{"id":14313,"date":"2016-12-01T14:01:38","date_gmt":"2016-12-01T11:01:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=14313"},"modified":"2018-02-12T12:52:24","modified_gmt":"2018-02-12T09:52:24","slug":"evrensel-kulturun-ardindan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/12\/01\/evrensel-kulturun-ardindan","title":{"rendered":"Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sondan ba\u015flayal\u0131m; tastamam 25 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bir yolculuk bitti. Aral\u0131k 1991\u2019de ilk say\u0131s\u0131 yay\u0131mlanan ayl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr sanat edebiyat dergisi Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>\u2019\u00fcn 299. say\u0131s\u0131 Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Dergi<\/em>\u2019nin dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bir son mu; nokta m\u0131 koyuldu, virg\u00fcl m\u00fc? Ayd\u0131n \u00c7ubuk\u00e7u, Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>\u2019\u00fc kapatan KHK\u2019n\u0131n birinci haftas\u0131nda Evrensel<\/em> gazetesine \u201cEvrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u2019e veda\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 Mevlana\u2019n\u0131n \u201c\u015eimdi yeni \u015feyler s\u00f6ylemek laz\u0131m\u201d\u0131 ile bitirdi\u011fine g\u00f6re; ne nokta, ne virg\u00fcl… Bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi ba\u015fa d\u00f6nelim; 1991 Aral\u0131k\u2019\u0131na. Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>, kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00f6yledi\u011fini, yolun ba\u015f\u0131nda da s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu: On binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k insanl\u0131k tarihinin biriktirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fclt\u00fcr hazinesinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fcy\u00fcz! Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc bug\u00fcn temsil eden s\u0131n\u0131fa aidiyetini net bi\u00e7imde ifade etmek, o s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcnde y\u00fckseldi\u011fi miras\u0131n s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc olmak.<\/p>\n

Prometheus imgesi ile \u00f6zde\u015flik kurmam\u0131z bo\u015funa de\u011fil. Tanr\u0131lardan \u00e7al\u0131nan ate\u015fin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 ve elbette ilerletici rol\u00fc. Sadece sanat\u0131n ve edebiyat\u0131n de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir insanl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, felsefenin, matemati\u011fin, arkeolojinin, do\u011fa bilimlerinin de sesi olan bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr dergisi. K\u00fclt\u00fcr dergicili\u011fi formlar\u0131na bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>\u2019\u00fcn a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yol da daha bir berrakla\u015f\u0131yor. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n konusu de\u011fil elbette, ama daha da tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

1991 b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin, daha do\u011frusu \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck geri s\u0131\u00e7ramalar\u201d\u0131n y\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. Bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131n yazar\u0131n\u0131n lise \u00f6\u011frencisi oldu\u011fu ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llar. Bug\u00fcn ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z cenderenin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 merak edenlere \u201cmilat\u201d olarak g\u00f6sterilebilecek karanl\u0131k d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan biri… Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u201cda\u011f\u0131lan, \u00e7\u00f6ken, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen\u201d, k\u0131saca \u201ceskimi\u015f\u201d olana ait olsayd\u0131 daha ilk say\u0131da bitmi\u015fti Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>. De\u011fildi. Yeni olana dairdi anlat\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn hik\u00e2ye. Bizim hik\u00e2yemiz.<\/p>\n

