{"id":12914,"date":"2017-07-01T16:11:09","date_gmt":"2017-07-01T13:11:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=12914"},"modified":"2018-02-08T16:12:13","modified_gmt":"2018-02-08T13:12:13","slug":"dunyayi-degistiren-isik-lazerler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/07\/01\/dunyayi-degistiren-isik-lazerler","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren \u0131\u015f\u0131k: Lazerler"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bir \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda tarihin tozlu sayfalar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p sizleri a\u015fina oldu\u011funuz modern d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l bilim ve teknolojide ilerlemenin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc derecede h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00fczy\u0131l oldu. Bu o kadar geni\u015f \u00e7apta bir de\u011fi\u015fim yaratt\u0131 ki, art\u0131k \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llara k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha k\u00fcresel, \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, \u00e7ok daha tehlikeli bir insanl\u0131k vard\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda. Bu ayki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, bahsetti\u011fimiz bu sosyal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm d\u00f6nemine belirli alanlarda damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran bir icattan bahsedece\u011fiz: Lazerler.<\/em><\/p>\n

Kimi zaman al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z marketteki kasiyerin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn barkodunu okuttu\u011fu cihaz\u0131nda dikkatinizi \u00e7eker. Ya da bir yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131z g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ameliyat olmu\u015ftur ve be\u015f dakika gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede g\u00f6z\u00fc eski haline d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bir sunumda, perdeyi i\u015faret etmek veya kedileri kendinden ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in de kullanm\u0131\u015f olabilirsiniz. K\u0131sacas\u0131 lazerler her yerdedir. Fakat ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p kullan\u0131labilir hale gelmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok zaman ge\u00e7mesi, onlarca deney yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti.<\/p>\n

Lazerin kuramsal arka plan\u0131 Einstein\u2019dan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6yk\u00fcm\u00fcz 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde, 1917\u2019de ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Albert Einstein, 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde olduk\u00e7a pop\u00fcler bir konu olan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 (radyasyonu) \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. \u00d6zellikle Max Planck\u2019\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yasas\u0131 (o d\u00f6nemde bir makale ile ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, teorik olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan bir hipotezdi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131) \u00fczerine hesaplar yapar. Einstein, atomun kuantum teorisinden ve kuantum fizi\u011finin insanl\u0131\u011fa tan\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rastlant\u0131sal ve istatistiksel temeller \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilen d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden hazzetmez. Fakat bilir ki, sahip oldu\u011fu \u00f6nyarg\u0131, d\u00f6nemin fizik camias\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ilgi g\u00f6ren bu kuram\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flamaya yetmez.<\/p>\n

Max Planck, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra, bunun bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m e\u011frisi izledi\u011fini fark eder ve kara y\u00fczey (blackbody) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi hipotetik bir ortam hayal eder. Planck\u2019a g\u00f6re \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131 her y\u00fczey, ideal ortam olarak hayal etti\u011fi kara y\u00fczeyin deforme olmu\u015f bir halidir. Bu varsay\u0131m\u0131 bir ad\u0131m daha ilerleten Planck, 1900 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirli frekanslardaki enerjisini hesaplamay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. Kuantum kuram\u0131 savunucular\u0131 i\u00e7in bu olay \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yap\u0131lan varsay\u0131m, t\u00fcm kuantum nesnelerinin dalgasal yap\u0131da oldu\u011fu ve dalga \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6sterdi\u011fidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Einstein, e\u011fer bu furyaya kar\u015f\u0131 gelecekse, i\u015fin en temeli \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Einstein yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplamalar sonucunda \u201cZur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (Kuantum Teorisi \u00dczerine)\u201d ad\u0131nda bir makale yazar. Planck\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 matematiksel hesaplamalar\u0131, onun gitti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcn tersinden ilerleyerek ve \u201cEinstein katsay\u0131s\u0131\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bir katsay\u0131 ile \u00e7arp\u0131p b\u00f6lerek, yeni bir model yarat\u0131r. Ortaya koydu\u011fu hesaplamalar fotonun, kristal ya da bu gibi bir y\u00fczey ile etkile\u015fimi sonras\u0131nda, malzeme i\u00e7indeki atomlar\u0131n kuantum durumlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek aktif hale gelmelerini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Bu etkile\u015fim sonras\u0131nda, tek renkte ve olduk\u00e7a dar bir dalgaboyu aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (tek dalga boyu \u2013 monokromatik- olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir) bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n elde edilmesine sebep olacakt\u0131r. Yani Einstein amac\u0131na ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f, aksine kuantum fizi\u011finin elektronik alan\u0131 ile daha da yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu makale ile, fark\u0131nda olmadan lazerlerin de kuramsal arka plan\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Art\u0131k i\u015f, ilk lazeri \u00fcretecek deneysel fizik\u00e7ilere d\u00fc\u015fmekteydi.<\/p>\n

