bakan LHCb ekibi, di\u011fer iki deneyin aksine, m\u00fconlar\u0131n \u00fcretiminin elektronlara oranla \u00bc oranda az oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ancak bu sonu\u00e7 kesin de\u011fil. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, B+ mezonunun bir m\u00fcon veya elektrona bozunmas\u0131 olaylar\u0131 milyonlarca B+ bozunmas\u0131ndan sadece birka\u00e7\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemlenebiliyor. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bu olay\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 istatistiksel hata domine ediyor. Bu sebeple, kesin bir \u015fey s\u00f6yleyebilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha fazla veriye ihtiya\u00e7 olmakla beraber, \u015fu ana kadar elde edilmi\u015f olan istatistiksel do\u011frulu\u011fun y\u00fcz olaydan birinin istatistiksel sapma oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f. Bu bilimsel camiada kesin bir sonu\u00e7 olarak kabul edilmiyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bu oranlarda istatistiksel sapmalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlerin yanl\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Ancak, sonu\u00e7 do\u011frulan\u0131r ise bu, \u201cyeni fizik\u201d i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yeni bir kap\u0131 demek olacak. Fizik\u00e7ilerin halihaz\u0131rdaki modeller ile a\u00e7\u0131klayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczlerce soru oldu\u011fundan bu kap\u0131lara olduk\u00e7a ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 var.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) http:\/\/home.web.cern.ch\/about\/updates\/2014\/06\/how-universal-lepton-universality<\/p>\n<p>2) \u0130leri okumalar i\u00e7in bilimsel bir makale: \u201clepton universality\u201d, http:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/hep-ph\/9701<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ge\u00e7en ay CERN\u2019\u00fcn internet sitesinde yay\u0131mlanan habere g\u00f6re(1) lepton evrenselli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar evrensel olmayabilir. Peki leptonlar ve evrenselli\u011fi nedir? Neden \u00f6nemlidir? Bu zamana kadar fizi\u011fin yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 (a\u00e7\u0131klayabildi\u011fi veri say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z olarak, kabaca par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011finde bilinen neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn deneysel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz) modellerinden olan, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, zay\u0131f ve elektromanyetik kuvvetler sayesinde temel par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n (i\u00e7 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":620,"featured_media":25014,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[164,19,26],"tags":[265,2641,288,3171],"class_list":["post-12256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-127-sayi","category-bilim-gundemi","category-fizik","tag-cern","tag-fermiyon","tag-fizik","tag-lepton-evrenselligi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dilege G\u00fclmez\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/05\/25\/lepton-evrenselligi-ne-kadar-evrensel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.8\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bilim ve Gelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lepton \u201cevrenselli\u011fi\u201d ne kadar evrensel? | Bilim ve Gelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/05\/25\/lepton-evrenselligi-ne-kadar-evrensel\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"fb:app_id\" content=\"2104805563100892\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"fb:admins\" content=\"1250955469\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/cern-dedektor.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/cern-dedektor.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"451\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-05-25T02:50:16+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-05-25T09:47:36+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bilimvegelecekdergisi\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@bilimvegelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Lepton \u201cevrenselli\u011fi\u201d ne kadar evrensel? | Bilim ve Gelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/cern-dedektor.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/index.php\\\/2018\\\/05\\\/25\\\/lepton-evrenselligi-ne-kadar-evrensel#article\",\"name\":\"Lepton \\u201cevrenselli\\u011fi\\u201d ne kadar evrensel? | Bilim ve Gelecek\",\"headline\":\"Lepton \\u201cevrenselli\\u011fi\\u201d ne kadar evrensel?\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/dgulmez#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/09\\\/cern-dedektor.jpg\",\"width\":800,\"height\":451},\"datePublished\":\"2018-05-25T05:50:16+03:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-05-25T12:47:36+03:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/index.php\\\/2018\\\/05\\\/25\\\/lepton-evrenselligi-ne-kadar-evrensel#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/index.php\\\/2018\\\/05\\\/25\\\/lepton-evrenselligi-ne-kadar-evrensel#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"127. 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