{"id":12956,"date":"2017-11-21T12:10:10","date_gmt":"2017-11-21T09:10:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=12956"},"modified":"2018-02-13T12:35:05","modified_gmt":"2018-02-13T09:35:05","slug":"isik-hizi-olcumlerinden-kutlecekimsel-dalga-belirlenmesine-nobel-odullerine-kosan-deney-aleti-michelson-interferometresi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/11\/21\/isik-hizi-olcumlerinden-kutlecekimsel-dalga-belirlenmesine-nobel-odullerine-kosan-deney-aleti-michelson-interferometresi","title":{"rendered":"I\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinden k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel dalga belirlenmesine, Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcllerine ko\u015fan deney aleti: Michelson interferometresi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bildi\u011finiz gibi, bu y\u0131lki Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlenmesi ve bunun i\u00e7in LIGO (Lazer \u0130nterferometre K\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel Dalga G\u00f6zlemevi) dedekt\u00f6rlerinin kurulmas\u0131na verildi. <\/em><\/p>\n

LIGO, D\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck Michelson interferometresini in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir. Biz de bu y\u0131lki Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcne giden s\u00fcrecin en ba\u015f\u0131na, Michelson interferometresinin<\/strong> ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlara gidip, bu deney aletinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na de\u011finecek ve \u00f6nemli bir deneysel fizik\u00e7i olan Albert Michelson\u2019\u0131n hayat\u0131ndan anekdotlar da aktaraca\u011f\u0131z.<\/em><\/p>\n

LIGO ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 t\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131yla s\u00fcr\u00fcyor, bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde ilk defa \u201ckilonova\u201d ad\u0131 verilen patlamaya tan\u0131kl\u0131k ettik. \u0130ki n\u00f6tron y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla alt\u0131n, uranyum gibi elementleri var eden bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc nadir olay\u0131, birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak hem X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, hem optik, hem de k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel dalga alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 anda yakalad\u0131k. Bu sayede, art\u0131k klasik anlamda periyodik tablo elementlerinin a\u011f\u0131r olanlar\u0131n\u0131n da olu\u015fum s\u00fcreci hakk\u0131nda fikir sahibiyiz. \u0130ki karadelik \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda evreni ne derece b\u00fck\u00fcp dalgaland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da biliyoruz. Nitekim bu y\u0131lki Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc de bu durumdan m\u00fctevellit olarak LIGO ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131na verildi. Bu, yaln\u0131zca geli\u015fen teknolojinin ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fsiz f\u0131rsatlardan biri de\u011fil. Ayn\u0131 zamanda de\u011fi\u015fen bir bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n da habercisi adeta. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczy\u0131l bu t\u00fcr konular \u00fczerine \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck, kuramlar, modeller, hesaplamalar \u00fcretip durduk. Deney ara\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7ok iyi de\u011fildi ama, \u015fu anda kulland\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n temellerini olu\u015fturdular. Fakat Einstein\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 son makalesinde \u201cK\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel dalgalar\u0131 yakalamak insan teknolojisi ile neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r\u201d demesi gibi bir umutsuzluk vard\u0131. \u015eimdiyse CERN\u2019deki Higgs bozonu ve anti-madde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri, Hubble ile yap\u0131lan g\u00f6kada k\u00fcmeleri g\u00f6zlemleri, Kepler ile yap\u0131lan ya\u015fan\u0131labilir \u00f6tegezegen analizleri… \u0130nsanl\u0131k deneysel ve g\u00f6zlemsel fizi\u011fin alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yor adeta. Elimizdeki modellerin birer birer do\u011frulanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu hareketli \u00e7a\u011f, 100. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde oldu\u011fumuz Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin toplumsal normlar\u0131 ba\u015ftan yazmas\u0131 gibi bir etki yarataca\u011fa benziyor. Bizler de, b\u00f6yle bir g\u00fczel zaman\u0131 yakalam\u0131\u015fken, bu y\u0131lki Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcne giden s\u00fcrecin en ba\u015f\u0131na, Michelson interferometresinin<\/em> (TDK \u201cgiri\u015fim\u00f6l\u00e7er\u201d olarak \u00e7evirmi\u015f. Asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir \u00e7eviri, fakat bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131 olan ben al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131ktan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc interferometre demeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fim) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlara gidip, bu deney aletinin nas\u0131l \u015fartlar, ne umutlar alt\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finecek; \u00f6nemli bir deneysel fizik\u00e7i olan Albert Michelson\u2019\u0131n hayat\u0131ndan anektotlar da aktaraca\u011f\u0131z. E\u011fer Michelson\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olmasayd\u0131, yukar\u0131da bahsettiklerimin hi\u00e7birisi olmayacakt\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla rotam\u0131z\u0131 Vah\u015fi Bat\u0131ya, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndaki ABD\u2019ye \u00e7eviriyoruz.<\/p>\n

