{"id":12762,"date":"2017-06-01T16:14:13","date_gmt":"2017-06-01T13:14:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=12762"},"modified":"2018-02-07T19:15:59","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T16:15:59","slug":"biliminsanlari-magara-tortusu-icinden-insanin-atasinin-dnasini-cikariyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/06\/01\/biliminsanlari-magara-tortusu-icinden-insanin-atasinin-dnasini-cikariyor","title":{"rendered":"Biliminsanlar\u0131 ma\u011fara tortusu i\u00e7inden insan\u0131n atas\u0131n\u0131n DNA\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk insanlara ve onlar\u0131n atalar\u0131na ait kemikleri bulmak olduk\u00e7a zor ve nadiren ba\u015far\u0131labilen bir i\u015f. Biliminsanlar\u0131 bunu ba\u015farmak i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funlukla ma\u011faralar\u0131n derinliklerinde, tabanda biriken tortu tabakas\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131klamak zorunda kal\u0131yorlar. Ancak son teknolojik geli\u015fmeler bu alan\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. Gina Kolta,The New York Times<\/em>\u00a0i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberde, yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmayla ma\u011fara tortusundan insans\u0131 DNA\u2019s\u0131 elde etmek ve sekanslamak i\u00e7in bir y\u00f6ntem bulundu\u011funu belirtiyor. Yeni teknik hominid (insans\u0131) soya\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir.<\/p>\n

Science<\/em>\u00a0dergisinde ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz haftalarda yay\u0131mlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ula\u015fabilece\u011fimiz ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. Almanya, Leipzig\u2019deki Max Planck Evrimsel Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Bel\u00e7ika, H\u0131rvatistan, Fransa, Rusya ve \u0130spanya\u2019daki yedi arkeolojik alandan, ya\u015flar\u0131 550.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi ile 14.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen 85 tortu \u00f6rne\u011fi toplad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Science<\/em>\u2019dan Lizzie Wade\u2019in aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar toplanan \u00f6rneklerden elde ettikleri DNA\u2019y\u0131 ilk kez sekanslarken olduk\u00e7a zorland\u0131. Bir \u00e7ay ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprakta \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00fcnl\u00fc mamut, y\u00fcnl\u00fc gergedan, ma\u011fara ay\u0131s\u0131 ve ma\u011fara s\u0131rtlan\u0131 gibi memelilere ait olmak \u00fczere trilyonlarca DNA par\u00e7as\u0131 bulunuyor. Bu karma\u015fadan s\u0131yr\u0131l\u0131p yaln\u0131zca insans\u0131lar\u0131n DNA\u2019s\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in modern insanlar\u0131n mitokondriyal DNA\u2019s\u0131 kullan\u0131larak bir molek\u00fcler \u201ckanca\u201d \u00fcretildi. Bu \u201ckanca\u201d, kendisine en \u00e7ok benzeyen DNA par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 yakalayarak, d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgede, topra\u011f\u0131n\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>lere ait herhangi bir kemik veya alete rastlan\u0131lmayan tabakalar\u0131ndan bile\u00a0Neandertal\u00a0<\/em>DNA\u2019s\u0131 elde edilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Rusya\u2019daki bir ma\u011farada ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi kullanarak, hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey bilinen insan atalar\u0131ndan Denisoval\u0131lara ait DNA \u00f6rne\u011fine de ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Londra\u2019daki Do\u011fa Tarihi M\u00fczesi\u2019nden antropolog Chris Stringer, Wade\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cBu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bulu\u015f, art\u0131k pleistosen d\u00f6neminden kalma ma\u011faralarda kaz\u0131 yapanlar, toprak \u00f6rneklerinde insan DNA\u2019s\u0131 arama g\u00f6revini de yap\u0131lacaklar listesine almal\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Peki insans\u0131lar\u0131n DNA\u2019lar\u0131 ma\u011fara topraklar\u0131na nas\u0131l ula\u015ft\u0131? Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar net bir cevap veremiyor, fakat bu \u00e7ok zor olmu\u015f olmamal\u0131. \u0130nsanlar DNA\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli etrafa d\u00f6k\u00fcyor. \u0130drar, d\u0131\u015fk\u0131, t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck, ter, kan ya da sa\u00e7 gibi par\u00e7alar\u0131m\u0131za ait izler az miktarda da olsa DNA i\u00e7eriyor.\u00a0Live Science<\/em>\u2019dan Charles Q. Choi\u2019nin bildirdi\u011fine g\u00f6re, bu maddeler kemikteki minerallere ba\u011flanma \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip ve muhtemelen ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde topraktaki minerallere de ba\u011flanarak korundular.<\/p>\n