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Bir Lazerin prensipteki \u015femas\u0131. I\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6nderilen atomun i\u00e7indeki elektron, bir \u00fcst enerji seviyesine \u00e7\u0131kar. Eski haline geri d\u00f6nerken de, malzemenin atomik \u00f6zelliklerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc belirli bir dalgaboyunda \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7ar, \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yapar. Teoride, s\u00fcrekli \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6nderildi\u011finde ve bu olay kapal\u0131 bir alanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilerek, \u0131\u015f\u0131k i\u00e7in tek bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 daygaboyunda \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k yo\u011funlu\u011funun elde edilebiliyor olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

O d\u00f6nemde sava\u015f\u0131 kaybetmekte olan Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Alman Bilim Akademisi\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na Einstein\u2019\u0131 getirir, fakat imparatorlu\u011fun t\u00fcm gelirleri sava\u015f i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan maa\u015flar do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00f6denememekte, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi sekteye u\u011framaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir ortamda Einstein\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015f sonuna kadar tam anlam\u0131yla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lamaz. Sava\u015f bitti\u011finde ise Einstein \u00e7oktan yeni bir \u015fey yumurtlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r bile. Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 evren modellerini tart\u0131\u015fmakla me\u015fguld\u00fcr. Zaman i\u00e7inde \u00e7ekirdek fizi\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve kozmoloji alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeler, lazer teknolojisi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bir s\u00fcre sekteye u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hemen sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ekonomik kriz, ard\u0131ndan gelen D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, deneysel fizik\u00e7ilerin silah ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ya da sanayiye yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f, tek dalgaboylu \u0131\u015f\u0131n yaratma hayalleri i\u00e7in 1950\u2019lere kadar beklenilmesi gerekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019dan iki fizik\u00e7i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fizi\u011fin \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlar\u0131nda ya\u015fan\u0131lan bu geli\u015fmelerden \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 dalga boylar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bilim alanlar\u0131 da etkilenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle radyo ve k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapan biliminsanlar\u0131, Einstein\u2019\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 bu dalgaboylar\u0131nda denemeye koyuldular. D\u00fcnya\u2019daki ilk kuantum elektronik\u00e7ilerden biri olan Sovyet biliminsan\u0131 Nikolay Basov, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara hayat\u0131n\u0131 adar. 1941 y\u0131l\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu ile Berlin\u2019e girmi\u015f askerler aras\u0131nda yer alan tam bir kahramand\u0131r Nikolay Basov. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 akademiye geri d\u00f6ner ve \u00f6zellikle askeriyede radyo ileti\u015fimini daha ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilecek cihazlar \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. E\u011fer tek dalga boyunda radyo ileti\u015fim sinyali g\u00f6nderebilen bir cihaz yapabilirse, K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 yeni bir ileti\u015fim aleti \u00fcretebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Sovyet Kuantum Elektroni\u011fi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ndeki Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Laborotuvar\u0131\u2019nda Nikolay Basov.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Biliminsan\u0131 adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (o d\u00f6nemde Sovyetlerde doktora ile denk olan unvan) tezini, bu t\u00fcr bir alet geli\u015ftirmek \u00fczerine yapan Basov, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan daha y\u00fcksek dalga boylar\u0131ndaki \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli malzemelere g\u00f6nderip, etkilerini \u00f6l\u00e7meye ba\u015flar. D\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu denemelerin ard\u0131ndan askerlik zamanlar\u0131ndan arkada\u015f\u0131 Alexander Prokhorov ile sohbet ederler. Zaman ikisini de pek de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015ftir, iki eski asker fizik\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131 bile olduk\u00e7a benzerdir. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 ikisi de atom teorisi gibi uzun vadede sonu\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabilecek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yerine m\u00fchendislik alanlar\u0131na kaymay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015flerdir. Basov radyo dalgalar\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Prokhorov mikrodalga \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonras\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bulu\u015fmalarda verilerini k\u0131yaslad\u0131klar\u0131nda Basov\u2019un radyo dalgalar\u0131 ile bir t\u00fcr ileti\u015fim cihaz\u0131 \u00fcretme fikrini mikrodalga \u00fczerine denemeye karar verirler. Radyo yerine mikrodalga \u00fczerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, daha y\u00fcksek verim ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 fark ederler.<\/p>\n

