{"id":12948,"date":"2017-10-01T17:57:17","date_gmt":"2017-10-01T14:57:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=12948"},"modified":"2018-02-08T16:05:19","modified_gmt":"2018-02-08T13:05:19","slug":"din-bilim-savaslari-elektrigin-kesfi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/10\/01\/din-bilim-savaslari-elektrigin-kesfi","title":{"rendered":"Din – bilim sava\u015flar\u0131: Elektri\u011fin ke\u015ffi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Galvani\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u201chayvansal elektrik\u201d, bir canl\u0131n\u0131n kafas\u0131nda \u00fcretilip t\u00fcm v\u00fccutta ayn\u0131 bir kan gibi dola\u015f\u0131p kaslar\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Hayvansal elektrik, elbette Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm canl\u0131 ve kullar\u0131na \u00fcflenmi\u015fti ve b\u00fcy\u00fck yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n eseriydi. Kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn gelmesi gecikmedi: Volta, Papal\u0131k ve onun etkisi alt\u0131ndaki bilimi \u201cbat\u0131l inan\u00e7 ve yobazl\u0131k\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor; bilimin \u00a0insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dinin esaretinden kurtararak yepyeni bir \u00e7a\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/em> Volta i\u00e7in hayvansal elektrik kavram\u0131n\u0131n bilimde kesinlikle yeri yoktu ve olu\u015fan elektri\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131 do\u011fan\u0131n kendisiydi.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cGe\u00e7en gece elektrikler kesikti. Oturduk laflad\u0131k; ne g\u00fczelmi\u015f.\u201d \u201cEvde bir \u015feyler kurcalarken sigorta att\u0131.\u201d \u201cDeney yaparken devreleri topraklamay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n arkada\u015flar, elektrik \u00e7arpmas\u0131n.\u201d \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ve toplumun sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fczende elektri\u011fin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da elektri\u011fin h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7medi\u011fi bir an bile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemeyiz. Ger\u00e7ekten ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in de\u011ferlidir elektrik. Sanayi Devrimi ile ba\u015flayan s\u00fcrece ivme kazand\u0131ran, k\u00fcresel olarak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada ayd\u0131nlanmadan ula\u015f\u0131ma kadar neredeyse her alanda insanlar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran elektri\u011fin nas\u0131l ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi, bu ayki yaz\u0131 dizimizin konusu olacak.<\/p>\n