Bulunan bu DNA\u2019lar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olabilecek -ve biraz korkun\u00e7 olan- bir olas\u0131l\u0131k daha var. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yazarlar\u0131ndan Matthias Meyer\u2019in, Choi\u2019ye aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar kaz\u0131 alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok miktarda s\u0131rtlan DNA\u2019s\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131lar. Matthias Meyer, \u201cBelki de s\u0131rtlanlar insanlar\u0131n bedenlerini ma\u011faran\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yiyordu ve daha sonra d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lamak i\u00e7in ma\u011faran\u0131n i\u00e7ine giriyorlard\u0131. Belki de bulunan insan DNA\u2019s\u0131, s\u0131rtlan d\u0131\u015fk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde bulunan DNA\u2019d\u0131r\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

Tortulardan antik DNA elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak yeni bir fikir de\u011fil. Kolta\u2019n\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u00f6nceden Colorado\u2019daki bir ma\u011faradan tarih\u00f6ncesi memelilere ait DNA par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 elde etmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak insanlara ve insanlar\u0131n atalar\u0131na ait DNA\u2019y\u0131 bulmay\u0131 hedefleyen bir teknik bu alan\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirecektir. Wade, b\u00f6yle bir tekni\u011fin, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz haftalarda insans\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 130.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Kuzey Amerika\u2019da var olduklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ortaya at\u0131lan iddiaya dair kan\u0131t elde etmemizi sa\u011flayabilece\u011fini vurguluyor.<\/p>\n

Max Planck Evrimsel Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Evrimsel Genetik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Y\u00f6neticisi Svante P\u00e4\u00e4bo yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda, topra\u011fa uygulanan DNA analizinin t\u0131pk\u0131 karbon tarihleme y\u00f6ntemi gibi arkeolojinin rutin bir uygulamas\u0131 haline gelebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bu teknik sayesinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ilk insans\u0131lar\u0131n izlerini ma\u011faralar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki alanlarda da s\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flayabilir.<\/p>\n

Harvard\u2019dan genetik\u00e7i David Reich Kolta\u2019ya \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cE\u011fer bu teknik i\u015fe yararsa, eski insanlar\u0131n co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131na ve g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131na dair, \u015fimdiye kadar bulunabilmi\u015f az say\u0131daki kemikten elde edilen s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bilgiye k\u0131yasla, \u00e7ok daha zengin bir resim elde edebiliriz. Bu ger\u00e7ekten b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici bir i\u015f olur.\u201d<\/p>\n

Wade\u2019in aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu teknik belli yerle\u015fim yerleri ve aletlerin insanlar taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 yoksa\u00a0Neandertal<\/em>ler taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok gizemi de \u00e7\u00f6zebilir. Hatta \u015fimdiye kadar kemiklerine ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ba\u015fka insans\u0131 t\u00fcrlerini de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kararak daha tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir insan soya\u011fac\u0131 elde etmemizi sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk insanlara ve onlar\u0131n atalar\u0131na ait kemikleri bulmak olduk\u00e7a zor ve nadiren ba\u015far\u0131labilen bir i\u015f. Biliminsanlar\u0131 bunu ba\u015farmak i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funlukla ma\u011faralar\u0131n derinliklerinde, tabanda biriken tortu tabakas\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131klamak zorunda kal\u0131yorlar. Ancak son teknolojik geli\u015fmeler bu alan\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. Gina Kolta,The New York Times\u00a0i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberde, yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmayla ma\u011fara tortusundan insans\u0131 DNA\u2019s\u0131 elde etmek […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":428,"featured_media":12763,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[721,211,20,19,21],"tags":[243,244,197,272,529],"class_list":["post-12762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-160-sayi","category-antropoloji","category-arkeoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","category-biyoloji","tag-antropoloji","tag-arkeoloji","tag-biyoloji","tag-dna","tag-neandertal"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t