{"id":14221,"date":"2016-12-01T11:16:22","date_gmt":"2016-12-01T08:16:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=14221"},"modified":"2017-12-13T11:25:59","modified_gmt":"2017-12-13T08:25:59","slug":"einstein-ve-schrodingerin-kediyi-oldurme-planlari-fasizmin-yukselisi-schrodingerin-unlu-kedi-deneyini-nasil-sekillendirdi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/12\/01\/einstein-ve-schrodingerin-kediyi-oldurme-planlari-fasizmin-yukselisi-schrodingerin-unlu-kedi-deneyini-nasil-sekillendirdi","title":{"rendered":"Einstein ve Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kediyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme planlar\u0131:\u00a0Fa\u015fizmin y\u00fckseli\u015fi Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in \u00fcnl\u00fc kedi deneyini nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirdi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Schr\u00f6dinger kuantum mekani\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Einstein gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu: Do\u011fa olas\u0131l\u0131ksal olamazd\u0131\u2026 \u00dcnl\u00fc kedi deneyini, Einstein ile kuantum mekani\u011fi \u00fczerine ele\u015ftirel payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi. Deney, ilk tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinden zaman i\u00e7inde ba\u015fkala\u015facakt\u0131. Y\u00fckselen fa\u015fizmin g\u00f6lgesinde, kutu i\u00e7erisindeki top d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi patlay\u0131c\u0131lara, zehirlere ve \u00f6l\u00fcm-kal\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na evrilecekti\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