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Plinius\u2019un orta\u00e7a\u011fda g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirilmesi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Antik d\u00fcnyada \u201celektrik\u201d etraf\u0131ndaki inan\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antik M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gidiyoruz\u2026 M\u00d6 2750\u2019de yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir papir\u00fcs, \u201cNil\u2019in \u015eim\u015fe\u011fi\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bir tanr\u0131dan bahseder. Bu tanr\u0131, bal\u0131k \u015feklindedir ve bal\u0131klar\u0131n koruyucusudur. \u0130nsanlar bal\u0131k avlamak istediklerinde \u0131\u015f\u0131klar \u00e7\u0131kartarak bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur, etrafa y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar sa\u00e7ar. O, \u0131\u015f\u0131klar sa\u00e7an, yani \u201celectrum\u201d bal\u0131kt\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar i\u00e7in y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n tepkisiyle alakal\u0131 bir durum oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kedibal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir tanr\u0131 ilan etmi\u015fler; kedibal\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinde bal\u0131k avlamay\u0131 kesmi\u015flerdir. Antik Yunan\u2019da da benzer bi\u00e7imde vatoz bal\u0131klar\u0131 ya da elektrik bal\u0131klar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sokulan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, Denizler Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Poseidon taraf\u0131ndan lanetlendi\u011fine ve bal\u0131k tutmaktan men edildi\u011fine inand\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bu ya\u015fanan olaylar zinciri, bilinen d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Hem M\u0131s\u0131r, hem de Ege, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle Roma h\u00e2kimiyetine girdikten sonra \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Como G\u00f6l\u00fc yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015f olan Romal\u0131 General Gaius Plinius, MS 50\u2019li y\u0131llarda, belirli bal\u0131klar\u0131n bu g\u00fcce sahip oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve bu bal\u0131klar\u0131n tanr\u0131sal g\u00fcc\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re bu bal\u0131klar, avlanmak i\u00e7in bir y\u00f6ntem olarak bu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131yordu, tanr\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan lanetlenme gibi bir durum s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi. Kendisi, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fayan ve bilinen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131 elinde tutan Roma\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm bilgi birikimini edinmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Do\u011fan\u0131n Tarihi<\/em> isimli kitab\u0131nda, kutuplarda g\u00fcne\u015fin hi\u00e7 batmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, g\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndaki renklerden, kehribar ile y\u00fcn aras\u0131ndaki statik elektrik ili\u015fkisinden, \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n ses h\u0131z\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131ndan, deniz gelgitlerinin etkileriyle Ay ile ilintisine kadar pek \u00e7ok konuyu i\u015flemi\u015ftir. \u00d6yle ki kitap, o d\u00f6nemde bilinen do\u011fa fenomenlerinin neredeyse hepsine de\u011finen o g\u00fcne dek yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en iyi derleme kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Kitaba kedibal\u0131klar\u0131 ve vatozlarda g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi durumu da eklemi\u015ftir Plinius. T\u00fcm bu ya\u015fanan medeniyet geli\u015fmelerinin, kavimler g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, Roma\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve ard\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6kmesi ile gelen s\u00fcre\u00e7te unutulmas\u0131, sonras\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan yeniden \u00f6\u011frenilmesi s\u00fcresinde ge\u00e7en bo\u015flukta, elektrik bal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n laneti safsatas\u0131n\u0131n yeniden, bu sefer de H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Eski H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda, bu elektrikli bal\u0131klar\u0131n Yunus (Jonas) Peygamberi yutan bal\u0131klar\u0131n soyundan geldi\u011fi iddia edilmektedir. Ba\u015fka \u0130ncil\u2019<\/em>lerde de \u201cM\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131 lanetleyen bal\u0131k\u201d diye ge\u00e7en elektrikli bal\u0131klar\u0131n yenmemesi gerekti\u011fi, bu bal\u0131klar\u0131n temiz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fi iddia edilmi\u015ftir.(1, 2) <\/sup>Bu durum, bilginin yoklu\u011funda bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lar\u0131n ne kadar \u00e7abuk yay\u0131labilece\u011finin en g\u00fczel g\u00f6stergelerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

Hemen hemen fizikteki her kavram\u0131n tarihinden bahsederken yap\u0131lan kli\u015felerden biri olan \u201cantik\u00e7a\u011fa g\u00f6z atal\u0131m\u201d k\u0131sm\u0131 bitti\u011fine g\u00f6re, zaman\u0131 daha ileri sar\u0131p g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz biliminin alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlamdaki elektri\u011fin temellerini inceleyebiliriz. Rotam\u0131z\u0131 Ege\u2019den Akdeniz\u2019e, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u0130talya\u2019ya \u00e7evirelim. Elektri\u011fin ke\u015ffinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na gidebilmek i\u00e7in pilin, yani bataryan\u0131n ke\u015ffine ilerlememiz gerekiyor. Bu y\u00fczden, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda, elektrik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda \u0130talya\u2019ya rotam\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7eviriyoruz. Modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bildi\u011fi anlamdaki elektri\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere…<\/p>\n

Olgularda Tanr\u0131y\u0131 arayan Katolik biliminsan\u0131: Galvani\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Kuzey \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130svi\u00e7re ile birle\u015fti\u011fi yerlerde Como isminde \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir g\u00f6l vard\u0131r. O zamanlar Milano D\u00fckal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Como b\u00f6lgesi, \u0130talya \u00e7izmesinin Merkez Avrupa ile ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerden birinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan da zenginle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu b\u00f6lgedeki zenginle\u015fmenin verdi\u011fi bilgi birikimiyle kendini geli\u015ftiren iki \u0130talyan biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve aralar\u0131ndaki d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretken ortam\u0131n, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek bir bulu\u015fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 muhtemelen o d\u00f6nemde kimse tahmin edemezdi. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki ki, elektrikle ilgili en eski bilgileri d\u00fczenleyen ve bu kavram\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7an bizim bildi\u011fimiz ilk ki\u015fi Gaius Plinius da Como da do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