Can Y\u00fccel, Ya\u015far Kemal, As\u0131m Bezirci, Sennur Sezer, Kemal \u00d6zer, \u015e\u00fckran Kurdakul, Zihni Anadol, G\u00fcng\u00f6r Gen\u00e7ay bug\u00fcn aram\u0131zda de\u011fil. Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>\u2019\u00fcn ilk say\u0131lar\u0131ndan itibaren \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n etraf\u0131nda k\u00fcmele\u015fen kelebekler gibi bir araya gelen, toparlanan ve yeniden in\u015fa eden bitmez enerjileri hat\u0131rlarda. Onlarla birlikte yeti\u015fen, geli\u015fen gen\u00e7 kalemler… Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>, her ay, her y\u0131l, her d\u00f6nem kendini yenileyen bir organizma gibiydi. Serpil G\u00fcven\u00e7\u2019in sol haber portal\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131ya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131kta \u00f6zetledi\u011fi \u201c\u2018Kapat\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a kapanmayan\u2019 bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr, sanat, edebiyat dergisi\u201d olma \u00f6zelli\u011finin kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131 bu \u00f6zellik.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u0131karken ortaya koydu\u011fu yay\u0131n ilkeleriyle, \u201cbir sosyalizm k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc dergisi\u201d oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ilan ediyordu. Sosyalist k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeyi \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rev olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu. Bu \u00fclkelerden birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ralamak gerekirse, \u201cTarih boyunca, daha ileri bir d\u00fcnya yaratma \u00f6zlemiyle ba\u015fkald\u0131ran s\u0131n\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lan sanat ve edebiyat\u0131 tan\u0131t\u0131r. \u00d6zel olarak Anadolu\u2019nun binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k birikimini, Anadolu tarihinin isyanc\u0131 geleneklerini, halk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn materyalist, halk\u00e7\u0131, emekten yana \u00f6zelliklerini ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, yay\u0131nlar\u201d gibi, \u201cMaddeci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin tarih boyunca ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi geli\u015fmeleri, din ve metafizik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 felsefe, sanat ve edebiyat eserlerini tan\u0131t\u0131r. Bilimin, sanat\u0131n ve felsefenin ilerlemesine katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ve eserlerini tan\u0131t\u0131r. Bu konularda monografik, biyografik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapar, yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 destekler.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ve elbette; \u201cSiyasal iktidarlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131ndaki sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eder. Ayd\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda muhalefet unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesine ve onlar\u0131n ortak sesi olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u201d da vard\u0131 bu ilkeler aras\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>, sadece Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin yerle yeksan oldu\u011fu karamsarl\u0131k ikliminde ye\u015fermedi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f\u00e7i eylemleri ile b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek gelen bir i\u015f\u00e7i direni\u015fi dalgas\u0131n\u0131n da \u00fcst\u00fcne geldi. 12 Eyl\u00fcl karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131rtan, korkuyu yenen toplumsal hareketlerin i\u00e7ine de do\u011fdu. \u201cUmutlu \u015feyler s\u00f6yleme\u201d g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sadece insanl\u0131k tarihinin e\u015fsiz birikiminden de\u011fil, bu hareketin bizatihi i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131ndan da al\u0131yordu. S\u00f6yledi de.<\/p>\n

\u00c7eyrek as\u0131r bir dergiyi okumak<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c20 y\u0131l ayn\u0131 derginin okuru olabilmek ne b\u00fcy\u00fck mutluluk\u2026 20 y\u0131lda 240 say\u0131, her say\u0131 10 \u015fiir okumu\u015f olsak mesela\u2026 2 bin 400 \u015fiiri okumu\u015f olman\u0131n saadeti\u2026<\/em>\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015f\u0131m 5 y\u0131l \u00f6nce. Bug\u00fcn \u201cEvrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr kapat\u0131l\u0131r m\u0131?\u201d diye \u015fa\u015fk\u0131n, \u00fczg\u00fcn ve \u00f6fkeli sorular\u0131n ard\u0131nda bu c\u00fcmlenin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hissiyat var. Yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n, vurgu burada y\u0131la, uzun ya\u015famaya falan de\u011fil. Bir dergiyle birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye… 1 y\u0131l da olsa, 10 y\u0131l da olsa, 100 y\u0131l da olsa de\u011fi\u015fmez bu his. Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em> i\u00e7in de, okurlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00f6yle de\u011fil mi? \u015e\u00fcphesiz \u00f6yle.<\/p>\n

Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>\u2019\u00fcn 1990\u2019lar boyunca ve sonras\u0131nda yeti\u015fen ku\u015faklarla birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc do\u011frudur. 90\u2019larda y\u00fcre\u011fini sanat, edebiyata, sosyalizme a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f gen\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda yolu Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em> ile kesi\u015fmeyen olmu\u015f mudur acaba? Soru asl\u0131nda bu kadar basit. Bu asla bir \u201cburnu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck\u201d c\u00fcmlesi de\u011fil. Aksine birlikte olman\u0131n, yan yana olman\u0131n \u00f6zeti.<\/p>\n

2000\u2019lerde ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fimleri birlikte anlama \u00e7abas\u0131na giri\u015fti\u011fimiz de do\u011frudur. \u00dclkenin ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7mazlar\u0131, on binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k birikimle ve hep birlikte a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 25 y\u0131l ge\u00e7irdik.<\/p>\n

Kim kazand\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cBilme\u201dnin dura\u011fan bir hal de\u011fil, bizatihi \u201chareket\u201d halinde olma anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi de do\u011frudur. \u201cOysa aslolan de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir\u201din dergi formunda ete kemi\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnme \u00e7abas\u0131 olarak da \u00f6zetlenebilir bu.<\/p>\n

Zamane kavramlar\u0131ndan \u201ckazan kazan\u201d ile bak\u0131nca, \u201cNe kazand\u0131n\u0131z?\u201d diye sorulabilir. Yanl\u0131\u015f soruya do\u011fru yan\u0131t nas\u0131l verilir ki! Ge\u00e7en 25 y\u0131la bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda insan akl\u0131n\u0131n, ufkunun kazanmaktan \u00e7ok kaybetmeye yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k. Sayfalarca \u201csanat\u0131n nas\u0131l piyasala\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d da anlat\u0131l\u0131r; \u201cpostmodernizmin nas\u0131l ad\u0131m ad\u0131m h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu\u201d da… En k\u0131ymetli yazarlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, \u015fairlerimizin \u201cm\u00fclkiyet\u201dinin nas\u0131l birer birer sermayenin eline ge\u00e7ti\u011fini tart\u0131\u015fsak g\u00fcnler s\u00fcrer. Do\u011frudur; akl\u0131n ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bilimin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 epeydir daha zay\u0131f bu topraklarda…<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130yi yenildik\u201d edebiyat\u0131na sar\u0131lmaya hacet yok. Biz yenilmedik! Kapitalizmin \u201corta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en karanl\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7lerini yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d anlarda da, \u201cbu karanl\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7leri kontrol edemez hale geldi\u011finde\u201d de, \u201cElveda proletarya denildi\u011finde\u201d de orada ba\u015fka bir ses hep \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bug\u00fcn de \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yar\u0131n da \u00e7\u0131kacak. Belki onlar kazanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir, ama biz kaybetmedik.<\/p>\n

Elbette bu bir veda yaz\u0131s\u0131. Okur mazur g\u00f6rs\u00fcn. Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>, burada d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fen bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, inat eden bir ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131. \u00d6vg\u00fc varsa b\u00fct\u00fcne.<\/p>\n

Elbette, hi\u00e7 yaln\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fcmedi Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>. \u00d6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, biricikli\u011fini o b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131 olmakta buldu zaten. Hem hareket halindeki bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n sesi olmakta; hem pek \u00e7ok benzeri ile birlikte yol almakta buldu. Bir Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararname ile matbaa yolunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda, \u201cTamam hi\u00e7 mesele de\u011fil, biz basar\u0131z\u201d diye \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131n birden fazla olu\u015fu bu y\u00fczden. Kapatma karar\u0131na duydu\u011fu \u00f6fke ile arayanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cE, \u015fimdi ne yapacaks\u0131n\u0131z?\u201d de\u011fil de, \u201cE, \u015fimdi ne yap\u0131yoruz?\u201d diye sormas\u0131 da…<\/p>\n

