{"id":13425,"date":"2017-06-01T17:20:03","date_gmt":"2017-06-01T14:20:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=13425"},"modified":"2018-02-08T16:21:28","modified_gmt":"2018-02-08T13:21:28","slug":"darwin-ve-yaratici","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/06\/01\/darwin-ve-yaratici","title":{"rendered":"Darwin ve \u2018yarat\u0131c\u0131\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Darwin\u2019in eserinin sonu\u00e7 c\u00fcmlesine ekledi\u011fi bu \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131\u201d vurgusunun, K\u00f6ken\u2019in yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk g\u00fcnlerden itibaren, Darwin\u2019in yak\u0131n \u00e7evresine dek uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissetti\u011fi, yo\u011fun bir dinsizlik su\u00e7lamas\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi bunalt\u0131y\u0131 hafifletmek i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6nceki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 tarif eden \u00f6nemli y\u00fczlerden birinin, Mehmet Ali Ayni\u2019nin, Tevfik Fikret\u2019in <em>Tarihi Kadim<\/em>\u2019ine cevaben yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ateizm ele\u015ftirisi de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131ndaki Darwin ve evrim de\u011finisinden s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftik. Asl\u0131nda bu de\u011finiyi de, Kerim Sadi\u2019nin me\u015fhur polemiklerinden biri \u00fczerinden yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n inan\u00e7 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na malzeme edilmesinin, kuram\u0131n temel al\u0131nan olgularla zenginle\u015ftirilen temel hatlar\u0131n\u0131n ihmal edilmesi ya da konuya pek h\u00e2kim olunamamas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade etti\u011fini hemen tekrarlayarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yerden devam edelim.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6nce hemen mevzunun zurnas\u0131n\u0131n tats\u0131z \u015fekilde \u00f6t\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fitmemize neden olan can al\u0131c\u0131 noktaya bakacak olursak: Darwin ger\u00e7ekten de, Ayni\u2019nin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u201cDarwin\u2019in bile Allah\u2019a iman etmekte, hayat ve k\u00e2inattaki kuvvetlerin Allah taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 teslim etmekte\u201d midir? Darwin\u2019in tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu, evrendeki t\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7ler ya da \u201ckuvvetler\u201d a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir yarat\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcp \u00f6ng\u00f6rmedi\u011fini net olarak bilmesek de b\u00f6yle bir soruya verebilece\u011fimiz dolayl\u0131 yan\u0131t \u201cevet\u201d olacakt\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de, <em>T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde, 1859 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ilk bask\u0131n\u0131n 14. ve 1872\u2019deki, Darwin\u2019in kendisine y\u00f6neltilen ele\u015ftirilere yan\u0131tlar i\u00e7ermesiyle temel referans niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan alt\u0131nc\u0131 bask\u0131n\u0131n 15. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan \u201cSonu\u00e7lar ve \u00d6zetler\u201d k\u0131sm\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr ifadeler yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu ifadeler tam olarak \u015fu \u015fekildedir: \u201cBenim fikrime g\u00f6re, her bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn olu\u015fumu, <em>Yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n<\/em> maddeye m\u00fchr\u00fcn\u00fc bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasalar hakk\u0131nda bildiklerimizle; yani yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ve \u015fimdiki sakinlerinin meydana geli\u015fi ve yok olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, bir bireyin do\u011fum ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyen t\u00fcrden, ikincil sebeplerden kaynaklanmas\u0131yla daha iyi uyu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.\u201d (<em>K\u00f6ken<\/em> birinci bask\u0131, 1859, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 14, s.414, italik benim.)<\/p>\n<p>Bu ifade, 1872 tarihli bask\u0131da da aynen korunmu\u015ftur (<em>K\u00f6ken<\/em>, alt\u0131nc\u0131 bask\u0131, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 15, 1872). Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, bu ifade, Darwin\u2019in bizatihi kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, sadece birka\u00e7 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi bulunan ve t\u00fcm canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda \u201cayr\u0131 ayr\u0131\u201d yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kabul eden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fle esastan ilgisizdir. Darwin\u2019in Yarat\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6znesini <em>K\u00f6ken<\/em>\u2019in sayfalar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131maya iten sebepler aras\u0131nda, evrenin de\u011fi\u015fmez yasalar\u0131n\u0131 yaratan tan\u0131mlanamaz bir g\u00fcc\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanc\u0131n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 muhtemel olmakla birlikte, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n bilim tarih\u00e7ilerinin iyi bildi\u011fi d\u00f6nemin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 itibar\u0131yla yak\u0131c\u0131 gelmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz i\u00e7eri\u011fini hafifletmek i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir \u201cyumu\u015fat\u0131c\u0131\u201d ifadeye ba\u015fvurmu\u015f olmas\u0131 da hayli muhtemeldir.