Sunu\u015f:<\/strong> Orijinal ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cHow Einstein and Schr\u00f6dinger Conspired to Kill a Cat\u201d olan makaleyi, www.nautil.us sitesinden ald\u0131k ve \u00e7evirdik. Ba\u015fl\u0131k, spot, araba\u015fl\u0131k ve foto\u011fraf alt\u0131 gibi sunuma dair i\u00e7erik, taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f ya da olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Yazar:\u00a0Prof. David Kaiser<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kuantum teorisindeki ilgin\u00e7liklerin pek az\u0131 Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in \u00fcnl\u00fc kedi hik\u00e2yesi kadar \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Hik\u00e2ye, kapal\u0131 kutuda bir miktar radyoaktif maddeyle birlikte bulunan kedinin ak\u0131betiyle ilgilidir. E\u011fer radyoaktif madde bozunursa \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir zehir d\u00fczene\u011fi serbest kalacak ve kedi \u00f6lecektir; bozunum olmazsa kedi ya\u015fayacakt\u0131r. Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in bu \u00fcrpertici senaryoyu kurmas\u0131ndaki ama\u00e7, kuantum teorisinin \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermekti. Teorinin destek\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re kutu a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, kedi \u00f6l\u00fc ya da diri de\u011fildir; tam olarak \u00f6l\u00fc-diri bir kuantum durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedi hik\u00e2yesi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kedi capslerine (lolcats) mizahi y\u00f6nden s\u0131k\u00e7a konu oluyor.(1) <\/sup>Fizik ve felsefede ise bir ikilem olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Schr\u00f6dinger zaman\u0131nda, Niels Bohr ve Werner Heisenberg\u2019e g\u00f6re kedinin de sahip oldu\u011fu bu t\u00fcr hibrit durumlar do\u011fan\u0131n temel bir \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Einstein ve baz\u0131 di\u011fer fizik\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re ise do\u011fa, \u00f6l\u00fcm ya da ya\u015famdan birini se\u00e7melidir; ikisini birden de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedisi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde s\u00fcsl\u00fc bir mem olarak (e.n: Richard Dawkins bu kelimeyi, \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel iletim birimi\u201d olarak \u00fcretmi\u015ftir) kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131ksa da; Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in hik\u00e2yesini kurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanki ko\u015fullar, kurgunun evrimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece dikkate de\u011ferdir. Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131, soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve Alman entelekt\u00fcel hayat\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019i zehir, \u00f6l\u00fcm ve y\u0131k\u0131m gibi fikirlere y\u00f6neltti. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedisi bizlere kuantum mekani\u011finin ilgin\u00e7liklerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bilimcilerin de hisseden ve korkan insanlar oldu\u011funu da hat\u0131rlatmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Einstein ile Schr\u00f6dinger fikri payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda, kuantum mekani\u011finde kimi fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerin olas\u0131l\u0131k olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Einstein ile Schr\u00f6dinger arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Schr\u00f6dinger, kedi senaryosunu 1935 yaz\u0131nda, Einstein ile yak\u0131n diyalog halindeyken geli\u015ftirdi. Schr\u00f6dinger ve Einstein\u2019in s\u0131k\u0131 arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda ikisinin de Berlin\u2019e yerle\u015fmesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birlikte Viyana usul\u00fc sosis partilerine kat\u0131lan ve Einstein\u2019in yazl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fcrek \u00e7eken ikili, arkada\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 zamanla peki\u015ftirdi. Fakat genel g\u00f6relilik teorisinden sonra d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00fcne kavu\u015fan Einstein\u2019\u0131n takvimi, bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda d\u00fcnya meseleleriyle de dolmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Avusturyal\u0131 Schr\u00f6dinger ise, \u015fimdiki ad\u0131yla Schr\u00f6dinger denklemi<\/strong> olarak bilinen; kuantum mekani\u011finin dalga denklemini 1926\u2019da tan\u0131tt\u0131ktan bir y\u0131l sonra, Berlin \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde profes\u00f6r oldu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden, Einstein ile Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in iyi-niyetli \u00a0bulu\u015fmalar\u0131 sonland\u0131. Ocak 1933\u2019te Hitler Almanya \u015eans\u00f6lyesi olmu\u015ftu. O s\u0131rada Einstein Kaliforniya, Pasadena\u2019daki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret ediyordu. Berlin\u2019deki evi ve yazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Naziler taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131ld\u0131, banka hesaplar\u0131 donduruldu. Einstein da Prusya Bilim Akademisi\u2019nden istifa ederek Princeton\u2019da gitmeye koyuldu.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131rada Yahudi olmayan ve politik olarak daha yumu\u015fak bir tutum sergileyen Schr\u00f6dinger, Nazilerin ilkbaharda \u00fcniversite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na getirdi\u011fi k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 deh\u015fetle izliyordu. Yaz aylar\u0131nda ise Oxford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden gelen teklifi kabul ederek Berlin\u2019den ayr\u0131ld\u0131 (Daha sonra Dublin\u2019e yerle\u015fti). A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda yoldayken Einstein\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cMaalesef herkes gibi benim de aylard\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmak i\u00e7in gerekli huzurum kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d (2)<\/sup><\/p>\n

