{"id":13071,"date":"2017-09-01T17:26:19","date_gmt":"2017-09-01T14:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=13071"},"modified":"2018-02-08T17:10:53","modified_gmt":"2018-02-08T14:10:53","slug":"ciceronun-catosu-catonun-yasliligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/09\/01\/ciceronun-catosu-catonun-yasliligi","title":{"rendered":"Cicero\u2019nun Cato\u2019su, Cato\u2019nun ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kta hi\u00e7bir i\u015f yap\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenlerinse anlams\u0131z konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r Cato: \u201cDeniz yolculu\u011funda kimi dire\u011fe t\u0131rman\u0131r, kimi g\u00fcvertede ko\u015fu\u015fur, kimi sintineyi bo\u015falt\u0131rken, kaptan\u0131n d\u00fcmeni tutarak pupada \u00f6ylece oturdu\u011funu, gen\u00e7lerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden hi\u00e7bir i\u015f yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenleri and\u0131r\u0131yor b\u00f6yleleri\u201d der.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130nsan \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn giderek uzad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bunca birikimine ra\u011fmen ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili endi\u015felerimizden kurtulabilmi\u015f de\u011filiz. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik sistemlerinin, sigorta fonlar\u0131n\u0131n, sa\u011fl\u0131k kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n, devletlerin, bankalar\u0131n, k\u0131sacas\u0131 kapitalizmin bizim ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za dair t\u00fcm endi\u015felerinin de bunda ciddi bir pay\u0131 var. Bilim geli\u015fiyor, teknoloji geli\u015fiyor, t\u0131p geli\u015fiyor fakat end\u00fcstri uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve kapitalist iktisad\u0131n \u201ck\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k\u201d ve \u201cverimlilik\u201dten ba\u015fka derdi olmayan temel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015femedi\u011fi i\u00e7in insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve insanlar\u0131n gelece\u011fe dair endi\u015feleri azalm\u0131yor. \u00c7o\u011fumuzun an\u0131msayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi hayli so\u011fukkanl\u0131 Aldous Huxley\u2019in\u00a0Cesur Yeni D\u00fcnya<\/em>\u2019s\u0131nda bu soruna bulunabilecek en basit ve asl\u0131nda \u201cbaya\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sistematik bi\u00e7imde cesurca uygulanmaktad\u0131r. 60 ya\u015f\u0131na eri\u015fenlerin ya\u015famlar\u0131na topluma daha fazla faydal\u0131 olamayacaklar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle son verilmektedir. Huxley insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fine dair bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u015fimdilik yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Neyse ki, hepsi yine insan eseri say\u0131labilecek sava\u015flar, kazalar, hastal\u0131klar, a\u00e7l\u0131k, tokluk, ter\u00f6r vb. nedenler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden her g\u00fcn binlerce hayat\u0131 kaybedi\u015fimizle bir b\u00f6cek pop\u00fclasyonunun ortak akl\u0131na dahi sahip g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor olsak da bireyin hayat\u0131na atfedilen kutsall\u0131k hen\u00fcz anlam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f de\u011fil. Pek \u00e7ok \u00fclke \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6neme dair planlar\u0131nda ortalama insan \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn 100 y\u0131la do\u011fru y\u00fckselece\u011fini dikkate al\u0131yor. Kurumlar ne kadar plan yapsa da sorunun hepimizi ilgilendiren ki\u015fisel bir yan\u0131 var. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda fiziksel g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fck hissedece\u011fimiz bu uzun y\u0131llar\u0131n nas\u0131l ge\u00e7irilece\u011fi.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k i\u00e7in yepyeni bir problem s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fil asl\u0131nda. Say\u0131lar\u0131 daha az olmakla birlikte ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar hep vard\u0131. Seneca\u2019n\u0131n Lucilius\u2019a mektuplar\u0131nda, Marcus Aurelius\u2019un yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi daha pek \u00e7ok antik metinde hayat, \u00f6l\u00fcm, ya\u015fam\u0131n evreleri, gen\u00e7lik, ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k gibi konulara do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak de\u011finildi\u011fine rastlamak olas\u0131d\u0131r. Bense Cengiz \u00c7evik taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrilip T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lan Cicero\u2019nun\u00a0Ya\u015fl\u0131 Cato veya Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k \u00dczerine<\/em>\u00a0kitab\u0131ndaki Cato\u2019nun ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden s\u00f6z etmek istiyorum.\u00a0Ya\u015fl\u0131 Cato<\/em>\u00a0kendi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki Platoncu ve Stoac\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n izlerini de yans\u0131tan ve konuyu \u00f6zel bir problem olarak ele al\u0131p tart\u0131\u015fan bir metin olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n

Cicero eserinde, ya\u015fam\u0131yla oldu\u011fu gibi ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da \u00e7evresinde hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131ran Cato\u2019ya verir s\u00f6z\u00fc. Scipio ve Laelius\u2019un sorular\u0131yla do\u011fup geli\u015fen bir sohbet olarak kurgulanm\u0131\u015f eserde dile getirilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin Cato\u2019nun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri mi, yoksa Cicero\u2019nun ona yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 m\u0131 oldu\u011fu tam bilinmiyor ama Cicero\u2019nun bilgece konu\u015fturdu\u011fu Cato\u2019nun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Nitekim Cicero eserin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki ithaf k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u201cCato burada, kendi eserlerinde oldu\u011fundan daha bilgili g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrse, bunu iyi bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere, ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde Yunan edebiyat\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ver\u201d uyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131yor. Roma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ve geleneklere kat\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tan\u0131nan Cato hakk\u0131ndaki yayg\u0131n kan\u0131dan daha farkl\u0131 bir portre sunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Cato\u2019nun ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerine \u00f6\u011f\u00fctleriyse ya\u015fama dair belli bir yakla\u015f\u0131ma dayan\u0131yor. Cato \u00f6zel olarak ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa aitmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen sorunlar\u0131 asl\u0131nda hayat\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde ge\u00e7erli olan sa\u011fl\u0131k ve karakter sorunlar\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetleyecek olsak Cato\u2019nun \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek zor g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez. Gen\u00e7likte bedensel u\u011fra\u015flar \u00f6n planda olsa bile sa\u011fl\u0131k korunmal\u0131 ve ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sa\u011flam bir beden saklanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015f ilerledik\u00e7e zihinsel u\u011fra\u015flara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmelidir. \u0130nsan\u0131n kendine ve topluma faydal\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n tek \u015fart\u0131 kas g\u00fcc\u00fc de\u011fildir. Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kta hi\u00e7bir i\u015f yap\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenlerinse anlams\u0131z konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r Cato: \u201cDeniz yolculu\u011funda kimi dire\u011fe t\u0131rman\u0131r, kimi g\u00fcvertede ko\u015fu\u015fur, kimi sintineyi bo\u015falt\u0131rken, kaptan\u0131n d\u00fcmeni tutarak pupada \u00f6ylece oturdu\u011funu, gen\u00e7lerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden hi\u00e7bir i\u015f yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenleri and\u0131r\u0131yor b\u00f6yleleri\u201d der. Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kta da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, \u00f6\u011frenmeye devam etmenin \u00f6nemine de\u011finir. Atinal\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fair Solon\u2019un her g\u00fcn yeni bir \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenmekle \u00f6v\u00fcnmesini ve kendisinin ileri ya\u015f\u0131na ra\u011fmen Yunan edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesini \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6vg\u00fcyle bahsetti\u011fi Sokrates, ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda telli \u00e7alg\u0131 \u00e7almay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fl\u0131 Cato\u2019nun tavsiyeleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6mr\u00fcn sonuna dek sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kalabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc talimlerden yararlanmak, kuvveti taze tutacak bir yeme i\u00e7me al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 edinmek var. Ona g\u00f6re, bedenle birlikte belki \u00e7ok daha fazla zihne \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmelidir. \u201cTalimlerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 bedenleri y\u0131prat\u0131r, zihinler ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a tazelenir\u201d der. Toprakla ilgilenmenin, meyve yeti\u015ftirmenin, ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n insana katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlerden s\u00f6z eder. Bizden yakla\u015f\u0131k 21 as\u0131r \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir bilgenin, Cato\u2019nun ve onun diliyle bize seslenen Cicero\u2019nun fikirlerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz biliminin \u00f6\u011f\u00fctleriyle b\u00fcy\u00fck tezat olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ya\u015fl\u0131 Cato, ba\u015ftan sona neredeyse her c\u00fcmlesinde dengeye ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmaya vurgu yapar.<\/p>\n

Bir olgunluk evresi olarak g\u00f6rmesine ra\u011fmen ona g\u00f6re ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kta da sakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00c7ocukluk ve gen\u00e7lik gibi ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k da iyi ve mutlu ya\u015fama kabiliyeti olanlar\u0131n olgunlukla kar\u015f\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131 do\u011fal bir evredir. \u201cHer iyili\u011fi kendinden bekleyenlere do\u011fadaki zorunlulu\u011fun neden oldu\u011fu bir \u015feyin k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir\u201d Cato\u2019ya g\u00f6re. \u201cDo\u011fan\u0131n beceriksiz bir \u015fair gibi, ya\u015fam\u0131n di\u011fer k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 iyi yaz\u0131p da son sahneyi es ge\u00e7mesinin ger\u00e7ekle hi\u00e7bir ilgisi yoktur.\u201d Hayat bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve her d\u00f6nemi do\u011fan\u0131n bizden bekledi\u011fi vakarla ya\u015fanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kta hi\u00e7bir i\u015f yap\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenlerinse anlams\u0131z konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r Cato: \u201cDeniz yolculu\u011funda kimi dire\u011fe t\u0131rman\u0131r, kimi g\u00fcvertede ko\u015fu\u015fur, kimi sintineyi bo\u015falt\u0131rken, kaptan\u0131n d\u00fcmeni tutarak pupada \u00f6ylece oturdu\u011funu, gen\u00e7lerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden hi\u00e7bir i\u015f yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenleri and\u0131r\u0131yor b\u00f6yleleri\u201d der. \u0130nsan \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn giderek uzad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bunca birikimine ra\u011fmen ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili endi\u015felerimizden kurtulabilmi\u015f de\u011filiz. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik sistemlerinin, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":13072,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1128,513,515],"tags":[1146,1147,210],"class_list":["post-13071","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-163-sayi","category-kitapcil","category-nautilus","tag-cato","tag-cicero","tag-kitap"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t