18.y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130talyas\u0131, Roma Katoli\u011fi ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n halen devam etti\u011fi, \u201cTanr\u0131 Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n insan kullar\u0131n \u00fczerinde egemenlik kurdu\u011fu zamanlard\u0131. Papal\u0131k h\u00e2kimiyetindeki \u0130talya\u2019da biliminsanlar\u0131, kainat\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n endam\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan ki\u015filer olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla biliminsanlar\u0131na ilahi bir sayg\u0131 duyuluyor, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fler birer ibadet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6yle bir zamanda kendisine d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli \u00fcniversitelerinden biri olan Bologna \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde kolayca kadro bulmay\u0131 ba\u015faran, Katolik biliminin y\u00fckselen y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 olan Luigi Galvani, merkez Avrupas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan rasyonalizm ve pozitivizm gibi ak\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktayd\u0131. Galvani\u2019ye g\u00f6re evrenin k\u00f6keni ya da i\u015fleyi\u015fi gibi konular\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak yerine Tanr\u0131n\u0131n bah\u015fetti\u011fi akl\u0131, yaln\u0131zca kullar\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullanmal\u0131lard\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla elektrik kavram\u0131 Galvani i\u00e7in, olduk\u00e7a umut vaat eden ve m\u00fchendisli\u011fe uygulamalar\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle ger\u00e7ek fizik denebilecek bir konumdayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

18. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca biliminsanlar\u0131 elektri\u011fi anlayabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 ana ba\u015fl\u0131kta deneyler yapt\u0131lar: elektrik \u00fcreten hayvanlar, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar ve s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeyle statik elektrik. D\u00f6nemin bu alandaki akademik tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131; elektri\u011fin hayvansal bir kaynak taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 \u00fcretiliyor oldu\u011fuydu. \u015eayet \u00f6yleyse, bu y\u00fcksek enerjiyi depolaman\u0131n yolu, belirli bir alana bir s\u00fcr\u00fc elektrik \u00fcreten hayvan\u0131 depolamaktan m\u0131 ge\u00e7iyordu?<\/p>\n

\u00c7orba yap\u0131l\u0131rken do\u011fan kavram: \u201cHayvansal elektrik\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Luigi Galvani, bir seferinde bir s\u00fcr\u00fc kurba\u011fa baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 demir bir \u00e7ite asm\u0131\u015f, sonras\u0131nda demir \u00e7iti de kurba\u011falar\u0131n bacaklar\u0131na dokundurtmu\u015ftu. Bu \u015fekilde oynayan kurba\u011fa bacaklar\u0131n\u0131, savundu\u011fu \u201chayvansal elektrik\u201d kavram\u0131na bir kan\u0131t olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130\u015fte t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 kafas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7iren Luigi Galvani, bir ak\u015fam<\/p>\n

evinde sebze \u00e7orbas\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00e7orba, arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da seviliyordu ve tarifini kimseye vermeyen Galvani\u2019nin s\u0131rr\u0131, tencereye bir \u00e7ift kurba\u011fa baca\u011f\u0131 atmakt\u0131. Derisi y\u00fcz\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kurba\u011fa baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kasl\u0131 eti, hem \u00e7orbaya tat veriyor, hem de besleyici suda bekleyen bacaklar, Galvani\u2019nin tasvirine g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a lezzetli oluyorlard\u0131. Fakat o ak\u015fam garip bir \u015fey oldu.<\/p>\n