ABD fikri kullan\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fakat \u00e7e\u015fitli istihbaratlar ile bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan haberdar olmay\u0131 ba\u015faran ABD\u2019li biliminsanlar\u0131, Basov\u2019un d\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi teoriyi kullanarak bu t\u00fcr bir cihaz\u0131 in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonras\u0131nda Maryland\u00a0 \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Charles H. Townes, 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda amonyak s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 dolu bir cam t\u00fcpe mikrodalga \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 g\u00f6ndererek parlak bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fcretmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n o ana kadar \u00fcretti\u011fi en hassas optik cihaz\u0131 \u00fcretmi\u015flerdir. Townes, a\u00e7\u0131klama yaparken bir biliminsan\u0131 olarak Basov\u2019un ve Prokhorov\u2019un isimlerini anmay\u0131 ihmal etmez. Sonras\u0131nda Townes, Bosov ve Prokhorov\u2019un Sovyet Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nde d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bir optik konferans\u0131na davet edilir. Orada bulu\u015fup tan\u0131\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirip, bu sefer MASER ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emition of Radiation, yani Mikrodalga B\u00fcy\u00fcltmeli Uyar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f I\u015f\u0131ma I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok kabaca T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrilebilir) cihaz\u0131, 24 GigaHertz kadar y\u00fcksek frekanslarda yay\u0131n yapacak hale getirirler. Sonras\u0131nda Basov, Prokhorov ve Townes, geli\u015ftirdikleri bu maser i\u00e7in 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00dc\u00e7 arkada\u015f, Nobel Komitesine bu son teknoloji cihazlar hakk\u0131nda ufak bir ders vermi\u015f, sonras\u0131nda da seyircilere g\u00f6steri yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Sovyet Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nde sa\u011fdan sola, Nikolay Basov, Charles H. Townes ve Alexander Prokhorov, 1954.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada duyulmu\u015fken elektrofizik\u00e7iler i\u00e7in yeni bir sorun ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131: G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131kta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir maser yap\u0131labilir miydi?\u00a0 Bunun \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en \u00f6nemli engel, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yeterince elektronu \u201cheyecanland\u0131ram\u0131yor\u201d olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Parlak bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k elde edebilmek i\u00e7in do\u011fru malzeme ile beraber bu sefer, \u0131\u015f\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda malzemedeki atomlar\u0131n durumlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilecek yeni bir y\u00f6ntem geli\u015ftirmek gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Rezonat\u00f6r fikri geli\u015ftiriliyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019li fizik\u00e7i Gordon Gould\u2019un akl\u0131na, 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n kaderini de\u011fi\u015ftirecek bir \u015fey gelir: 1950\u2019de Bordeaux \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Frans\u0131z fizik\u00e7i Alfred Kastler, manyetik alan ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ayn\u0131 anda g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi bir gaz yo\u011funlu\u011funda, bu gaz yo\u011funlu\u011funun elektronlar\u0131n\u0131n, y\u00fcksek enerjili \u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6nderilmeden bir \u00fcst enerji seviyelerine \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fini kuramsal olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki y\u0131l sonra da \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu durumu deneyecek fizik\u00e7i bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha do\u011frusu deneysel fizik\u00e7ileri ikna edemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in kendisi deneysel\u00a0fizi\u011fe \u201cbula\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u201d, kendi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bir deneyini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu deney sonucunda Kastler, bir manyetik alan alt\u0131nda ribidyum gaz\u0131na g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6ndererek gaz\u0131n enerji seviyesinin artmas\u0131yla \u0131\u015f\u0131ma sa\u011flanabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O d\u00f6nem maserler \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan fizik\u00e7iler bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131, gazlar \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6rmezden gelmi\u015flerdir! Gordon Gould, 10 y\u0131l \u00f6ncenin bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ar\u015fivlerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p kat\u0131lar ve s\u0131v\u0131lar \u00fczerinde denemeye karar verir. Sonu\u00e7 zaferdir.<\/p>\n

