{"id":12356,"date":"2014-12-01T01:08:03","date_gmt":"2014-11-30T23:08:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=12356"},"modified":"2018-04-19T15:32:08","modified_gmt":"2018-04-19T12:32:08","slug":"amerikayi-yeniden-kesfetmek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/12\/01\/amerikayi-yeniden-kesfetmek","title":{"rendered":"Amerika\u2019y\u0131 yeniden \u2018ke\u015ffetmek\u2019\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

Amerika\u2019n\u0131n k\u00e2\u015fifini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek mi istiyorsunuz? Bunu ge\u00e7mi\u015fe \u00f6zlem duyarak, \u00e7oktan tarihin m\u00fczesindeki yerini alm\u0131\u015f ideolojilerin bayraktarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaparak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremezsiniz. \u201cYeni Osmanl\u0131\u201d hayalleriyle Amerika\u2019n\u0131n k\u00e2\u015fifi de\u011fil, ancak ta\u015feronu olunur. Ancak yeni bir uygarl\u0131k modelini temsil eden yeni bir devrimci s\u0131n\u0131fa dayanarak Amerika yeniden ke\u015ffedilebilir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tayyip Erdo\u011fan \u201cAmerika\u2019y\u0131 Kolomb\u2019dan \u00f6nce M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ke\u015ffetti\u201d diyerek yeni bir tart\u0131\u015fma a\u00e7t\u0131. Konuyu birka\u00e7 d\u00fczlemde ele almak gerek.<\/p>\n

Birincisi, K\u00fcba\u2019da cami meselesi. Tayyip Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n bir \u00e7eviri veya \u201ccahil dan\u0131\u015fman\u201d hatas\u0131na kurban gitti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Ama insan uluslararas\u0131 bir platformda edece\u011fi iddial\u0131 bir laf\u0131, \u00f6nceden biraz ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, bilenlere sorar, sonra eder. Yoksa, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n d\u00fcnya lideri olaca\u011f\u0131m derken, i\u015fte b\u00f6yle b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya rezil olur.<\/p>\n

\u0130kincisi, Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131na Kolomb\u2019dan \u00f6nce Eski D\u00fcnya\u2019dan gidilip gidilmedi\u011fi meselesi. Daha do\u011frusu Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6ylemiyle \u201cAmerika\u2019y\u0131 Kolomb\u2019dan 300 k\u00fcsur y\u0131l \u00f6nce M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ke\u015ffetti\u011fi\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bu konuda \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u00f6ylenceler, baz\u0131 eski metinler \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan yorumlar ve baz\u0131 yolculuklara ait irili-ufakl\u0131 kan\u0131tlar mevcut. Birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 sayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk s\u00f6ylence M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fenikeli 13 denizcinin f\u0131rt\u0131naya tutulup Brezilya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fi \u00fczerine. Fenikeliler bilindi\u011fi gibi denizci bir toplum ve Cebelitar\u0131k\u2019\u0131 a\u015f\u0131p Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda gezindikleri biliniyor. Bir grup denizcinin s\u00fcr\u00fcklenerek kendilerini G\u00fcney Amerika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda bulmalar\u0131 olas\u0131, ama buna ait g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kan\u0131tlar yok; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu \u201ckazaen ke\u015fif\u201d s\u00f6ylence olarak kalm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer bir s\u00f6ylence Vikinglerin \u00f6nce Gr\u00f6nland sonra da Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 gruplar\u0131n orada yerle\u015ftikleri \u00fczerine. 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda \u00f6nce Norman denizci Erik Raude (K\u0131z\u0131l Erik), daha sonra o\u011flu Leif Eriksson ve k\u0131z\u0131 Freydis, \u0130zlanda-Gr\u00f6nland- Baffin Adas\u0131 hatt\u0131nda yolculuk ediyorlar ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015f\u0131yorlar. Eski \u0130zlanda y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131nda bu yolculuklara ili\u015fkin metinler var. Vikinglerin Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ve yerle\u015ftikleri 1968\u2019de Dr. Helge Instand ve arkeolog e\u015finin buluntular\u0131yla ispatlanm\u0131\u015f ve bir s\u00f6ylence olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Yani ilk kan\u0131tl\u0131 \u201cke\u015fif\u201d Vikinglere ait.<\/p>\n