Albert Michelson<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f yeni yeni a\u011far\u0131rken, iki ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Abraham annesinin kuca\u011f\u0131nda etraf\u0131 izliyordu. Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019nu a\u015farak Yeni D\u00fcnyaya ula\u015fan buharl\u0131 gemileri, o d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin bir numaral\u0131 dura\u011f\u0131 olan New York Liman\u0131\u2019na yana\u015ft\u0131. Michelson Ailesi, art\u0131k Yahudi olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in horg\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckleri Prusya h\u00e2kimiyetindeki Leh diyar\u0131nda de\u011fillerdi. Bu farkl\u0131 \u00fclkenin f\u0131rsat dolu gelece\u011fine ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131 art\u0131k. Fakat b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir tehlikelerle doluydu. New York hayat\u0131na tutunman\u0131n kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayan aile, \u00fclkenin daha i\u00e7 kesimlerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmenin aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. 1850\u2019lerin ABD\u2019sinde hen\u00fcz Bat\u0131 eyaletleri yeterince yerle\u015fik de\u011fildi. Halen \u00fclkenin Bat\u0131 yakas\u0131ndan Do\u011fu yakas\u0131na gitmek bin bir emek gerektiriyordu ve Vah\u015fi Bat\u0131 kasabalar\u0131 d\u00fcnyada bir insan\u0131n ya\u015fayabilece\u011fi en iyi yerlerden de\u011fildi. \u00dclkenin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle otorite sa\u011flamas\u0131 zaman alacakt\u0131 ve b\u00f6yle bir zaman diliminde New York\u2019a bir haber ula\u015ft\u0131. Yeni kurulmu\u015f Kaliforniya eyaletinde y\u00fcksek miktarlarda alt\u0131n bulunmu\u015ftu, on binlerce madenciye ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131. D\u00f6nemin yoksullar\u0131 \u201cThe Gold Rush\u201d ad\u0131 verilen, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye de \u201cAlt\u0131na H\u00fccum\u201d olarak terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131yla solu\u011fu ak\u0131n ak\u0131n Do\u011fu yakas\u0131nda ald\u0131lar. Herkesin hayali \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nlar\u0131 sat\u0131p zengin olmakt\u0131. Bu furyaya kap\u0131larak Nevada eyaletindeki Murphy\u2019s Camp ad\u0131nda bir madenci kasabas\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7en Michelson ailesi, burada bir ya\u015fam kurmaya karar verdi. Albert ilkokuldan mezun oldu\u011funda, alt\u0131n t\u00fcccarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan babas\u0131n\u0131n durumu iyile\u015fmi\u015f, orta s\u0131n\u0131fa y\u00fckselen ailenin refah\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