<\/p>\n<p><em>T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6ken<\/em>\u2019inin ilk bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer alan ve alt\u0131nc\u0131 bask\u0131da da ayn\u0131 yerde korunan bu pasaj\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sadece son bask\u0131lara (ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla alt\u0131nc\u0131s\u0131na da) \u00f6zg\u00fc bir di\u011fer \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131\u201d vurgusuna da rastlamaktay\u0131z. Uzun bir anlat\u0131 olan <em>K\u00f6ken<\/em>\u2019in me\u015fhur biti\u015f c\u00fcmlesini bilmeyen yoktur. B\u00fct\u00fcn biyoloji tarihinin en me\u015fhur final c\u00fcmlesi diyebilece\u011fimiz ve evrimsel biyolojiyle me\u015fgul ya da bir taraf\u0131ndan evrimsel biyolojiye bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel-asal gerilimini ifade etmi\u015f ve edecek olmas\u0131 muhtemel bu c\u00fcmle \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cMuhtelif g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta birka\u00e7 ya da tek bir forma \u00fcflendi\u011fi ya\u015fam\u0131n bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde bir ihti\u015fam vard\u0131r ve bu gezegen yer\u00e7ekiminin de\u011fi\u015fmez yasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca d\u00f6nerken, son derece basit bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan en zarif ve harikulade, sonsuz \u00e7e\u015fitlilikteki formlar evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir ve evrimle\u015fmeye devam etmektedir.\u201d (1) <em>K\u00f6ken<\/em>\u2019in 1872\u2019deki alt\u0131nc\u0131 bask\u0131s\u0131nda da bu biti\u015f c\u00fcmlesi vard\u0131r ancak \u00f6nemli say\u0131labilecek bir farkla: \u201cMuhtelif g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin, <em>Yarat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan<\/em> ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta birka\u00e7 ya da tek bir forma \u00fcflendi\u011fi ya\u015fam\u0131n bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde bir ihti\u015fam vard\u0131r ve bu gezegen yer\u00e7ekiminin de\u011fi\u015fmez yasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca d\u00f6nerken, son derece basit bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan en zarif ve harikulade, sonsuz \u00e7e\u015fitlilikteki formlar evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir ve evrimle\u015fmeye devam etmektedir.\u201d (italikler benim) (2)<\/p>\n<p>Ayn\u0131 bir c\u00fcmledeki bu iki fark, hayli b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Alt\u0131nc\u0131 bask\u0131da Darwin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn evrimsel yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde, ya\u015fam\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda yaratma eyleminde bulunmu\u015f olan bir yarat\u0131c\u0131dan s\u00f6z etmekte -ve<em> K\u00f6ken<\/em>\u2019in \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri standart biyoloji anlat\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7er\u00e7evelenmi\u015f do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimle evrimle\u015fme oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re- ba\u015ftaki yaratma eylemi ard\u0131ndan canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n evrimle\u015fmeye b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131yla, ya\u015fam\u0131n bildi\u011fimiz tarihinin tezah\u00fcr etti\u011fini ima etmektedir. Bununla birlikte, sonu\u00e7 c\u00fcmlesine eklenen bu \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131\u201d vurgusunun, <em>K\u00f6ken<\/em>\u2019in yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk g\u00fcnlerden itibaren, Darwin\u2019in yak\u0131n \u00e7evresine dek uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissetti\u011fi, yo\u011fun bir dinsizlik su\u00e7lamas\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi bunalt\u0131y\u0131 hafifletmek i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini de rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak, K\u00f6ken ve Darwin ile ilgili saptama ve tart\u0131\u015fmalarda ya da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki evrimsel biyolojinin kuramsal i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan saptamalar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bu ifadelerin meselenin \u00f6z\u00fcyle ili\u015fkisinin kurulma \u00e7abalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7 \u00fcretmeyece\u011fini hemen belirtmekte fayda var. Zira ne Darwin ne de evrimsel biyoloji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir yarat\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 