Kuzey Afrikal\u0131 ve End\u00fcl\u00fcsl\u00fc Arap denizcilerin de \u201cSisler Denizi\u201d denen Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na ve Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na dair s\u00f6ylenceler de var. \u0130lk s\u00f6ylence Mes\u00fbdi\u2019nin 10. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma bir eserinde ge\u00e7iyor. Di\u011fer bir ilgin\u00e7 rapor \u0130drisi\u2019ye (\u00f6. 1166) ait. \u0130drisi, \u201cMugarrarinler\u201d (ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lanlar) denilen bir macerac\u0131 gen\u00e7 grubunun Amerika yolculuklar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ediyor. Bir rapor da \u0130bn Fazlullah el-\u00d6mer\u2019e ait (\u00f6. 1348). Mali\u2019nin kuzey taraflar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Berberilerin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131n 3000 kay\u0131kla okyanusa a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Amazon\u2019un denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu s\u00f6ylencelerin kesin kan\u0131tlar\u0131 yok, ama ger\u00e7ek olmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir engel yok.<\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer s\u00f6ylence de \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00c7in Amirali Zheng He\u2019nin donanmas\u0131n\u0131n 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde. D\u00f6nemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc olan \u00c7in donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Zheng He komutas\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce gemi ve 30 bin ki\u015fiye ula\u015fan m\u00fcrettebat ile d\u00fcnya denizlerinde dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i Gavin Menzies \u201c1421\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, \u00c7inlilerin Kolomb\u2019dan 70 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Kolomb\u2019un da Zheng He\u2019nin haritalar\u0131ndan yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, \u00f6yle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, Kolomb Amerika\u2019n\u0131n \u201cson ka\u015fifi\u201ddir. Peki, \u201cson\u201d olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n onu \u201cilk\u201d yapan nedir?<\/p>\n

Neden Zheng He\u2019nin a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoldan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na \u00c7inli tacirler yay\u0131lamad\u0131? \u00c7in \u0130mparatoru, hele b\u00f6ylesi bir donanmaya sahipken, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n fethini Portekizli-\u0130spanyol korsanlara m\u0131 b\u0131rakacakt\u0131? Neden Fatih\u2019in o\u011flu, Yavuz\u2019un babas\u0131 II. Bayezid, kendisine yalvaran Kolomb\u2019a birka\u00e7 gemi bah\u015fedip, \u00fcstelik yan\u0131na Osmanl\u0131 levendlerini de kat\u0131p Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lmak istemedi? Koskoca ordular\u0131 Viyana kap\u0131lar\u0131na dek g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilen, Akdeniz\u2019de cirit atan, Bizans\u2019\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131p \u00e7a\u011f a\u00e7an Osmanl\u0131, okyanusa a\u00e7\u0131lacak \u00fc\u00e7-be\u015f gemiyi mi bulamayacakt\u0131?<\/p>\n