Fakat ortada tek bir sorun vard\u0131r. Kat\u0131 bir maddeyi y\u00fcksek manyetik alan\u0131n etkisinde b\u0131rak\u0131p t\u00fcm maddeye \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6nderip parlak bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n olarak geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f almak i\u00e7in kocaman bir oda dolusu pahal\u0131 ekipman\u0131 saatlerce \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak gerekmekte, bu y\u00fczden de cihaz yar\u0131m saatten daha uzun sure \u00e7al\u0131\u015famamakta, b\u00fct\u00fcn fak\u00fcltenin sigortalar\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. E\u011fer bu cihaz\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 isteniyorsa, hem g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6nderecek, hem de ayn\u0131 zamanda manyetik alan yaratacak bir teknoloji geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekmektedir. Rezanat\u00f6r ad\u0131 verilecek bu cihaz\u0131 in\u015fa etme fikri de b\u00f6ylece ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

1955\u2019den itibaren optik-elektronik fizik\u00e7ileri belirli aral\u0131klarla toplan\u0131p, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 payla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar (G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde optoelektronik fizi\u011fin bir altdal\u0131d\u0131r ve bu insanlara optoelektronik\u00e7iler, hatta zaman zaman optocular denir. Fakat o d\u00f6nemde opto, bir alt bilim dal\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, m\u00fchendislik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu). \u0130lk defa bu gibi bilgi transferi toplant\u0131lar\u0131na Sovyetlerden de biliminsanlar\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Basov ve Prokhorov\u2019un giri\u015fimleriyle bu konferanslardan biri de Moskova\u2019da d\u00fczenlendi. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnya adeta tek y\u00fcrek olmu\u015f, b\u00f6yle bir cihaz\u0131 hep beraber \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarf etmekteydi yani.<\/p>\n

Rezonat\u00f6r ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve rock m\u00fczik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rezonat\u00f6r, yaln\u0131zca lazer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda i\u015fe yaramad\u0131. Sabit alternatif ak\u0131m \u00fcretmeyi sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in elektrik m\u00fchendisli\u011finin say\u0131s\u0131z alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131rken, elektro gitarlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde de bulunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yank\u0131 benzeri ses efekleri 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda birbirinden \u201ctuhaf\u201d sesler \u00e7\u0131karan elektro gitar pedallar\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu pedallar\u0131 yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde kullanan The Beatles, Velvet Underground, Pink Floyd ve Jefferson Airplane gibi m\u00fczik gruplar\u0131 Psychedelic Rock ad\u0131 verilen yeni bir m\u00fczik t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de temellerini atm\u0131\u015f oldular. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi de konferansta bir araya gelmi\u015f bir grup fizik\u00e7inin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fma sayesinde oldu denilebilir.<\/p>\n