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1850\u2019lerde New York Liman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir tasviri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Babas\u0131, Nevada\u2019n\u0131n da\u011flarla kapl\u0131 ve kurak diyar\u0131nda ortalama bir tahsil g\u00f6ren Albert\u2019in e\u011fitim hayat\u0131na devam etmesini istiyordu, fakat bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgede bir lise bile yoktu. Bu y\u00fczden Albert, Kaliforniya\u2019ya teyzesinin yan\u0131na lise e\u011fitimi almaya gitti. Son s\u0131n\u0131fa do\u011fru bir umutla ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu devlet bursu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca Amerikan Deniz Harp Akademisi\u2019ne kay\u0131t oldu. Akademide gemi g\u00fcverte i\u015flerinde hi\u00e7 iyi de\u011fildi, fakat denizle alakal\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 fizik e\u011fitimi onu \u00e7ok etkilemi\u015fti. Suyun bir dalga olmas\u0131 ve dalgalar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131klarla olan farklar\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez burada incelemeye ba\u015flayan Michelson, \u00f6zellikle optik, klimatoloji, deniz bilimleri gibi alanlarda \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olarak komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7ekmekteydi. Fakat mezun oldu\u011funda, iki y\u0131l boyunca zorunlu deniz g\u00f6revi yapmas\u0131 gerekecekti. ABD\u2019nin Karayiplerdeki donanmalar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en iki y\u0131ll\u0131k ordu g\u00f6revinin ard\u0131ndan nihayet geri d\u00f6nen Michelson, mezun oldu\u011fu akademide fizik ve kimya dersleri vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Fakat ya\u015famda bundan fazlas\u0131 olmal\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6\u011fretmenlik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde fizik g\u00fcndeminden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kalmamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, \u00f6zellikle \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri \u00fczerine okumalar yap\u0131yordu. Bo\u015f zamanlar\u0131nda da \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 daha tutarl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7menin y\u00f6ntemlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Akademiden ayr\u0131l\u0131p lisans\u00fcst\u00fc e\u011fitim almaya karar veren Michelson, kendine uygun bir yer aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131. D\u00f6nemin Avrupas\u0131 yeni fikirlerin f\u0131\u015fk\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yerdi ve bilimin neredeyse her alan\u0131na \u00f6nderlik etmekteydi. \u00d6zellikle Prusya Bilimler Akademisi gibi d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli bilimcilerini i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve optik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 da destekledi\u011finden Berlin \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde e\u011fitimine ba\u015flamaya karar veren Michelson, bu s\u0131rada Heildelberg \u00dcniversitesi ve Paris Politeknik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde de dersler ald\u0131. Art\u0131k kafas\u0131nda kurdu\u011fu hayali ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye haz\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda fizik camias\u0131n\u0131n hayal etti\u011fi \u201cesir\u201d alan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f hali.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7me yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Denizcilik, uzun okumalar yapmaya f\u0131rsat veren bir ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 oldu\u011fundan asl\u0131nda askerlik y\u0131llar\u0131nda da Michelson, d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7ilerinden L\u00e9on Foucault\u2019un \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak d\u00f6nen bir ayna ile \u00f6l\u00e7me y\u00f6ntemlerini okumu\u015f ve bu deneyleri iyile\u015ftirme yollar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bir s\u00fcre Amerikan Ulusal Denizcilik G\u00f6zlemevi\u2019nde de ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olarak bulunan Michelson\u2019\u0131n yolu, bilimin her alan\u0131na ilgi duyan, y\u00fcksek seviye bir akademik e\u011fitimi olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen uygulamal\u0131 matematikten astronomiye kadar bir\u00e7ok konuda makaleler yazm\u0131\u015f biliminsan\u0131 Simon Newcomb ile kesi\u015fti. \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemevinde bilgisayar(1)<\/sup> olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Newcomb ile Michelson, \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in deneyler tasarlamaya ba\u015flarlar. Kendilerinden \u00f6nce \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 defalarca \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, ama her \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmde de\u011ferler bir miktar farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, hata paylar\u0131 y\u00fcksek oluyordu. E\u011fer \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 sabiti ince k\u00fcsurat\u0131na kadar bulunabilirse, daha d\u00fczg\u00fcn hesaplamalar yap\u0131labilir, ileride ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak kuramlara kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flayabilirdi. Bu sebeple Michelson ve Newcomb, \u00f6nceden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 deneylerini kendi laborotuvarlar\u0131nda yap\u0131p sistemleri d\u00fczenlemeye koyuldular. \u00d6nceki muadillere benzer, fakat \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha uzun yol kat etmesiyle hesaplama hatalar\u0131n\u0131 azaltan ikili, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 299,853\u00a0\u00b1\u00a060\u00a0km\/s olarak, yani o zamana kadarki en tutarl\u0131 haliyle belirlediler.<\/p>\n

\"\"Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n makalesi sayesinde Michelson \u00fcnlenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat ortada ba\u015fka bir soru i\u015fareti vard\u0131. James Clark Maxwell, elektromanyetik teoriyi 1855\u2019den itibaren Michael Faraday\u2019\u0131n ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 elektrik y\u00fckler \u00fczerinden geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra, dalga ad\u0131 verilen fenomen \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re ses, su gibi \u015feyler dalga olarak etrafa yay\u0131l\u0131yor, enerjiyi dalga formunda ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Fakat her dalgan\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ortama ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Elektromanyetizma i\u00e7in bu elektron, ses i\u00e7in bu molek\u00fcller olabilirdi. E\u011fer \u0131\u015f\u0131k bir dalgaysa, i\u00e7inde yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortam olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Teorik olarak ortaya at\u0131lan bu kavrama \u201cAether\u201d, yani esir ad\u0131 verildi. Esir, t\u0131pk\u0131 bir elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 gibi d\u00fcz \u00e7izgisel \u015feritler halinde t\u00fcm evreni doldurmu\u015f olmal\u0131yd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc evrenin her k\u00f6\u015fesinden d\u00fcnyaya \u0131\u015f\u0131k gelmekteydi. Fakat bu t\u00fcr bir esir alan\u0131 evrende do\u011frusal olarak yay\u0131l\u0131yorsa, D\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda esir i\u00e7inde hareket edece\u011finden esire do\u011fru hareket etti\u011finde \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha h\u0131zl\u0131, esirden uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha yava\u015f gitmesi gerekiyordu. Belki de D\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yan\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n bir miktar da olsa farkl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesinin sebeplerinden biri buydu!<\/p>\n