kabul ya da reddin kurama \u00f6z itibar\u0131yla sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131 ya da zarar bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Darwin yukarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her iki bask\u0131da da yer alan ilk ifadenin hemen ard\u0131ndan, alt\u0131nc\u0131 bask\u0131daki ufak bir de\u011fi\u015fiklikle, \u015f\u00f6yle devam etmektedir: \u201c\u2026Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olarak g\u00f6rmeyip, Kambriyen sistemindeki ilk yata\u011f\u0131n birikiminden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f kimi birka\u00e7 canl\u0131dan t\u00fcreyen soy hatlar\u0131 \u015feklinde kabul etti\u011fimde, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcceltildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe bakarak, \u015fu an ya\u015fayan tek bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn bile, suretinin de\u011fi\u015fmeden uzak bir gelece\u011fe aktar\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna g\u00fcvenle varabiliriz ve uzak bir gelecekte, \u015fu an ya\u015fayan t\u00fcrlerden sadece bir ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n torunlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, ya\u015fam\u0131n, Darwin a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan (ve modern evrimsel biyoloji \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de) ortak k\u00f6ken ili\u015fkileriyle kendini belli eden do\u011fal bir tarihi vard\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda <em>T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin kendisi tamamen biyolojik bir arg\u00fcman\u0131 esas alan biyolojik \u00f6rneklerin anlat\u0131s\u0131nda ibarettir. Darwin\u2019in, ister kendi d\u00f6neminin zorlay\u0131c\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan, isterse kimi zaman \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan muhtemel agnostikli\u011fi sebebiyle olsun, olgularla ve g\u00f6zlemlerle ili\u015fkisini s\u0131k\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ve \u0131srarla kurarak olu\u015fturdu\u011fu devasa kuram\u0131na inan\u00e7 meselesine d\u00e2hil edili\u015fi birka\u00e7 c\u00fcmleyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Mehmet Ali Ayni Darwin\u2019i ve <em>K\u00f6ken<\/em>\u2019i ateizm tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na d\u00e2hil ederken yanl\u0131\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr, s\u00f6ylediklerinin d\u00f6nemin evrim biyolojisiyle ilgisi yoktur. Bununla birlikte, Mehmet Ali Ayni\u2019nin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hatan\u0131n ayna g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn Darwin\u2019den bu yana ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de, inan\u00e7 gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarihsel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n izah\u0131 i\u00e7in evrimsel biyolojiye ba\u015fvururmu\u015f gibi yapan bir t\u00fcr avam evrimcilik ile kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda durdu\u011funu ve bu t\u00fcr \u201cevrimcili\u011fin\u201d, ruh ikizi evrim-kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 yolun yolcusu olarak, ya\u015fam hakk\u0131ndaki bu muhte\u015fem kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirdi\u011fini de unutmayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) Charles Darwin, <em>On the Origin of Species<\/em>, 1859, s.415.<\/p>\n<p>2) Charles Darwin, <em>On the Origin of Species<\/em>, 1872, s.429.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Darwin\u2019in eserinin sonu\u00e7 c\u00fcmlesine ekledi\u011fi bu \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131\u201d vurgusunun, K\u00f6ken\u2019in yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk g\u00fcnlerden itibaren, Darwin\u2019in yak\u0131n \u00e7evresine dek uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissetti\u011fi, yo\u011fun bir dinsizlik su\u00e7lamas\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi bunalt\u0131y\u0131 hafifletmek i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u00d6nceki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 tarif eden \u00f6nemli y\u00fczlerden birinin, Mehmet Ali Ayni\u2019nin, Tevfik Fikret\u2019in Tarihi Kadim\u2019ine cevaben yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ateizm ele\u015ftirisi de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131ndaki [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":13426,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[721,1475,21,32],"tags":[197,461,200,1474],"class_list":["post-13425","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-160-sayi","category-bilim-ve-tarih","category-biyoloji","category-evrim","tag-biyoloji","tag-darwin","tag-evrim","tag-turlerin-kokeni"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13425","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13425"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13425\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13426"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13425"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13425"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13425"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}