Kapa\u011fa yans\u0131yanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lk 10 y\u0131l sanat tarihinden s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp gelen resimler s\u00fcsledi Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>\u2019\u00fcn kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131… \u0130lk say\u0131s\u0131nda yumru\u011fu s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00f6zlerindeki bak\u0131\u015f hat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131zda. Sonraki 10 y\u0131l beyaz zemin \u00fczerinde nesneler, tasar\u0131mlar, simgeler… Her ay farkl\u0131 bir sanat eseriyle g\u00fcl\u00fcmsedi. Bir s\u00fcredir daha esnekti, ama yine bir sanat eseri s\u00fcsl\u00fcyordu kapa\u011f\u0131. Kimi zaman bir Bruegel resmi, kimi zaman par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f bir nar foto\u011fraf\u0131… Son kapa\u011f\u0131nda Tolstoy vard\u0131. Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n koca \u00e7\u0131nar\u0131. Foto\u011fraf sanat\u0131n\u0131n tarihindeki bilinen ilk renkli portre foto\u011fraf\u0131 ile Tolstoy. Kapatma karar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cTolstoy\u2019u susturabilir misiniz?\u201d diye soru\u015fu bundand\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201cEkimden \u00d6nce\u201d dosyas\u0131 vard\u0131 son say\u0131da. Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin \u00f6ncesinde, devrimin ye\u015ferdi\u011fi topraklardaki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sanatsal birikimi sorgulayan bir dosya. Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em> olarak bas\u0131lamayan Kas\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131nda ise \u201cEkimden Sonra\u201dy\u0131 inceliyorduk. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin en \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan biriydi referans ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z nokta.<\/p>\n

Tesad\u00fcf odur ki; Kas\u0131m 2016 bir ba\u015fka bir \u201c\u00f6nce-sonra\u201d d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc hat\u0131rlatacak bize art\u0131k. Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em>, yerini \u201c<\/em>bir benzer\u201dine b\u0131rakmayacak. Dil al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u201cyerine\u201d denecek belki. Bir derginin \u201cveda\u201ds\u0131 ile bir ba\u015fka derginin \u201cmerhaba\u201ds\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015facak.<\/p>\n

25 y\u0131l sonra bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc nas\u0131l anlataca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, nas\u0131l hat\u0131rlayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 elbette \u015fu an bilmiyoruz. G\u00f6n\u00fclden ge\u00e7en ve \u00e7abam\u0131z odur ki; t\u0131pk\u0131 1991 Aral\u0131k\u2019\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, umutlu ve mutlu bir hamle olarak y\u00fckselen karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde \u00e7akt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015faret fi\u015fe\u011fi olsun. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6ren, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa y\u00fcr\u00fcmek isteyen yolunu bulur nas\u0131lsa.<\/p>\n

Edip Cansever\u2019in \u201cUmu\u015f\u201d \u015fiirinin son \u00fc\u00e7 dizesi bu ay \u00e7\u0131kan yeni bir derginin kapa\u011f\u0131ndayd\u0131. O \u015fiirin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ile bitirelim: \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn iyi kitaplar\u0131n sonunda \/ B\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcnd\u00fczlerin, b\u00fct\u00fcn gecelerin sonunda \/ Meltemi senden esen \/ Solu\u011fu sende olan \/ Yeni bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 vard\u0131r\u201d<\/p>\n

Yine ve yeniden. Biz buraday\u0131z.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sondan ba\u015flayal\u0131m; tastamam 25 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bir yolculuk bitti. Aral\u0131k 1991\u2019de ilk say\u0131s\u0131 yay\u0131mlanan ayl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr sanat edebiyat dergisi Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn 299. say\u0131s\u0131 Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Dergi\u2019nin dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bir son mu; nokta m\u0131 koyuldu, virg\u00fcl m\u00fc? Ayd\u0131n \u00c7ubuk\u00e7u, Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u2019\u00fc kapatan KHK\u2019n\u0131n birinci haftas\u0131nda Evrensel gazetesine \u201cEvrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u2019e veda\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 Mevlana\u2019n\u0131n \u201c\u015eimdi yeni […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":727,"featured_media":14314,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[191,513,28],"tags":[1619,1620,460,238],"class_list":["post-14313","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-154-sayi","category-kitapcil","category-sosyal-bilimler","tag-dergicilik","tag-evrensel-kultur","tag-kultur","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t