K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Einstein ve Schr\u00f6dinger yeniden haberle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir zamanlar sessiz sakin gezintiler e\u015fli\u011finde yap\u0131lan konu\u015fmalar, \u015fimdi Atlantik-a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 mektupla\u015fmalara d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1933\u2019teki dramatik karma\u015fadan \u00f6nce iki fizik\u00e7i de kuantum teorisine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bu katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak ikisi de kuantum denklemlerinin anlamland\u0131r\u0131lma \u00e7abalar\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015fe benzemiyordu. B\u00f6ylece k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t ve posta pullar\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fanarak hummal\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya giri\u015ftiler. (3, 4)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Einstein ile Schr\u00f6dinger tart\u0131\u015fmada ayn\u0131 tarafta: Do\u011fa olas\u0131l\u0131ksal olamaz!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Einstein ve \u0130leri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden iki gen\u00e7 meslekta\u015f\u0131 olan Borin Podolsky ve Nathan Rosen, 1935 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131 makalede, kuantum mekani\u011finin tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu savlad\u0131lar. Buna g\u00f6re, kuantum teorisinin olas\u0131l\u0131k olarak sundu\u011fu fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerin aksine, \u201cger\u00e7ekli\u011fin elementi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131, kesin ve net parametreler olmas\u0131 gerekmekteydi. (5) <\/sup>Haziran ba\u015flar\u0131nda Einstein\u2019e makalesinden dolay\u0131 tebrik mektubu yazan Schr\u00f6dinger, \u201cBerlin\u2019de tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015feyler \u00fczerinden ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m\u0131za dogmatik kuantum mekani\u011fi deniyordu\u201d diyerek dostunu \u00f6v\u00fcyordu. On g\u00fcn sonra ise Einstein \u015f\u00f6yle cevapl\u0131yordu, \u201cepistemolojiye batm\u0131\u015f grubun art\u0131k sonu gelmeli.\u201d Burada bahsetti\u011fi grup, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg gibi, kuantum mekani\u011finin olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fay\u0131 do\u011frudan tarif etti\u011fini, do\u011fan\u0131n olas\u0131l\u0131ksal oldu\u011funu savunan bilimcilerdir. (6)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar kedi hik\u00e2yesinin ilk k\u0131p\u0131rt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. Schr\u00f6dinger, bir mektubunda Einstein\u2019e iki \u00f6zde\u015f kapal\u0131 kutudan birine bir top koyuldu\u011funu hayal etmesini istedi. Kutular a\u00e7\u0131lmadan evvel, topun bulunma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yar\u0131 yar\u0131yad\u0131r. Einstein ise benzetmenin tam kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 budu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcpheliydi. Ona g\u00f6re atomik seviyede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan do\u011fru teorinin kesin de\u011ferler hesaplayabilmesi gerekiyordu. Olas\u0131l\u0131k hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 cevap olarak ele almak teoriyi yar\u0131da b\u0131rakmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ilham alan Einstein, kutu i\u00e7indeki top analojisini daha da ileriye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Fizik\u00e7ilerin yorum yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlardaki s\u00fcre\u00e7ler, insani boyutlar\u0131 etkileyecek \u015fekilde bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyi i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fczenlenirse, ne olurdu? A\u011fustos ba\u015flar\u0131nda Einstein yeni bir senaryo kurgulad\u0131: Karars\u0131z durumda bulunan, bir y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde patlayacak bir miktar barutu ele alan Einstein, \u201cprensipte bu durum kuantum mekaniksel olarak temsil edilebilir\u201d diyordu ve \u201cBa\u015flarda Schr\u00f6dinger denklem \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri akla uygun g\u00f6z\u00fckse de, y\u0131l sonunda durum farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Y\u0131l sonunda Schr\u00f6dinger dalga fonksiyonu, \u03c8-, barutun patlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \u00e7oktan patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sistemi ifade eder\u201d diye ekliyordu. Einstein\u2019e g\u00f6re Bohr bile bu mant\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmemeliydi. Ger\u00e7ekte barutun hem patlay\u0131p hem de patlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir durum s\u00f6z konusu olamazd\u0131. (7) <\/sup>Do\u011fa se\u00e7eneklerden birini tercih etmek zorundayd\u0131; fizik\u00e7iler de \u00f6yle\u2026<\/p>\n

Einstein, kuantumun teorisinin olas\u0131l\u0131ksal tarifini ele\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlara yans\u0131yan buna benzer bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyi kurgulad\u0131. Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fi, barutun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mutlak y\u0131k\u0131m \u00f6rne\u011fi ise, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen durumunun bir yans\u0131mas\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1933 Nisan ay\u0131nda arkada\u015f\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131, Hitler gibi \u201cpatalojik vakalar\u0131n\u201d nas\u0131l g\u00fc\u00e7 elde etti\u011fiyle ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubunda \u015f\u00f6yle bir not d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu: \u201cT\u00fcm olaylardaki nedenselli\u011fe ne kadar s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fumu eminim biliyorsun\u201d; kuantum ve politika benzerdir. Einstein ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Londra\u2019da \u201cg\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz f\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131ndaki y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m par\u0131lt\u0131lar\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla bir dizi konferans verdi. Ba\u015fka bir meslekta\u015f\u0131na da Almanlar\u0131n gizlice nas\u0131l silahland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p muazzam miktarda patlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcretti\u011fini deh\u015fetle anlat\u0131yordu. Einstein 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda pasifizme y\u00f6neldi\u011fini kamuoyuna duyurmu\u015ftu. (8)<\/sup><\/p>\n