Michelson, kafas\u0131nda bu fikirleri geli\u015ftirirken, Cleveland \u015fehrindeki Case Uygulamal\u0131 Bilimler Okulu\u2019ndan profes\u00f6rl\u00fck teklifi ald\u0131. Donanma G\u00f6zlemevi\u2019ndeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 g\u00f6revini b\u0131rak\u0131p d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir kadroya sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 ve akademisyen olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131 \u00fcniversiteye ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131. Cleveland\u2019da Edward Morley ad\u0131nda bir kimyac\u0131yla arkada\u015f oldu. Morley, oksijen gibi gazlar\u0131n yo\u011funluklar\u0131 ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi dalgalara etkileri \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan bir biliminsan\u0131yd\u0131. Cleveland\u2019da da Western Reserve Koleji\u2019nde t\u0131p ve di\u015f hekimli\u011fi \u00f6\u011frencilerine Genel Kimya dersleri vermekteydi. O d\u00f6nemde bilimsel camiada varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan esir hakk\u0131nda bir \u015feyler \u00f6\u011frenmek onun i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemliydi; zira atomik a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, \u00f6za\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, yo\u011funluk gibi kavramlarla esirin -e\u011fer varsa- bir ili\u015fi\u011fi olabilirdi. Bu motivasyonla, Michelson ve Morley, esiri ke\u015ffedebilmek i\u00e7in bir deney d\u00fczene\u011fi tasarlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