Galvani, kurba\u011fan\u0131n derisini y\u00fczerken terli ve muhtemelen statik elektrikle y\u00fckl\u00fc olan ellerini yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla kurba\u011fan\u0131n baca\u011f\u0131nda bulunan damarlardan birine de\u011fdirdi ve kurba\u011fadan gelen bir \u00e7arpma \u015foku hissetti. Kurba\u011fan\u0131n bacaklar\u0131 bir anda oynamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Galvani \u00e7ok korkmu\u015ftu. Titreyerek etrafa bak\u0131nd\u0131. Kurba\u011fay\u0131 sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn olduk\u00e7a \u015fim\u015fekler \u00e7akan, f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 bir g\u00fcnd\u00fc. \u201cBelki de bu sebeple kurba\u011fa elektriklendi\u201d diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek yeme\u011fi yapmaya devam etti. Gece bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc akl\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmayan bu olay, f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 olmayan sakin bir g\u00fcnde sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kurba\u011fa ile ayn\u0131 s\u00fcreci yeniden denemesine sebep oldu. Bu sefer metal ve daha ince bir telin bir ucunu, ikiye b\u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurba\u011fan\u0131n bacaklar\u0131na, di\u011fer ucunu da beyne yak\u0131n omuirilik b\u00f6lgesine de\u011fdirdi ve yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u201cdevre\u201d sayesinde kurba\u011fan\u0131n sanki hayattaym\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na hareket etti\u011fini fark etti. \u201cEvet…\u201d diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc Galvani: \u201cHayvanlar elektrik \u00fcretiyor olmal\u0131.\u201d Daha sonra statik elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc \u00e7ubuklarla ayn\u0131 deneyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Daha \u00f6nce yapt\u0131klar\u0131na benzer etkileri yeniden g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u201cHayvansal elektrik\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi ve o zamana kadar var oldu\u011fu bilinen elektrik kaynaklar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir elektrik buldu\u011funu savunan Galvani; \u00f6l\u00fc bir cesedin kalbine de yeterince y\u00fcksek dozda elektrik verilirse, kalbin yeniden atabilece\u011fini de \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n

Hemen, buldu\u011fu sonucun makalesini yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bologna\u2019da fel\u00e7 olmu\u015f insanlara kurba\u011fada yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na benzer bir \u015fekilde iletken teller ba\u011flayan Galvani, kimi zaman fel\u00e7li insan bacaklar\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti. Galvani\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u201chayvansal elektrik\u201d, bir canl\u0131n\u0131n kafas\u0131nda \u00fcretilip t\u00fcm v\u00fccutta ayn\u0131 bir kan gibi dola\u015f\u0131p kaslar\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Hayvansal elektrik, elbette Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131 ve kullar\u0131na \u00fcflenmi\u015fti ve b\u00fcy\u00fck yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n eseriydi. Fakat kendisine tamam\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 olan bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn gelmesi gecikmedi. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, zaman\u0131n onun gibi \u00f6nde gelen bir ba\u015fka elektrik fizik\u00e7isi olan Alessandro Volta\u2019dan gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