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Schr\u00f6dinger deneyi en ba\u015fta kutu i\u00e7erisindeki top olarak tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; y\u00fckselen fa\u015fizmin g\u00f6lgesinde, deney patlay\u0131c\u0131lar, zehirler ve \u00f6l\u00fcm-kal\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde evrildi. \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon: Lorenzo Gritti<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Y\u00fckselen fa\u015fizmin g\u00f6lgesinde deneyin evrimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Belki de bilgi al\u0131\u015fveri\u015flerinden ilham alan Schr\u00f6dinger, \u201ckuantum mekani\u011finin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki durumu\u201d ad\u0131yla uzun bir taslak yazmaya koyuldu. Einstein\u2019in barut mektubunu ald\u0131ktan bir bu\u00e7uk hafta sonra Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in cevab\u0131 tarihsel nitelikteydi. Barut yerine ise bir kedi koymu\u015ftu!<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c7elik bir oda i\u00e7erisine Geiger sayac\u0131 ve az miktarda uranyum koydu\u011fumuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Bir saat i\u00e7erisinde bozunumun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi kadar olas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk atomik bozunman\u0131n da odada bulunan sinay\u00fcr \u015fi\u015fesini patlataca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenek haz\u0131rlans\u0131n ve \u2013zalimce ama- bir kedi de oda i\u00e7erisine hapsedilmi\u015f olsun.\u201d T\u0131pk\u0131 Einstein\u2019in \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi kuantum mekani\u011fine g\u00f6re olas\u0131 bozunma i\u00e7in gerekli zaman ge\u00e7tikten sonra \u201ckedinin \u00f6l\u00fc ve diri oldu\u011fu durumlar\u201d ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131. Einstein ise Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta, \u201cKedilerin g\u00f6steriyor ki, birbirimizi tamamen anlam\u0131\u015f bulunuyoruz\u201d diyerek memnuniyetini dile getiriyor, \u00a0\u201ckedinin \u00f6l\u00fc ve diri durumlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir dalga fonksiyonu ger\u00e7ek durumlar\u0131n tarifi olamaz\u201d diye ekliyordu. (9)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Eyl\u00fcl mektubundan sonra, Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in me\u015fhur kedisi kendini g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Makalesinin tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Die Naturwissenschaften<\/em> dergisine g\u00f6nderdikten sonra(10) <\/sup>, Yahudi bir fizik\u00e7i olan derginin kurucu edit\u00f6r\u00fc Arnold Berliner\u2019in i\u015ften kovuldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenen Schr\u00f6dinger, tepki amac\u0131yla makalesini geri \u00e7ekmeyi planlam\u0131\u015f fakat bizzat Berliner\u2019in \u0131srar\u0131yla makale yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (11) <\/sup><\/p>\n

Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in endi\u015feleri yaln\u0131zca Berliner\u2019e yap\u0131lan k\u00f6t\u00fc muameleden ibaret de\u011fildi. Nazi rejimine olan tepkisini hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde gizlememi\u015f ve Berlin\u2019den ayr\u0131lmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cBu d\u00fcnyadan \u00f6\u011freneceklerim belki de hen\u00fcz bitmemi\u015f olabilir; fakat devam\u0131na haz\u0131r\u0131m\u2026\u201d Oxford\u2019a vard\u0131ktan aylar sonra ziyaretine giden bir arkada\u015f\u0131, yerinden edilmi\u015f olman\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131yla onun ne kadar da mutsuz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015fti. Einstein, Podolsky ve Rosen\u2019in kuantum mekani\u011fine tepki olarak yazd\u0131klar\u0131 makale ile ayn\u0131 zamanda, 1935 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda, BBC radyo kanal\u0131nda \u201cE\u015fitlik ve \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn G\u00f6relili\u011fi\u201d \u00fczerine 20 dakikal\u0131k bir konu\u015fma yapan Schr\u00f6dinger, tarih boyunca de\u011ferli insanlar\u0131n politik bask\u0131dan dolay\u0131 dara\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131yla, kaz\u0131klarla, toplarla, t\u00fcfeklerle cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131. (12) <\/sup>Y\u00fckselen fa\u015fizmin g\u00f6lgesinde, kutu i\u00e7erisindeki top d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin patlay\u0131c\u0131lara, zehirlere ve \u00f6l\u00fcm-kal\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na nas\u0131l evrildi\u011fini anlayabilmek i\u00e7in pek de zeki olmak gerekmiyor.<\/p>\n