Olmad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 yoktu. Kolomb\u2019un II. Bayezid\u2019e, \u201cbana bir gemi verin, size yeni bir d\u00fcnya bulay\u0131m\u201d dedi\u011fi biliniyor; Bayezid reddediyor. Eski D\u00fcnya ile Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r bu. \u00c7in ve Osmanl\u0131 feodallerinin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yuvarlak olmas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 yoktu! Pir\u00ee Reis\u2019in, \u00fcnl\u00fc haritas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan sonra Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019e sundu\u011fu, Padi\u015fah\u2019\u0131n da haritaya bak\u0131p \u201cd\u00fcnya bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdara yetmeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckm\u00fc\u015f\u201d dedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir. Bug\u00fcnden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fil ama, o kibirli tavr\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Yavuz\u2019un d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ise ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131. Avrupa\u2019da palazlanmaya ba\u015flayan burjuvazinin, d\u00fcnya kaynaklar\u0131na ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in yeni bir yola ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Zenginlikler kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019e ve Hint\u2019e giden yollar\u0131, bir ba\u015fka \u201cbaba\u201d devlet Osmanl\u0131 tutmu\u015ftu. O halde kendi feodalleri taraf\u0131ndan bile a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanan Avrupal\u0131 burjuva i\u00e7in, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yuvarlak olmas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka \u00e7are yoktu.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden b\u00fct\u00fcn zenginliklerin g\u00f6be\u011finde oturan \u00c7in imparatorlar\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 de\u011fil de, Avrupal\u0131 \u00e7apulcular kendilerini h\u0131rsla okyanuslara vurdular. B\u00f6ylece, d\u00f6nemin \u201cileri\u201d Asya\u2019s\u0131 de\u011fil, \u201cgeri\u201d Avrupa\u2019s\u0131, yeni ve \u201cdaha ileri\u201d bir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n be\u015fi\u011fi olabildi. Bu s\u00fcrecin dinami\u011fi ise Avrupa\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p palazlanm\u0131\u015f devrimci bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n (burjuvazinin) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kolomb\u2019u, Gama\u2019y\u0131, Magellan\u2019\u0131, Cook\u2019u -t\u00fcm tarihsel ger\u00e7eklere kar\u015f\u0131n- \u201cilk\u201d yapan, i\u015fte bu dinamiktir.<\/p>\n

15. y\u00fczy\u0131l ilgin\u00e7 bir d\u00f6nem; \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in, Osmanl\u0131 ve Avrupa a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak incelenmeye de\u011fer. \u00c7in\u2019de soylulara isyan eden ihtilalci bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00f6nderi (Chu Y\u00fcan Chang) taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Ming Hanedan\u0131 iktidardad\u0131r. Mo\u011follar nihayet s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, bir \u00c7in pazar\u0131 (ulusu) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar gibi olmu\u015ftur. Bir orta s\u0131n\u0131f olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amiral Zheng He\u2019nin donanmas\u0131 sadece asker de\u011fil, tacir de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00c7in, sanki kapitalizmin e\u015fi\u011finde gibidir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 ise \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethetmi\u015f, Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n simgesi Bizans\u2019\u0131 y\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 da, \u201cilerici\u201d padi\u015fah Fatih Sultan Mehmed\u2019in ki\u015fili\u011finde, bir e\u015fikte gibidir.<\/p>\n