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Alessandro Volta\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi pil ile yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 portresi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Elektri\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fada arayan biliminsan\u0131: Volta ve pili<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alessandro Volta, Galvani ile ayn\u0131 zamanlarda Como\u2019da ya\u015fayan bir biliminsan\u0131yd\u0131. Papal\u0131k ve onun etkisi alt\u0131ndaki bilimi \u201cbat\u0131l inan\u00e7 ve yobazl\u0131k\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlayan Volta\u2019ya g\u00f6re bilim, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dinin esaretinden kurtaracak ve yepyeni bir \u00e7a\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131. Bilim, yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n diniydi. B\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle pozitivizm etkisinde kalan Volta i\u00e7in hayvansal elektrik kavram\u0131n\u0131n bilimde kesinlikle yeri yoktu ve olu\u015fan bu elektri\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131 do\u011fan\u0131n kendisiydi. Galvani\u2019nin elektriksel a\u00e7\u0131dan y\u00fckl\u00fc \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 kurba\u011fa baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sinirlerine dokundurdu\u011fu deney ise tam olarak kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tl\u0131yordu. Metaller, y\u00fckl\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hayvan\u0131 oynatmaktayd\u0131. Fakat Volta\u2019n\u0131n bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, tek ba\u015f\u0131na Galvani\u2019nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fine g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcremezdi. E\u011fer kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini kan\u0131tlamak istiyorsa, bir \u015fekilde kayna\u011f\u0131 hayvan olmayan bir elektrik kayna\u011f\u0131, bir pil \u00fcretmeliydi. Bu daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fey de\u011fildi.(3)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Volta, s\u0131k s\u0131k farkl\u0131 \u015feylerin, \u00f6zellikle metallerin tad\u0131na bakmay\u0131 severdi. Bir g\u00fcn akl\u0131na statik elektri\u011fin tad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p alamayaca\u011f\u0131 geldi. Y\u00fckl\u00fc bir metali, a\u011fz\u0131nda farkl\u0131 metallerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bozuk paralar varken diline de\u011fdirdi ve dilinde ilgin\u00e7 bir duygu hissetti. \u0130\u00e7i k\u0131p\u0131r k\u0131p\u0131r olmu\u015f, dili g\u0131d\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f ve a\u011fz\u0131ndaki tat de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015fti. Volta, bu elementlerle elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Peki bu hissetti\u011fi fenomeni su dolu bir kap gibi kapal\u0131 bir ortamda depolayabilir miydi?<\/p>\n

Bunu ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in eski makaleleri okumaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130ngiliz fizik\u00e7i Henry Cavendish\u2019in, vatoz bal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n fizyolojisi ve anatomisi \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makele ilgisini \u00e7ekti. Cavendish ve \u00f6\u011frencilerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, vatoz bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131nda, elektrik \u00fcretmesini sa\u011flayan ufak g\u00f6zenekler bulunmaktayd\u0131. Belki de bu g\u00f6zenekler \u00e7ok \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde titre\u015ferek elektrik \u00fcretiyordu. Hatta bu g\u00f6zeneklerde belki elektri\u011fin depolanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak metaller vard\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 dildeki gibi… Volta, vatoz bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Darphaneden bozuk para yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ince bak\u0131r tabakalar ald\u0131. Bu tabakalar\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi asidik su ile \u0131slatan Volta, birbiri \u00fcst\u00fcne s\u0131ras\u0131yla dizmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00dcst \u00fcste dizilmi\u015f, asitli suyla \u0131slat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bak\u0131r tabakalar\u0131 birbiriyle metal bir devreyle birle\u015ftiren Volta, tabakan\u0131n iki ucundan gelen devreleri diline de\u011fdirdi. Dilinde, y\u00fckl\u00fc bir metal ve bozuk paralarda tatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tad\u0131n ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hissetti. Volta, elektri\u011fi tad\u0131yordu ve bu sefer bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine de\u011fil, s\u00fcrekli bir \u015fekilde akan elektri\u011fi hissediyordu. Volta, ilk tutarl\u0131 pili \u00fcretmi\u015fti. Dilinde hissetti\u011fi ve akan elektri\u011fe ak\u0131m (current\u00a0 I) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi.<\/p>\n

Elektrik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Volta, yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bir makale halinde yay\u0131mlay\u0131nca, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyadan bir\u00e7ok biliminsan\u0131 Volta\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kendi laboratuvar\u0131nda denemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Avusturya\u2019da bir grup \u00f6\u011frenci, Volta tipi bir pili \u00fcretip kablolar\u0131 suya de\u011fdirince buhar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, suyun \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Ba\u015fka bir grup, iki kablonun aras\u0131na nemli hava koyduklar\u0131nda y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Art\u0131k yeni bir \u00e7a\u011f ba\u015fl\u0131yordu: Elektrik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131… T\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca Galvani\u2019nin siyasi bask\u0131s\u0131yla fakirlik i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan Volta, zaman i\u00e7inde d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc bir biliminsan\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti. Galvani ise bilimsel ger\u00e7ekleri kabul etmek yerine bilimsel camian\u0131n yan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bir g\u00fcn kendisinin hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia ederek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini savunmaya devam etti. Sonraki y\u0131llarda ise fakirlik i\u00e7inde, Bologna\u2019da ufak bir dairede ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Almanya\u2019da Siemens marka, toplu ta\u015f\u0131mada kullan\u0131lan bir elektrikli tramvay. Elektri\u011fin ve sanayinin ileri itti\u011fi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda, toplumun ve ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finin \u00f6nemli sembollerinden biri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