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Michelson-Morley deneyinin bir foto\u011fraf\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Michelson-Morley deneyi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Michelson, Avrupa\u2019da bulundu\u011fu y\u0131llarda bir interferometre g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu t\u00fcr ara\u00e7lar\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da fark\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7erken \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yolculuk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcp\u00fcn iki ucunun birbirinden uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn daha da hassasla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, fakat bu sefer de ortamdaki g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc kirlili\u011finin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zaten biliyordu. Morley ile bu konular\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, ak\u0131llar\u0131na Michelson\u2019\u0131n kafas\u0131ndaki bu iki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi birle\u015ftirmek geldi. Michelson ve Morley, birbirlerinden \u00e7ok \u00e7ok uzak bir de\u011fil iki t\u00fcp alarak, iki farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nden \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6nderecekler ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcrelerini k\u0131yaslayacaklard\u0131. Bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilerletip yar\u0131ge\u00e7irgen bir ayna arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ikiye ay\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra, X ekseni ve Y ekseni olarak belirledikleri yerlere \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6ndereceklerdi. \u0130ki farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ne giden \u0131\u015f\u0131k demetleri uzun t\u00fcplerin i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ip aynalara \u00e7arpacak, sonra da yans\u0131y\u0131p geldikleri y\u00f6nden geri d\u00f6n\u00fcp, yeniden birle\u015ferek alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131ya ula\u015facaklard\u0131 (Bkz. Fig\u00fcr 1). E\u011fer gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131klarda (X ve Y eksenleri) faz farkl\u0131 olursa, bu fark esirin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve belli bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru akt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayacakt\u0131. Hatta esirin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de ke\u015ffedebileceklerdi. Gerekli b\u00fct\u00e7e sa\u011flan\u0131nca ikili deney d\u00fczene\u011fini in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve deneyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Michelson-Morley deneyinin sonucunun yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 makaledeki bir tablo. \u0130kiye ayr\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131kta en ufak bir dalga farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Deneyin sonucu tam bir fiyaskoydu. Her denemede ayn\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k demetini g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Y\u00f6n ne kadar de\u011fi\u015firse de\u011fi\u015fsin, \u0131\u015f\u0131klar tam olarak ayn\u0131 zamanlarda, ayn\u0131 fazlarda var\u0131yorlard\u0131. Peki bu ne demekti? Bin y\u0131llard\u0131r var oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen esir diye bir \u015fey, asl\u0131nda yok muydu? O halde \u0131\u015f\u0131k neyin i\u00e7inde yay\u0131l\u0131yordu? Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k i\u00e7indeydi. \u00d6yle ki Britanya Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi\u2019nde Lord Kelvin, Joseph J. Johnson gibi fizik\u00e7iler, \u201cKesinlikle bir yerlerde hata yapm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131 bu Amerikal\u0131lar\u201d diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek benzer deney d\u00fczenekleri in\u015fa ettiler (Michelson-Morley deneyinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczene\u011fe Michelson interferometresi ad\u0131 verildi). Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki Michelson interferometreleri de ayn\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra sessizlik h\u00e2kim oldu. Ya\u015fanan bu sessizlik ve duraklama, birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l sonra \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de bir patent enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde memur olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p ailesine bakmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc gen\u00e7 bir adam sayesinde de\u011fi\u015fecekti. O adama g\u00f6re, \u0131\u015f\u0131k hem bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k hem de dalgayd\u0131. Yani \u0131\u015f\u0131k, k\u00fctlesiz bir par\u00e7ac\u0131kt\u0131. I\u015f\u0131k bir fotondu. Albert Einstein\u2019\u0131n bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, fizi\u011fin klasik y\u00f6ntemlerle t\u0131kand\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktaya modern bir yakla\u015f\u0131m getirmi\u015f, bamba\u015fka bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Albert Michelson ise deneyinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin ard\u0131ndan bir bak\u0131ma hevesini yitirdi. I\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 daha tutarl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7me maceras\u0131na ve akademisyenli\u011fe geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapt\u0131. Fakat bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken 1907 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneyler ve tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 optik sistemlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclerek Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc almay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ilk ABD\u2019li ki\u015fi oldu. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Pasadena\u2019daki bir Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde 1920\u2019de yap\u0131lan bir fizik konfersans\u0131, soldan sa\u011fa: Albert A. Michelson, Albert Einstein, Robert Millikan.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bilimsel camia g\u00f6z\u00fcnde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131ktan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Michelson, itibar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 kaybetmedi, aksine her zaman d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en sayg\u0131n deneysel fizik\u00e7ilerinden biri olarak kald\u0131. Zaman zaman Donanma\u2019da da \u00e7e\u015fitli ge\u00e7ici g\u00f6revler alan Michelson, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda komutanl\u0131k yapt\u0131ktan sonra 1922\u2019de Santa Barbara kentinde ya\u015fanan deprem sonras\u0131 orduyla birlikte arama kurtarma ve arazi tan\u0131mlama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Sonras\u0131nda da Carl Sagan gibi \u00f6nemli biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n yolunun d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi Chicago \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin Fizik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kuran Michelson, bu noktadan sonra \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar \u00e7o\u011funlukla bilimsel de\u011fil, b\u00fcrokratik ya da askeriyeyle alakal\u0131 i\u015flerle me\u015fgul oldu. Tarihin en \u00f6nemli \u201cba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z\u201d deneyinin mucidi Michelson, in\u015fa ettikleriyle nas\u0131l bir Pandora\u2019n\u0131n Kutusu a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan habersiz bir bi\u00e7imde, 1931\u2019de 78 ya\u015f\u0131nda hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumdu.<\/p>\n

\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden\u00a0 yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131l sonra, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel dalga \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in Michelson interferometresi kullanma fikir ilk kez ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. 1980\u2019lerde ABD Ulusal Bilim Kurumu (NSF) ile Massachussets ve Kaliforniya Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcleri (MIT ve CALTECH) g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirerek Lazer \u0130nterferometreleri K\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel G\u00f6zlemevi (LIGO) kurumunu kurdular. Ke\u015ffetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131 \u015feyin belirsizliklerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, ancak 1988\u2019de gerekli b\u00fct\u00e7eyi elde eden LIGO 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck Michelson interferometresini in\u015fa etti. Uzun s\u00fcre umutsuzluklarla ve b\u00fct\u00e7e kesintileriyle ge\u00e7en y\u0131llardan sonra, 2015\u2019de cihazlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncelleyen kurum 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel dalga g\u00f6zlemini, bir Michelson interferometresi sayesinde yapacak, Pandora\u2019n\u0131n Kutusunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131. Peki LIGO\u2019dan \u00f6nce ne vard\u0131? Bir sonraki say\u0131m\u0131zda LIGO \u00f6ncesinde k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel dalgalar\u0131n ke\u015ffi yolunda, Michelson interferometreleri haricinde denenen ba\u015fka y\u00f6ntemlerden bahsedece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015fim desenine bir \u00f6rnek. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 olan k\u0131s\u0131mlarda yap\u0131c\u0131, siyah olan k\u0131s\u0131mlarda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