Fakat iki b\u00f6lgede de, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu geli\u015fmeler, kadim feodalizmin g\u00fcc\u00fc (daha do\u011frusu yeni yeni filizlenen burjuvazinin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131) y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, yeni bir \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na evrilemedi. Bu ba\u015far\u0131lar, feodalizmin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00c7in\u2019de Zheng He\u2019nin donanmas\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve iki direkliden b\u00fcy\u00fck gemilerin yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 (cezas\u0131 idamd\u0131!) ilgin\u00e7tir. \u00c7in, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, kapitalist bir uygarl\u0131\u011fa te\u011fet ge\u00e7ip yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kara imparatorlu\u011funda (toprak ekonomisinde) karar k\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131\u2019da da Fatih sonras\u0131nda benzer bir geli\u015fme ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler de tarihsel zorunluluktan kaynaklan\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019de de Osmanl\u0131\u2019da da feodaller hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc, daha \u00f6nemlisi devrimci barutlar\u0131n\u0131 hen\u00fcz t\u00fcketmemi\u015flerdi. Burjuvazinin ve kapitalizmin g\u00fcn\u00fc hen\u00fcz gelmemi\u015fti. Fakat Avrupa\u2019da durum tam tersiydi: Avrupa feodalizmi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczd\u00fc; Avrupa toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131c\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layam\u0131yordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek yeni bir s\u0131n\u0131fa (devrimci burjuvaziye) g\u00fcn do\u011fmu\u015ftu. Avrupa, d\u00fcnya feodalizminin zay\u0131f halkas\u0131yd\u0131. Avrupa, feodalizmde \u0131srar ederse, ne \u00c7in\u2019le ne de Osmanl\u0131\u2019yla ba\u015f edebilirdi. Tek \u00e7are vard\u0131: Yeni bir model, yeni bir uygarl\u0131k, yeni bir \u00fcretim tarz\u0131: Kapitalizm. Tarih, \u00c7in\u2019de ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019da y\u00fcz\u00fcne kapanan kap\u0131y\u0131, Avrupa\u2019da a\u00e7t\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden Amerika\u2019n\u0131n \u201ck\u00e2\u015fifi\u201d Kristof Kolomb olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fczlemi ise \u201cAvrupa-merkezcilik\u201d ve \u201cke\u015fif\u201d kavramlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkili. Erdo\u011fan, cahillikler ortaya serilince, Avrupa-merkezci tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na isyan eden ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n uygarl\u0131\u011fa yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lar\u0131 vurgulayan lider pozlar\u0131na soyundu. San\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z, d\u00fcnya egemenlerine ba\u015fkald\u0131ran ezilen halklar\u0131n bir temsilcisi…<\/p>\n

Avrupa-merkezcilik, kapitalizmin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, daha \u00e7ok da emperyalizm d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir ideoloji. Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n inceltilmi\u015f bir bi\u00e7imi; \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u201d bir versiyonu da denebilir. R\u00f6nesans ve Bilimsel Devrim d\u00f6nemi Avrupal\u0131 entelekt\u00fcellerde bu t\u00fcr yakla\u015f\u0131mlara rastlanmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalistler \u201cegemen\u201d de\u011fillerdir hen\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

Avrupa burjuvazisinin iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip, Avrupa aristokrasisini tasfiye edip kendi sistemini oturttu\u011fu ve giderek d\u00fcnyay\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 bu t\u00fcr \u00e7arp\u0131k tarih yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re, uygarl\u0131k tarihinde iki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u201cmucize\u201d vard\u0131r: Antik Yunan ve Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Gerek Antik Yunan\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6keninde yatan Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131klar\u0131, gerek \u00c7in ve Hint uygarl\u0131klar\u0131, gerekse bu iki d\u00f6nem aras\u0131ndaki \u0130slam ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen Do\u011fu Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemsizdirler, ta\u015f \u00e7atlasa bir \u201ck\u00f6pr\u00fc\u201d rol\u00fc g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cgeri kalm\u0131\u015f\u201d toplumlar Bat\u0131 modelini (kapitalizmi) izlemelidirler.<\/p>\n

\u201cD\u00fcnyan\u0131n Avrupal\u0131larca ke\u015ffi\u201d de bu ideolojinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kurguland\u0131. Tabii bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 da vard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin burjuva tarih\u00e7ileri Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n, \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nun, Afrika i\u00e7lerinin, kutuplar\u0131n ke\u015ffinden s\u00f6z ederler; ama kimse \u00c7in\u2019i, Mezopotamya\u2019y\u0131, Anadolu\u2019yu, Ortado\u011fu\u2019yu, Kuzey Afrika\u2019y\u0131 \u201cke\u015ffetmeye\u201d yeltenememi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o m\u0131zrak o \u00e7uvala s\u0131\u011facak gibi de\u011fil. \u201cKe\u015fifler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201dnda oralarda Avrupa\u2019dakilerden \u00e7ok daha k\u00f6kl\u00fc ve geli\u015fmi\u015f uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011fu ve oralar\u0131 \u201cke\u015ffetmenin\u201d Avrupal\u0131 korsanlar\u0131n haddine olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rt\u00fclemeyecek kadar a\u00e7\u0131k bir ger\u00e7ekti. Bu \u00f6rnek de \u201cke\u015fif\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n ideolojik boyutunu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer.<\/p>\n