Veee lazer<\/strong><\/p>\n

1959\u2019da bu konferanslardan birinde Gould, LASER ad\u0131n\u0131 ilk defa kulland\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr dalgaboyu i\u00e7in Optical-MASER, radyo i\u00e7in Radio-Maser, Ultraviyole i\u00e7in UV-MASER demek yerine MASER\u2019in \u201cmikrodalga\u201d ile k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmeye ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden \u201cLight Amplification Stimulated Emition of Radiation\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131, bu cihazlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc ve t\u00fcm dalgaboylar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l akademik kariyerinin zirve noktas\u0131n\u0131 yakalayan Gordon Gould, laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkel lazeri geli\u015ftirecek bir \u201cta\u015f\u0131nabilir\u201d manyetik alan yarat\u0131c\u0131 cihaz yaratmak i\u00e7in konferansa kat\u0131lan fizik\u00e7ilere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulundu. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerisi ise Prokhorov\u2019dan geldi. Bir metal \u00e7ubu\u011fa iletken teller sar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve bu tele enerji verildi\u011finde, manyetik alan olu\u015fmakta. Ayn\u0131 mant\u0131k enerji \u00fcreten herhangi bir \u015fey i\u00e7in yap\u0131lamaz m\u0131? Mesela malzeme dolu t\u00fcp\u00fcn etraf\u0131n\u0131 saracak \u015fekilde bir amp\u00fcl tasarlansa ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k yak\u0131lsa, manyetik alan yaratmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur mu? Gould, konferanstan d\u00f6ner d\u00f6nmez florasan bir lambay\u0131 benzer \u015fekillerde tasarlatt\u0131 ve merkezine bir pusula koydu. Manyetik bir madde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde manyetik alan, ampul\u00fcn i\u00e7inde hareket eden y\u00fckler taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Art\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131nabilir bir lazer yapmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nlerinde hi\u00e7bir engel kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Gould (oturan), patentini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 lazerlerden biri ile.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Gould, bu tasar\u0131m\u0131n, patentini 1960\u2019da sat\u0131n alarak, bu tasar\u0131m\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131p lazerlerin \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in ortaya belirli \u015fartlar koydu. Bu \u015fartlara g\u00f6re lazerler, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve devlet i\u015fletmeleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00fccretsiz olarak \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131labilecek, fakat \u00f6zel \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lacak ise Gordon Gould\u2019un lazer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in kurdu\u011fu vakfa lisans sat\u0131nalma \u00fccreti \u00f6denmesi gerekecekti.<\/p>\n

\"\"
K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k veren yakut lazerinin \u015femas\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu \u015fartlara uyarak tarihteki ilk optik lazeri Theodore H. Mainman 16 May\u0131s 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Yakut kristali etraf\u0131n\u0131 florasan lamba ile sararak, bir insan avucu boyutundaki lazeri, elektrikli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve d\u00fczg\u00fcn, sabit, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkli bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k elde etti. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bulunan ucuz k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 lazerlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi h\u00e2l\u00e2 ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat \u00f6yk\u00fc burada sona ermedi.<\/p>\n

Patent sava\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alexander Graham Bell\u2019in kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu Bell \u015eirketi\u2019ndeki fizik\u00e7iler, kendi laborotuvarlar\u0131nda lazer \u00fcretmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131lar ve patent lisans\u0131 almadan tarihteki ilk lazer fabrikas\u0131n\u0131 kurarak seri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7tiler. ABD Patent Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ne lazer gibi genel bir icad\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mal\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia ederek dava a\u00e7t\u0131lar ve kazand\u0131lar. Gould, patent haklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti ve ABD\u2019deki \u00f6zel \u015firketler birer birer lazer fabrikalar\u0131 a\u00e7maya ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ABD tarihindeki en uzun yasal s\u00fcre\u00e7 de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Orijinal lazer tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kendi emekleri ile \u00fcretildi\u011fini ve t\u00fcm bu \u00f6zel \u015firketlerin emek h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden Gould 28 y\u0131l boyunca s\u00fcren itiraz davas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Nihayet 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gordon Gould\u2019un hayat\u0131n\u0131 adad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dava sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re yakut ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan t\u00fcm k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 lazerlerin Gordon Gould\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funa, bu y\u00fczden lazer teknolojisi \u015firketlerinin, Gould\u2019un \u201cTechnical Research Group\u201d Vakf\u0131\u2019na tazminat \u00f6demesine karar verildi ve yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm itirazlar reddedildi. 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 h\u00e2l\u00e2 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olmakla beraber, hukuk tarihinde \u00fcniversitelerde \u00f6\u011fretilen bir fenomen haline gelmi\u015ftir. Gelecekte buna benzer bir dava s\u00fcrecini Apple ile Samsung\u00a0 ya\u015fayacak, Gould\u2019un ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durum emsal g\u00f6sterilerek Samsung\u2019un Galaxy telefon tasar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in Apple patentini sat\u0131n almas\u0131 ve tazminat \u00f6demesi istenecekti.<\/p>\n

Lazere katk\u0131s\u0131 olan biliminsanlar\u0131 ba\u015fka neler yapt\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Peki lazerlerin \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcam\u0131\u015f insanlara ne oldu?<\/p>\n