On y\u0131llar sonra ilk pil fabrikas\u0131 kurulurken, pilin sahip oldu\u011fu y\u00fck ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen elektrik potansiyelinin birimine, Volta\u2019n\u0131n miras\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fatmak ad\u0131na \u201cVolt(V)\u201d ad\u0131 verildi. Pillerin matematiksel \u00f6zellikleriyle ilgilenen matematiksel fizik\u00e7i Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e9ere, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, voltaj\u0131n ve ak\u0131m\u0131n voltaj\u0131n di\u011fer ucuna u\u011fra\u015fmak i\u00e7in sarf etti\u011fi direncin birbirleriyle \u201cVolt = ak\u0131m x diren\u00e7\u201d \u015feklinde ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ve orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetti.<\/p>\n

Galvani ile Volta aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bu sava\u015f, yaln\u0131zca iki biliminsan\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bir sava\u015f de\u011fil, akademide birbiriyle \u00e7eli\u015fen iki farkl\u0131 ya\u015fam g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn de sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. Dinin, dogmac\u0131 biliminin sona erdi\u011finin ve art\u0131k destek g\u00f6rmeyen demode bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6stergesi olan Volta-Galvani rekabetinin ard\u0131ndan, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda bilimsel camiaya tamamiyle h\u00e2kim olmay\u0131 ba\u015faran pozitivizm, Sanayi Devrimi\u2019yle birlikte t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131larak 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve kuantum teorisinin ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlara dek, akademinin ve toplumun bilime bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bilim, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurtaracak ve yepyeni bir \u00e7a\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131. Biliminsanlar\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 eski \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n din adamlar\u0131 gibi, toplumun ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fa h\u00e2kimiyetinin ve kurtulu\u015funun sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131yd\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden en y\u00fcksek sayg\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6rmeliydi. Tam olarak bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde, Friedrich Nietzsche\u2019nin, bu zamanlar\u0131n tam da ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda kitab\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc bir c\u00fcmle vard\u0131r. Bu arka plan bilgisine sahip olundu\u011funda daha da anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmakta: \u201cTanr\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc, onu \u00f6ld\u00fcren biziz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ek<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Giovanni Aldini\u2019nin \u201cEssai th\u00e9orique et exp\u00e9rimental sur le galvanisme\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde yer alan ve \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f insan\u0131 elektrikle canland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan deneylerini g\u00f6steren bir \u00e7izim.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hayvansal elektrikten Frankenstein\u2019a<\/strong><\/p>\n

Galvani\u2019nin fikirlerinin demode kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131la k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc elektrik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretildi\u011fi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Galvani\u2019nin ye\u011feni fizik\u00e7i Giovanni Aldini, day\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle fel\u00e7li insanlar \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerden \u00e7ok etkilenerek, kadavralar \u00fczerinde elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkilerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya karar verir. E\u011fer day\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi ortada Tanr\u0131sal bir elektrik varsa, belki de \u00f6l\u00fcler yeniden diriltilebilirdi. Saplant\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde bu fikre ba\u011flanan Aldini, Papal\u0131k\u2019a yak\u0131n yerlerde bu deneylere izin \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131nca Londra\u2019ya gider ve 1803 y\u0131l\u0131nda idam edilecek su\u00e7lu George Foster\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fc v\u00fccudunda deney yapmak i\u00e7in kendisine izin verilir. George Forster, ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi bir sinir krizi ile kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u011farak \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek kanala atm\u0131\u015f bir katildir. As\u0131larak idam edilmesinin ard\u0131ndan hemen laboratuvara getirilen Forster\u2019\u0131n kafas\u0131 kesilir ve kafas\u0131yla v\u00fccudunun aras\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kablolar ge\u00e7irilerek v\u00fccuduna y\u00fcksek dozlarda elektrik verilir.<\/p>\n

