Neandertaller, \u00e7evrelerinde ula\u015fabilir besinleri yedi ve bu topluluklar aras\u0131nda belirgin farkl\u0131 diyetlere yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n
Kuzey \u0130spanya\u2019daki El Sidr\u00f3n Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>leri sert ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131. Ama yakla\u015f\u0131k 50.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce t\u00fckenmelerinden \u00f6nce, mantar, yosun ve \u00e7am f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 yediler. Bir birey, rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etmek i\u00e7in bitkiler ve k\u00fcf bile kullanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Bu mahrem portre, be\u015f\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>\u2019e ait sertle\u015fmi\u015f di\u015f plakas\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan DNA analizinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.(1)<\/sup><\/p>\n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ayn\u0131 zamanda yok olan bir hominin t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ilk mikrobiyomu yeniden olu\u015fturuyor ve insanlarla\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>ler aras\u0131ndaki samimiyete (belki de \u00f6p\u00fc\u015fmeye) i\u015faret ediyor. Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n Adelaide \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde paleomikrobiyolog olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n y\u00f6neticisi Laura Weyrich, \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ger\u00e7ekten farkl\u0131 bir resim \u00e7iziyor; ger\u00e7ekten kimler olduklar\u0131n\u0131, neredeyse ki\u015filiklerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n Almanya-Jena\u2019daki Max Planck Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde \u0130nsan Tarihi Bilimi alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Christina Warinner, ekibin mikrobiyomu yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6v\u00fcyor.\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>lerin a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde nadir bulunan mikroplar taraf\u0131ndan kolonize edildi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fine dayanarak \u201c\u0130nsan mikrobiyomunun y\u00fczeyini kaz\u0131maya ba\u015flad\u0131k\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n Ortak yazarlar Adelaide \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Alan Cooper ve Liverpool \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Keith Dobney, ilk olarak, 20 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir insano\u011flunun di\u015flerinde kalsifiye plak tabakas\u0131ndan (di\u015fta\u015f\u0131 olarak da bilinir) DNA dizilimi yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7ift, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki diyet ve hastal\u0131klar hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmeyi umuyordu, ancak bula\u015fma izleri, antik mikroplar\u0131 ve g\u0131dalar\u0131 tespit etme giri\u015fimlerini bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Ancak antik DNA analizinde yap\u0131lan iyile\u015ftirmeler, bu iz sekanslar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na ve eski plak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n Y\u00fcnl\u00fc gergedan<\/strong><\/p>\n 2013\u2019te yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, Cooper liderli\u011findeki bir ekip, yakla\u015f\u0131k 10.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yerle\u015fik tar\u0131m\u0131n geli\u015fmesi nedeniyle ni\u015fasta t\u00fcketimindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015f ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Sanayi Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, i\u015flenmi\u015f un ve \u015fekerin de girmesiyle olu\u015fan insan diyetindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle birlikte, a\u011f\u0131z mikrobiyomunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen alt\u00fcst olu\u015flar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in, korunmu\u015f plaklar\u0131 diziledi.(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n Weyrich\u2019in ekibi, El Sidr\u00f3n ve Bel\u00e7ika\u2019daki Spy Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019ndan gelen\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>\u00a0plak DNA\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Analiz, Spy sakinlerinin y\u00fcnl\u00fc gergedan ve yabani koyunlar\u0131 t\u00fcketirken, El Sidr\u00f3n\u2019dakilerin bitkileri t\u00fcketti\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Her ikisi de mantar yemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Bununla birlikte, Almanya, T\u00fcbingen \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden bir paleobiyolog olan Herv\u00e9 Bocherens, plaklardaki DNA\u2019n\u0131n yemekleri ve beslenme farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin de\u011fil. Bitki ve hayvan DNA\u2019s\u0131 veritabanlar\u0131,\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>lerin yemi\u015f olabilece\u011fi soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f t\u00fcrlerden yoksun olabilir ve daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, her iki grubun da et yedi\u011fini desteklemektedir. \u00a0Bocherens, \u201c\u015eu anda, sonucun sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n T\u00fckr\u00fckteki de\u011fi\u015fim<\/strong><\/p>\n El Sidr\u00f3n\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>\u2019leri muhtemelen bitkileri ila\u00e7 tedavisi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131lar. K\u0131smen salisilikasit i\u00e7eren, aspirinde tarihsel olarak kullan\u0131lan kavak a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n DNA\u2019s\u0131na ve bir ki\u015finin di\u015finde penisilyum k\u00fcf\u00fcne (penisilin kayna\u011f\u0131) rastland\u0131. Weyrich,\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>lerin,\u00a0Enterocytozoon bieneusi<\/em>\u00a0bakterisinin neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr bir di\u015f absesi ve mide enfeksiyonunu tedavi etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u015f\u00fcpheleniyor.<\/p>\n Methanobrevibacter oralis\u00a0<\/em>adl\u0131 bir mikropun genetik kan\u0131t\u0131, ba\u015fka bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunuyor; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ayn\u0131 zamanda modern insanlar\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131nda bulunuyor. Genom kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, mikrobun modern soyunun, ev sahiplerinin son ortak atas\u0131ndan y\u00fcz binlerce y\u0131l sonra\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>\u2019den ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bu durum,\u00a0archabacterium<\/em>\u2019un insan ve\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>\u00a0aras\u0131nda iletildi\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor. \u201cT\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck de\u011fi\u015ftiriyorsan\u0131z, \u00f6p\u00fc\u015fme ya da en az\u0131ndan g\u0131da payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur\u201d diyor Weyrich. \u201cBu, aralar\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimlerin hi\u00e7 kimsenin hayal etmedi\u011fi kadar dost\u00e7a ve \u00e7ok daha samimi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.\u201d<\/p>\n Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) Weyrich, L. S. et al.,\u00a0Nature<\/em>\u00a0http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nature21674 (2017).<\/p>\n 2) Adler, C. J. et al.,\u00a0Nature Genet<\/em>. 45, 450\u2013455 (2013).<\/p>\n Dergi Referans\u0131:\u00a0<\/strong>Nature\u00a0543, 163 (09 March 2017) doi:10.1038\/543163a<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Neandertaller, \u00e7evrelerinde ula\u015fabilir besinleri yedi ve bu topluluklar aras\u0131nda belirgin farkl\u0131 diyetlere yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Kuzey \u0130spanya\u2019daki El Sidr\u00f3n Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0Neandertalleri sert ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131. Ama yakla\u015f\u0131k 50.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce t\u00fckenmelerinden \u00f6nce, mantar, yosun ve \u00e7am f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 yediler. Bir birey, rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etmek i\u00e7in bitkiler ve k\u00fcf bile kullanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Bu mahrem portre, be\u015f\u00a0Neandertal\u2019e ait sertle\u015fmi\u015f di\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":383,"featured_media":12578,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[516,211,19,21],"tags":[243,197,272,1049,529],"class_list":["post-12573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-159-sayi","category-antropoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","category-biyoloji","tag-antropoloji","tag-biyoloji","tag-dna","tag-insanin-evrimi","tag-neandertal"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t