\"\"I\u015f\u0131k demeti nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

I\u015f\u0131k hem bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k, hem de dalga \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterir. Bu ikili durumdan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc de kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6zellikleri vard\u0131r. \u0130ki farkl\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, dalgasal bir \u00f6zellik g\u00f6stereceklerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, e\u011fer fazlar\u0131 ayn\u0131ysa birbirleri \u00fczerine binecekler ve var olandan \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek genlikte dalgalar olu\u015facak. Buna yap\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fim (constructive interference) denir ve sebebi de dalgalar\u0131n s\u00fcperpozisyon durumudur. E\u011fer dalgalar birbirleriyle tam z\u0131t bir ak\u0131\u015f d\u00fczeninde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlarsa, birbirlerini s\u00f6n\u00fcmlerler ve hi\u00e7 \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6z\u00fckmez. Buna da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fim (destructive interference) denir. \u0130nterferometreler, yani giri\u015fim\u00f6l\u00e7erler, bu t\u00fcr giri\u015fimleri \u00f6l\u00e7mek ve k\u0131yaslamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Birden fazla giri\u015fimin bir arada oldu\u011fu yap\u0131lara da \u201cgiri\u015fim deseni\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Michelson\u2019\u0131n tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mekanik bilgisayarlardan biri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Michelson\u2019\u0131n bilgisayar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Deneysel fizi\u011fin her alan\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok seven Michelson, 1890\u2019larda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga formuyla ilgilendi\u011finden s\u0131k s\u0131k birbirinden farkl\u0131 dalga formlar\u0131nda olan \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 ay\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Periyodik dalgalar\u0131 birbirlerinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ilk \u00f6nce bu dalga formlar\u0131n\u0131 trigonometrik olarak yazabiliyor olmak gerekiyor. Bu sayede matematiksel olarak tan\u0131mlanan dalga,\u00a0 birbirinden farkl\u0131 fonksiyon serileri olarak a\u00e7\u0131labiliyor. Fourier analizi ad\u0131 verilen bu y\u00f6ntemi s\u0131k\u00e7a kullanmak ve elle saatlerce hesaplamak zorunda kalan Michelson, bir g\u00fcn b\u0131kk\u0131nl\u0131kla bu i\u015fi yapacak analog bir bilgisayar yapmaya karar verir. \u00c7arklar ve yaylarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan mekanik bilgisayar, sekiz farkl\u0131 dalga t\u00fcr\u00fcne kadar Fourier analizini ba\u015far\u0131yla yapabiliyordu. 1897\u2019de \u00fcretti\u011fi ilk aletin patentini Chicago temelli Wm. Gaertner \u015eirketine satan Michelson, 1904 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar cihaz\u0131n farkl\u0131 tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131 ve bu \u015firket de seri \u00fcretimle bu makineleri \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcniversitelere satt\u0131. T\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tek \u00f6rnekleri olan bu bilgisayarlar, Michelson\u2019\u0131n deneysel pratik zek\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dipnot<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bilgisayar kodlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k hesaplamalar \u201ccomputer\u201d, yani hesaplay\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0<\/strong>Isaac Asimov\u2019un, Ana Britannica<\/em> i\u00e7in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Albert A. Michelson biyografisi, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/Michelson-Morley-experiment<\/p>\n

– Livingston, D. M. (1973), The Master of Light: A Biography of Albert A. Michelson, Scribner,376 s.<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/physics.aps.org\/story\/v16\/st19<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bildi\u011finiz gibi, bu y\u0131lki Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlenmesi ve bunun i\u00e7in LIGO (Lazer \u0130nterferometre K\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel Dalga G\u00f6zlemevi) dedekt\u00f6rlerinin kurulmas\u0131na verildi. LIGO, D\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck Michelson interferometresini in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir. Biz de bu y\u0131lki Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcne giden s\u00fcrecin en ba\u015f\u0131na, Michelson interferometresinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlara gidip, bu deney aletinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na de\u011finecek ve \u00f6nemli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":512,"featured_media":12957,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1131,26,605],"tags":[1118,288,1085,1119,629],"class_list":["post-12956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-165-sayi","category-fizik","category-unlu-deneyler","tag-dalga","tag-fizik","tag-isik","tag-isik-hizi","tag-nobel"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12956","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/512"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12956"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12956\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12957"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12956"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12956"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12956"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}