Olay\u0131 o zamanlar haber olarak yay\u0131mlayan The Newgate Calendar<\/em> gazetesine g\u00f6re(4) <\/sup>olay \u015f\u00f6yle ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cSu\u00e7luya kablolar ba\u011flan\u0131p elektrik verildi\u011fi anda, v\u00fccudu sanki i\u00e7ine \u015feytan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f gibi titremeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve aya\u011fa kalkarak do\u011fruldu. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra da elektrik kesilince v\u00fccut ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde yere y\u0131\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in, sanki tanr\u0131sal bir g\u00fc\u00e7le \u00f6l\u00fc yeniden dirilitilmi\u015fti.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu olay ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hen\u00fcz 5 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan ve bu olay\u0131 ailesinden duyan yazar Mary Shelley, gen\u00e7lik \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda bu olaydan etkilenerek bir kitap yazar. Kitapta \u0130talya\u2019da ya\u015fayan bir profes\u00f6r olan Frankenstein (muhtemelen Aldini), bir \u00f6l\u00fcy\u00fc elektrikle yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131r ve sonras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fc oradan ka\u00e7arak bir ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr. Kitab\u0131n devam\u0131nda Shelley, bu t\u00fcr bir durumda canavar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu ye\u015fil-yar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fc yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131n nas\u0131l davranabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek \u00e7e\u015fitli olaylar tasvir eder. Bu kitap ve ya\u015fanan olay, de\u011fi\u015fen bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n, yeni bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n habercisidir adeta.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar ve Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- https:\/\/www.openbible.info\/topics\/eating_catfish<\/p>\n

2- \u201cElectric\u201d maddesi, Oxford English Dictionary. Fenikece ve eski Antik Yunan dilinde \u201celektron\u201d par\u0131ldayan demek. Eski Latince\u2019de ise \u201celectricus\u201d, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m gibi \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7an gibi bir anlama gelmekte.<\/p>\n

3- \u201cBa\u011fdat pili\u201d ad\u0131 verilen ve Sasani Devleti\u2019nde bulunan maddeler Volta\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 pile benzemekle beraber, bu cihaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten bir pil olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in halen daha fazla kan\u0131t gerekmekte. Bu y\u00fczden bu duruma bir ilk diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

4-\u00a0The Newgate Calendar<\/em> gazetesinin 18 Ocak 1803 y\u0131l\u0131na ait haber ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131: http:\/\/www.exclassics.com\/newgate\/ng464.htm<\/p>\n

5- https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/historyoftheorie00whitrich<\/p>\n

6- http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0361923098000239<\/p>\n

7-\u00a0https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/pioneerselectri00munrgoog<\/p>\n

8-http:\/\/ethw.org\/Milestones:Volta’s_Electrical_Battery_Invention,_1799<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Galvani\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u201chayvansal elektrik\u201d, bir canl\u0131n\u0131n kafas\u0131nda \u00fcretilip t\u00fcm v\u00fccutta ayn\u0131 bir kan gibi dola\u015f\u0131p kaslar\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Hayvansal elektrik, elbette Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm canl\u0131 ve kullar\u0131na \u00fcflenmi\u015fti ve b\u00fcy\u00fck yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n eseriydi. Kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn gelmesi gecikmedi: Volta, Papal\u0131k ve onun etkisi alt\u0131ndaki bilimi \u201cbat\u0131l inan\u00e7 ve yobazl\u0131k\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor; bilimin \u00a0insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dinin esaretinden kurtararak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":512,"featured_media":12949,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1130,26,605],"tags":[770,1017,1129,612],"class_list":["post-12948","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-164-sayi","category-fizik","category-unlu-deneyler","tag-din-ve-bilim","tag-elektrik","tag-hayvansal-elektrik","tag-tanri"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t