Makalesi taslak a\u015famas\u0131ndayken Bohr\u2019a mektup yazan Schr\u00f6dinger, Bohr ve di\u011fer olas\u0131l\u0131k taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n kuantum mekani\u011finin garip \u00f6zelliklerini nas\u0131l alg\u0131lad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 merak ediyordu. Einstein ile daha \u00f6nceleri yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Bohr ile de y\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelip bu meseleleri uzun uzun konu\u015fabilmenin \u00f6zlemi i\u00e7erisindeydi. Fakat \u201cbu t\u00fcr keyifli ziyaretler i\u00e7in uygun bir zaman de\u011fil\u201d diye ekliyordu; ortada daha b\u00fcy\u00fck meseleler vard\u0131. \u201cKe\u015fke bir yerde rahat\u00e7a oturup \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 5 ila 10 y\u0131l hakk\u0131nda plan yapabilseydim\u201d (13) <\/sup>diyen Schr\u00f6dinger, yaln\u0131zca olas\u0131l\u0131klar dahilinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen ya\u015famdan rahats\u0131z oluyordu.<\/p>\n

Avrupa karanl\u0131\u011fa daha da teslim olmu\u015ftu. Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedi ve siyan\u00fcr \u00f6rne\u011finden birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, Nazi m\u00fchendisleri ayn\u0131 zehiri \u201cZyklon B\u201d ad\u0131yla gaz odalar\u0131nda kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mart 1942\u2019de Die Naturwissenschaften <\/em>dergisinin edit\u00f6r\u00fc Arnold Berliner, toplama kamp\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclemeden intihar etmi\u015f; mutlak ve deh\u015fet verici kesinlikte \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc se\u00e7mi\u015fti. (14)<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"\"
Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedisi, deneyin tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin siyasi atmosferini anlatan bir metafor niteli\u011fi de ta\u015f\u0131r. \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon: Lorenzo Gritti<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Deneyin \u00e7ifte ironisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zaman i\u00e7erisinde Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kuantum mekani\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 oymak i\u00e7in ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnek, \u00f6\u011frencilere teoriyi \u00f6\u011fretmek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r olmu\u015ftu. Kuantum mekani\u011finin temel dire\u011fi, par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n iki z\u0131t \u00f6zelli\u011fi ayn\u0131 anda bar\u0131nd\u0131rabilece\u011fi bir s\u00fcperpozisyon durumunda bulunabilmesidir. Her ne kadar g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zda \u201c\u015fu veya bu\u201d se\u00e7enekleriyle y\u00fczle\u015fsek de, kuantum d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u201c\u015fu ve bu\u201d se\u00e7enekleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131llar boyunca fizik\u00e7iler laboratuvar ortamlar\u0131nda Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedisi benzeri durumlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Maddenin mikroskobik hallerinde \u201c\u015fu ve bu\u201d s\u00fcperpozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturarak olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 hesaplad\u0131lar. Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in t\u00fcm \u00e7ekincelerine ra\u011fmen, kuantum mekani\u011fi her s\u0131namadan ba\u015far\u0131yla ge\u00e7ti. Bunlardan birisi de benim ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00fczere, maddeyle \u00e7ok zay\u0131f etkile\u015fen n\u00f6trino par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczlerce mil boyunca Schr\u00f6dinger kedisi benzeri durumlarda bulunabilmesidir. (15) <\/sup><\/p>\n

Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in \u00e7ift kaderli kedi \u00f6rne\u011fi ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ifte bir ironi ta\u015f\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki, fizik derslerinde gayet iyi bilinen Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedisi \u00f6rne\u011finin, asl\u0131nda kuantum mekani\u011finin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 olumlamak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ele\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi ise bizlere daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedisi, o d\u00f6nemin gariple\u015fen ve daha da tehlikeli hale gelen d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmemiz i\u00e7in de iyi bir metafor niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Crease, R.P. & Goldhaber, A; The Quantum Moment<\/em>, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, NY (2014).<\/p>\n

2) Moore, W. Schr\u00f6dinger: Life and Thought<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY (1989).<\/p>\n

3) Fine, A., The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism, and the Quantum Theory<\/em>, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1986).<\/p>\n

4) Kaiser, D., \u201cBringing the human actors back onstage: The personal context of the Einstein-Bohr debate\u201d, British Journal for the History of Science<\/em> 27, 129-152 (1994).<\/p>\n

5) Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., & Rosen, N.; \u201cCan quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?\u201d, Physical Review<\/em> 47, 777-780 (1935).<\/p>\n

6) Fine, A.; The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism, and the Quantum Theory<\/em>, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1986). Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in Einstein\u2019a 7 Haziran 1935 tarihli mektubu ve Einstein\u2019\u0131n Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019e 17 Haziran 1935 tarihli mektubu.<\/p>\n

7) Fine, A.; The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism, and the Quantum Theory<\/em>, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1986). Einstein\u2019\u0131n Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019e 8 A\u011fustos 1935 tarihli mektubu.<\/p>\n

8) Rowe, D. E. & Schulmann, R.; Einstein on Politics<\/em>, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ (2007).<\/p>\n

9) Fine, A., The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism, and the Quantum Theory<\/em>, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1986). Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in Einstein\u2019a 19 A\u011fustos 1935 tarihli mektubu ve Einstein\u2019\u0131n Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019e 4 Eyl\u00fcl 1935 tarihli mektubu.<\/p>\n

10) Schr\u00f6dinger, E. \u201cDie gegenw\u00e4rtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik\u201d, Die Naturwissenschaften<\/em> 23, 807-849 (1935).<\/p>\n

11) \u201cDr. Arnold Berliner and Die Naturwissenschaften\u201d, Nature<\/em> 136, 506 (1935).<\/p>\n

12) Moore, W. Schr\u00f6dinger: Life and Thought<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY (1989). Quotations from \u201cSchr\u00f6dinger\u2019s diary and 1935 BBC\u201d address.<\/p>\n

13) Moore, W., Schr\u00f6dinger: Life and Thought<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY (1989). Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in Bohr\u2019a 13 Ekim 1935 tarihli mektubu.<\/p>\n

14) Ewald, P.P. & Born, M.; \u201cDr. Arnold Berliner (obituary)\u201d, Nature<\/em> 150, 284 (1942).<\/p>\n

15) Formaggio, J. A., Kaiser, D. I., Murskyj, M. M., & Weiss, T. E.; \u201cViolation of the Leggett-Garg Inequality in neutrino oscillations\u201d, Physical Review Letters<\/em> 117, 050402 (2016).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Schr\u00f6dinger kuantum mekani\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Einstein gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu: Do\u011fa olas\u0131l\u0131ksal olamazd\u0131\u2026 \u00dcnl\u00fc kedi deneyini, Einstein ile kuantum mekani\u011fi \u00fczerine ele\u015ftirel payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi. Deney, ilk tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinden zaman i\u00e7inde ba\u015fkala\u015facakt\u0131. Y\u00fckselen fa\u015fizmin g\u00f6lgesinde, kutu i\u00e7erisindeki top d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi patlay\u0131c\u0131lara, zehirlere ve \u00f6l\u00fcm-kal\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na evrilecekti\u2026 Sunu\u015f: Orijinal ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cHow Einstein and Schr\u00f6dinger Conspired to Kill a Cat\u201d olan makaleyi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":634,"featured_media":14222,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[191,26],"tags":[606,277,727,1533,328,375],"class_list":["post-14221","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-154-sayi","category-fizik","tag-deney","tag-einstein","tag-fasizm","tag-kuantum","tag-kuantum-fizigi","tag-schrodinger"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t