\u201cE pur si muove!\u201d (Gene de d\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor!). Galilei gelmi\u015ftir akl\u0131n\u0131za. Oysa, Papa II. Joan Paul\u2019\u00fcn bu c\u00fcmleyi sarf edi\u015finden s\u00f6z edece\u011fim. Tabii Galilei\u2019ye at\u0131fla.<\/p>\n
Papa II. Joan Paul; hani Berlin Duvar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131nda parma\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen; hani kendisine suikast giri\u015fiminde bulunan Mehmet Ali A\u011fca\u2019y\u0131 affeden Papa. Kilise\u2019nin toplum nezdinde gittik\u00e7e zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f itibar\u0131n\u0131 tamir etmeye, kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 bir tampon olarak siyasi n\u00fcfuzunu yeniden artt\u0131rmaya niyetliydi belli ki: 1992\u2019de, Galilei\u2019nin 1633\u2019de Engizisyon\u2019da yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131ndan 350 y\u0131l sonra, \u201cGalilei\u2019ye yanl\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131k\u201d demi\u015fti.(1)\u00a0<\/sup>Din ile bilimi, ge\u00e7 de olsa \u201cuzla\u015ft\u0131rmaya\u201d giri\u015fiyordu: \u00c7oktan a\u015fik\u00e2r bir ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geri ad\u0131m atarak.<\/p>\n Ama yukar\u0131daki c\u00fcmleyi, bu dini bilimle bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma giri\u015fimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda de\u011fil; 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda, ilerlemi\u015f ya\u015f\u0131yla sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyice bozuldu\u011funda, iki suikast giri\u015fiminden ve bir s\u00fcr\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc kaza ve ameliyattan sa\u011f \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, resmi bir toplant\u0131da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle yerinden kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.(2)<\/sup>\u201cHer \u015feye ra\u011fmen hayattay\u0131m, ayaktay\u0131m, hastal\u0131klara, kazalara belalara ra\u011fmen yenilmedim; direniyorum\u201d demek istemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Peki Galilei\u2019nin, Engizisyon\u2019da D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nen gezegenlerden biri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Kopernik kuram\u0131n\u0131 yalanlamas\u0131, nedamet getirmesi istendi\u011finde; kuzu kuzu bunlar\u0131 yerine getirirken, \u201cefsaneye g\u00f6re\u201d bir yandan \u201cGene de d\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor!\u201d demi\u015f olmas\u0131, asl\u0131nda direndi\u011fini mi g\u00f6sterir? Boyun e\u011fmi\u015f, yenilmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi, yoksa ondan ba\u015fka kimsenin \u00fcretemeyece\u011fi ve asl\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden vazge\u00e7medi\u011fini, kan\u0131tlamaya devam edece\u011fini g\u00f6steren \u0130ki Yeni Bilim \u00dczerine<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazabilmek i\u00e7in, zaman kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir taktik midir?<\/p>\n Bertolt Brecht, Galilei\u2019nin Ya\u015fam\u0131<\/em> adl\u0131, bilimseverlerin okumas\u0131 gerekenler listesine girmesi bence \u015fart olan oyununda, Galilei\u2019nin bir biliminsan\u0131\/ayd\u0131n olarak, kritik siyasi ko\u015fullardaki tutumunu ele al\u0131r: Galilei, y\u0131llarca savundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ink\u00e2r etmi\u015f, halk\u0131 Kilise\u2019ye ve egemenlere kar\u015f\u0131 elinde bir g\u00fcce d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek bilimden so\u011futmu\u015f bir hain midir; yoksa yenilmi\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fckerek \u201cnihai zaferi sa\u011flayacak olan\u201d bilimini yapmaya devam etme olana\u011f\u0131 kazanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir kahraman m\u0131?<\/p>\n Ak\u0131l ile dogman\u0131n, din ile bilimin sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n M\u00d6 400\u2019lerde Dat\u00e7al\u0131 hem\u015ferimiz (Knidos) Eudoksos\u2019un ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n evrenin merkezinde, sabit oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Yer-merkezli evren modeli, MS 150\u2019de \u0130skenderiyeli bilgin Batlamyus taraf\u0131ndan, onun ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak kadar, geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. MS 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ke\u015fi\u015f filozof Aquinasl\u0131 Thomas, Aristoteles\u2019in D\u00fcnya ve evrene ili\u015fkin betimlemelerini Batlamyus\u2019un Yer-merkezli evren modeli ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n evren anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirerek, bu modelin Kilise\u2019nin resmi ideolojisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flayacak yolu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yer-merkezli evren modeli \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00f6nen b\u00fct\u00fcn bilimsel tart\u0131\u015fmalar, Kilise ve egemenler taraf\u0131ndan, dine ve Tanr\u0131ya dil uzat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f muamelesi g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kopernik, giderek artan g\u00f6zlemlerle, 2000 y\u0131ld\u0131r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda egemen olan Yer-merkezli evren modelinin uyu\u015fmamas\u0131 problemini \u00e7\u00f6zmek \u00fczere, 1543\u2019de D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer gezegenler gibi G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yleyen evren modelini geli\u015ftirir. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k \u00f6\u011fretisiyle tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olan Bruno, Kopernik\u2019in modelini kendisinin \u201csonsuz evren\u201d tezine dayanak olarak savunacakt\u0131r.Bruno Engizisyon taraf\u0131ndan diri diri yak\u0131larak cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ama G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli evren modeli biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemeye devam eder ve Kepler\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla matematiksel temelleri sa\u011flamla\u015f\u0131r. Galilei\u2019nin G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli evren modeline esas katk\u0131s\u0131, teleskopu g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7evirmesi olacakt\u0131r. Teleskopun g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serdi\u011fi evren, Kilise\u2019nin resmi \u00f6\u011fretisiyle ters d\u00fc\u015fmekte, Kopernik\u2019inkini do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Galilei G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli evren savunusunu, s\u0131k\u0131 bir ideolojik m\u00fccadeleye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u00d6yle ki, Kopernik\u2019in 70 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuram, Galilei\u2019nin savunmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra yasaklan\u0131r. Bu Galilei\u2019nin Engizisyon\u2019dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir anlamda \u201cuyar\u0131\u201d cezas\u0131d\u0131r. Ama geri ad\u0131m atmaz: \u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fcnya Sistemi Hakk\u0131nda <\/em>kitab\u0131nda, eski bilimin savunucular\u0131yla, deneysel, g\u00f6zlemsel, teorik t\u00fcm kan\u0131tlar\u0131 ortaya koyarak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00dcstelik bu kitab\u0131, hem pop\u00fcler bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla, hem de ayd\u0131n tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kapal\u0131 devre konu\u015fmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131yan Latince yerine, halk\u0131n anlayaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde, \u0130talyanca yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r!<\/p>\n Engizisyon bir kez daha harekete ge\u00e7er: Bu kez \u201cuyar\u0131\u201d ile yetinilmez. Galilei, halk \u00f6n\u00fcnde savunduklar\u0131ndan geri d\u00f6n\u00fcnce, cezas\u0131 ev hapsiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7 kez yaz\u0131lan oyun<\/strong><\/p>\n Brecht, Galilei\u2019nin Ya\u015fam\u0131<\/em> adl\u0131 oyunu, ilk olarak 1938\u2019de Naziler\u2019den ka\u00e7arak s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Danimarka s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fa\u015fizmin t\u0131rman\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n tutumunu, Galilei \u00f6rne\u011finde sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131rmak istiyordu. 1945\u2019de Hiro\u015fima\u2019ya atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131yla, bilimin egemenlerin elinde bir y\u0131k\u0131m arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne tan\u0131kl\u0131k ettikten sonra, 1947\u2019de oyun Amerika\u2019da sahnelenirken \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeltmeler yapt\u0131. En son d\u00fczenleme ise, Stalin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 1955-56\u2019da Berlin\u2019de oldu (MitosBoyut\u2019un bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 Brecht\u2019in B\u00fct\u00fcn Oyunlar\u0131<\/em>Cilt 7 i\u00e7inde \u00fc\u00e7 versiyon da yer almaktad\u0131r).<\/p>\n Brecht m\u00fcthi\u015f bir ustal\u0131kla i\u00e7eri\u011fini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu oyunla, resmetti\u011fi karakterlerle, onlar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcyle, bizi din (egemenler) ve bilim \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 Ayd\u0131nlanma D\u00f6nemiyle sonu\u00e7lanacak somut bir \u00f6rne\u011fine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Galilei, ger\u00e7e\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015f, onun tutkuyla savunusunu yapm\u0131\u015f, ama Kilise\u2019nin tehdidiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nca geri ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f bu biliminsan\u0131, do\u011fru mu davranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, yanl\u0131\u015f m\u0131? Brecht Galilei\u2019yi Engizisyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda taktik ile teslimiyet aras\u0131ndaki ince s\u0131n\u0131rda resmeder. Oyunu Dostlar Tiyatrosu\u2019nda sahneleyen Genco Erkal\u2019\u0131n yorumuyla o, \u201cKendi ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni \u00e7a\u011fa, y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ezilmi\u015f bi\u00e7imde ula\u015fan bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n – Bertolt Brecht, \u201cGalilei\u2019nin Ya\u015fam\u0131 (1938\/39), Galileo (Amerika metni), Galilei\u2019nin Ya\u015fam\u0131 (1955\/56)\u201d,\u00a0 B\u00fct\u00fcn Oyunlar\u0131 Cilt 7 i\u00e7inde, \u00c7ev. Ahmet Cemal, MitosBoyut Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n –\u00a0<\/strong>http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1992\/10\/31\/world\/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html<\/p>\n – Arnold van de Laar, B\u0131\u00e7ak Alt\u0131nda<\/em>, Ko\u00e7 \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Haziran 2016, s.80.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u201cE pur si muove!\u201d (Gene de d\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor!). Galilei gelmi\u015ftir akl\u0131n\u0131za. Oysa, Papa II. Joan Paul\u2019\u00fcn bu c\u00fcmleyi sarf edi\u015finden s\u00f6z edece\u011fim. Tabii Galilei\u2019ye at\u0131fla. Papa II. Joan Paul; hani Berlin Duvar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131nda parma\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen; hani kendisine suikast giri\u015fiminde bulunan Mehmet Ali A\u011fca\u2019y\u0131 affeden Papa. Kilise\u2019nin toplum nezdinde gittik\u00e7e zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f itibar\u0131n\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":14518,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[190,513,222],"tags":[1555,482,206,1649,229,519],"class_list":["post-14517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-153-sayi","category-kitapcil","category-tarih","tag-akil","tag-bilim","tag-bilim-tarihi","tag-brecht","tag-din","tag-galileo"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t