– Bu yasal s\u00fcrecin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda Nikolay Basov, f\u00fcze hedefleme ve savunma sistemlerinde lazerli bilgisayarlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, keskin ni\u015fanc\u0131 t\u00fcfeklerde lazer kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi askeri ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bulundu. \u00d6zellikle lazer etkile\u015fimli bilgisayarlar ve savunma sistemleri hakk\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden 20\u2019den fazla \u00f6d\u00fcl ald\u0131. Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin imtiyazl\u0131 \u00fcyesi olmaya hak kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Aleksander Prokhorov, par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi ile ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Synchtoron ad\u0131 verilen, lazerlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve devir daimli bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131 yapt\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde in\u015fa edilen h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131larda bu tasar\u0131m kullan\u0131lmaya uzunca s\u00fcre devam etti. CERN, kendisinin \u00fcretti\u011fi lazer etkile\u015fimli h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 teknolojisini kullanmak istedi. Prokhorov kabul etmesine ra\u011fmen Sovyetler Bilim Akademisi buna uzunca bir s\u00fcre izin vermedi. Ancak 80\u2019lerde Avrupa ile Sovyet ili\u015fkilerinin yumu\u015famas\u0131yla bu t\u00fcr \u201cteknoloji ticaretine\u201d izin verilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Charles Townes, ilk lazer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndan sonra ABD Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapt\u0131, Basov\u2019un Sovyetler i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu teknolojilerin kopyalar\u0131n\u0131 ABD ordusu i\u00e7in \u00fcretti. 1970\u2019lerde Apollo Uzay Arac\u0131 Ay\u2019a giderken hedefleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda lazerlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra astronomiye ilgi duymaya ba\u015flayan Townes, teleskoplar\u0131n hedefleme sistemleri i\u00e7in de g\u00f6zlemevlerinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc lazerlerin kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6nerdi. Hatta \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kimyasal lazerler ile noktasal olarak atmosfer etkilerini yok edip teleskoba berrak bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc verilmesini sa\u011flayan sistem geli\u015ftiren ekibin i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131. Sonras\u0131nda lazerlerin uzaydaki molek\u00fclleri yakalayabilmek ya da bunlar\u0131n izlerini bulabilmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6nerdi ve gerekli sistemlerin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan lazerlerle y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n tam \u015fekillerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in k\u00fcresel \u015fekilde lazerler \u00fcreterek D\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyinden g\u00f6z\u00fcken y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n daha hassas b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Lazerler, 80li y\u0131llardan itibaren t\u0131p alan\u0131nda aktif bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Elmas gibi nesneleri kesebilmek i\u00e7in madencilik alanlar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, say\u0131s\u0131z yan \u00fcr\u00fcne gebe oldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz biliminde lazersiz bir d\u00fcnyay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn bile de\u011fil. Bu geli\u015fmeler i\u00e7in kolektif \u00e7abalar harcam\u0131\u015f bu \u00f6nemli insanlara te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmemiz gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– https:\/\/physics.aps.org\/story\/v15\/st4<\/p>\n

– 1959 Y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019n\u0131n Ann Arbor Kentinde yap\u0131lan Optik-Elektronik Konferans\u0131 G\u00fcnl\u00fckleri.<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/ann-arbor-conference-on-optical-pumping-the-university-of-michigan-june-15-through-june-18-1959\/oclc\/02460155<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/www.press.uchicago.edu\/Misc\/Chicago\/284158_townes.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bir \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda tarihin tozlu sayfalar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p sizleri a\u015fina oldu\u011funuz modern d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l bilim ve teknolojide ilerlemenin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc derecede h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00fczy\u0131l oldu. Bu o kadar geni\u015f \u00e7apta bir de\u011fi\u015fim yaratt\u0131 ki, art\u0131k \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llara k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha k\u00fcresel, \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, \u00e7ok daha tehlikeli bir insanl\u0131k vard\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda. Bu ayki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, bahsetti\u011fimiz […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":512,"featured_media":12922,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1123,26,605],"tags":[1118,606,277,288,329],"class_list":["post-12914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-161-sayi","category-fizik","category-unlu-deneyler","tag-dalga","tag-deney","tag-einstein","tag-fizik","tag-lazer"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12914","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/512"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12914"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12914\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12922"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12914"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12914"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}