Avrupa-merkezci ideoloji Ezilen D\u00fcnya\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe-emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin y\u00fckseli\u015fine ko\u015fut olarak iki ana ak\u0131m taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirildi. Bat\u0131-merkezcili\u011fin ayna g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc gibi olan ve esas olarak yerli feodallerin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden Do\u011fu-merkezcilik, Bat\u0131 modelinin insanl\u0131\u011fa katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 reddeden, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe \u00f6zlem duyan ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her t\u00fcrl\u00fc geli\u015fmeye direnen bir ak\u0131m olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Giderek muhafazak\u00e2rla\u015ft\u0131 ve ilgin\u00e7tir, Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlerle en fazla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapan kesimlerin (ve tabii yerli gericili\u011fin) ideolojisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. En dinci ve en milliyet\u00e7i olanlar\u0131n, ayn\u0131 zamanda en emperyalist i\u015fbirlik\u00e7isi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkemizin deneyimlerinden biliyoruz. Erdo\u011fan da, bu ak\u0131m\u0131n bir temsilcisidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci ele\u015ftirel ak\u0131m ise, Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131k modelinin ve Avrupa-merkezcili\u011fin, ancak, Avrupal\u0131 toplumlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumlar\u0131n uygarl\u0131\u011fa katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 miras kabul edip, \u00f6z\u00fcmseyip, \u00e7ok daha kapsaml\u0131 bir yeni model ile a\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini vurgulayan evrenselci yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Marksizmin, Bilimsel Sosyalizmin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r bu. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ezilen D\u00fcnya\u2019da kapitalizmi a\u015fma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki pratik (Sovyet ve \u00c7in devrimleri), \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Rus\u00e7uluk\u201d veya \u201cKonf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck\u201d ile de\u011fil, sosyalizm bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Uzun laf\u0131n k\u0131sas\u0131: Amerika\u2019n\u0131n k\u00e2\u015fifini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek mi istiyorsunuz? Bunu ge\u00e7mi\u015fe \u00f6zlem duyarak, \u00e7oktan tarihin m\u00fczesindeki yerini alm\u0131\u015f ideolojilerin bayraktarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaparak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremezsiniz. Bug\u00fcn \u201cYeni Osmanl\u0131\u201d hayalleriyle Amerika\u2019n\u0131n k\u00e2\u015fifi de\u011fil, ancak ta\u015feronu olunur.<\/p>\n

Ancak yeni bir uygarl\u0131k modelini temsil eden yeni bir devrimci s\u0131n\u0131fa dayanarak Amerika yeniden ke\u015ffedilebilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Amerika\u2019n\u0131n k\u00e2\u015fifini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek mi istiyorsunuz? Bunu ge\u00e7mi\u015fe \u00f6zlem duyarak, \u00e7oktan tarihin m\u00fczesindeki yerini alm\u0131\u015f ideolojilerin bayraktarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaparak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremezsiniz. \u201cYeni Osmanl\u0131\u201d hayalleriyle Amerika\u2019n\u0131n k\u00e2\u015fifi de\u011fil, ancak ta\u015feronu olunur. Ancak yeni bir uygarl\u0131k modelini temsil eden yeni bir devrimci s\u0131n\u0131fa dayanarak Amerika yeniden ke\u015ffedilebilir. Tayyip Erdo\u011fan \u201cAmerika\u2019y\u0131 Kolomb\u2019dan \u00f6nce M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ke\u015ffetti\u201d diyerek yeni bir tart\u0131\u015fma a\u00e7t\u0131. Konuyu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":13297,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[167,512,29],"tags":[752,474,230],"class_list":["post-12356","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-130-sayi","category-parantez","category-toplum","tag-amerika","tag-cografi-kesifler","tag-insanlik-tarihi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t