\u201c\u2026 Ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 iffetli ve tak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fc; anne babadan ve sevgiliden, dosttan mahrumdu; yoluna \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fck insanlarla sert tart\u0131\u015fmalara girdi; en az bir kere delili\u011fin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na geldi; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 gizli tuttu; yine de insan\u0131n elindeki bilginin ana \u00e7ekirde\u011fine katk\u0131 yolunda ya\u011ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ke\u015fifler, kendisinden \u00f6ncekilerin ve sonrakilerin ke\u015fiflerini a\u00e7ar. Modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015f mimar\u0131yd\u0131\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n
Bilim tarih\u00e7isi James Gleik\u2019in, Newton\u2019a ait t\u00fcm metinleri kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Newton biyografisinin ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bask\u0131s\u0131, Mehmet Do\u011fan\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evirisiyle Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nevi\u2019nden 2016 Ocak\u2019ta yay\u0131mland\u0131. Newton\u2019un ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu biyografide, d\u00f6nemin toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131 da es ge\u00e7ilmeyerek Newton\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nderli\u011finde de\u011fi\u015fen evren alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten ge\u00e7ti\u011fi aktar\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Newton, orta\u00e7a\u011f karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu ve modern anlamda bir bilimin hen\u00fcz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; deneyden ve g\u00f6zlemden uzak bir d\u00fcnyada do\u011fmu\u015ftu. Ki\u015fisel hayat\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, modern bilimin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f sanc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Matemati\u011fin ve dilin bilimde kullan\u0131m\u0131, deneysel metodlar, bilimsel yay\u0131nlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, tart\u0131\u015fmalar, intihal kavgalar\u0131, bilimsel etik\u2026 Newton\u2019un bizzat \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011fu ve\/veya i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin k\u00fctle, gravitasyon, uzay, zaman gibi kelimeler Newton\u2019a dek bilimsel bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yordu. Bunlar\u0131n tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yapan Newton, Newtonyen evrenini bu tan\u0131mlar \u00fczerinden kurup ilerletti. Gravity(k\u00fctle \u00e7ekimi) kelimesinin Newton \u00f6ncesinde a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k, ciddiyet gibi bir ruh hali anlam\u0131na gelmesi gibi kitapta yer verilen benzeri ilgin\u00e7 bilgiler, biyografi okuman\u0131n dura\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dinamiklik kat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, kurdu\u011fu matematik ve dil, ger\u00e7ekten de Newton\u2019u modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015f mimar\u0131 olarak yapar. Fizi\u011fin, do\u011fa felsefesi havuzundan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bir bilim olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131; matematiksel tan\u0131mlar ve kan\u0131tlamalarla tamamen ayaklar\u0131 yere basan ve yine matemati\u011fin kesinli\u011finin yard\u0131m\u0131yla mu\u011flakl\u0131\u011fa izin vermeyen bir fizik biliminin do\u011fmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunan belki de en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilimci Newton\u2019dur. Bir di\u011fer nokta da Newton\u2019un kendi bilimsel metodunun olmas\u0131 ve bilim prati\u011fini bu metodla yapmas\u0131d\u0131r. Newton\u2019un kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rt bilim kurallar\u0131 devinim yasalar\u0131ndan bile daha \u00f6nce gelir ve \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n
\u201cHem do\u011fru hem de g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcleri a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yeterli olanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda do\u011fal \u015feylere dair nedenler kabul edilmemeli. Tek a\u00e7\u0131klama yeterliyken, a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011faltmay\u0131n.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201cAyn\u0131 t\u00fcrde do\u011fal etkilere atfedilen nedenler, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn mertebe ayn\u0131 olmal\u0131. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ve hayvanlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 nedenle nefes ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; Amerika\u2019da da ta\u015flar\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki gibi yere d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n da gezegenlerin de \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsay.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201cCisimlerin art\u0131r\u0131lamayan ya da azalt\u0131lamayan nitelikleri ve \u00fczerinde deney yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm cisimlerin nitelikleri, t\u00fcm cisimlerin nitelikleri olarak kabul edilmeli.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201cDeneysel felsefede, t\u00fcmevar\u0131m marifetiyle g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fclerden toplanan \u00f6nermeler, aksi hipotezlere ragmen tam ya da neredeyse tam hakikat say\u0131lmal\u0131, ta ki ba\u015fka g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcler bu \u00f6nermeleri ya daha eksiksiz ya da istisnalara tabi k\u0131lana dek.\u201d<\/p>\n
Beri yandan ise Newton\u2019un simyadan ve dinsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan kopuk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kitapta s\u0131k\u00e7a bahsediliyor. Simya \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerden, Teslis \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hummal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara dek \u015fimdi bilim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir\u00e7ok faaliyetin Newton\u2019un temel ilgi alanlar\u0131ndan oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n
Daha \u00f6nce Newton ile ilgili herhangi bir biyografiyi okumayan beni en \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtan konulardan biri ise Newton\u2019un kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalardaki sert ve zorba davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 oldu. Hooke ile \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Royal Society\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7tikten sonra ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 keyfi kararlar ve Flamsteed\u2019in y\u0131ld\u0131z katalog \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 elinden almas\u0131, Leibniz ile girdi\u011fi kalk\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fc ilk kimin buldu\u011funa dair \u00e7\u0131kan intihal tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda kendini tan\u0131k olarak g\u00f6stermesi gibi bir\u00e7ok etik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f beni \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bunun da \u00f6tesinde darphane m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc olup, sahte para basan ki\u015filerin idam\u0131n\u0131n bizzat takip\u00e7isi olmas\u0131 da yine \u00f6ncesinde sahip oldu\u011fum sessiz ve kendi halindeki Newton alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. James Gleik, bu durum hakk\u0131nda D.T Whitesie\u2019nin yorumunu eklemeyi ihmal etmemi\u015ftir: \u201cKendi imgelerinin damgas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ve gelecek y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine basan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel zekay\u0131 ve \u00fcst\u00fcn kapasiteyi ancak bir avu\u00e7 ki\u015fi bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Ulusun paras\u0131n\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 denetlemek, birka\u00e7 kalpazan\u0131 yakalamak, zaten sayg\u0131n olan \u015fahsi servetinin art\u0131rmak, siyasi bir \u015fahsiyet olmak, hatta memleketin bilimcilerine isteklerini dayatmak: Principia\u2019y\u0131 yazd\u0131ktan sonra t\u00fcm bunlar aptalca ve bo\u015f bir h\u0131rs gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeli\u201d<\/p>\n
Newton\u2019un ya\u015fam\u0131na g\u00f6z atmak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan onun a\u011fz\u0131ndan veya onunla ili\u015fkili metinlerin bir derlemesinden okumak, kendi tabiriyle \u201cdevlerin omuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckselen\u201d Newton\u2019u ve ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumu daha yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir f\u0131rsatt\u0131r. Gleik\u2019in Isaac Newton biyografisi de bu f\u0131rsat\u0131 bize sunuyor.<\/p>\n
–\u00a0Isaac Newton,\u00a0James Gleick, 2003, \u0130ng. \u00c7ev. Mehmet Do\u011fan, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nevi, 2016, 247 s.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u201c\u2026 Ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 iffetli ve tak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fc; anne babadan ve sevgiliden, dosttan mahrumdu; yoluna \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fck insanlarla sert tart\u0131\u015fmalara girdi; en az bir kere delili\u011fin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na geldi; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 gizli tuttu; yine de insan\u0131n elindeki bilginin ana \u00e7ekirde\u011fine katk\u0131 yolunda ya\u011ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ke\u015fifler, kendisinden \u00f6ncekilerin ve sonrakilerin ke\u015fiflerini a\u00e7ar. Modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015f mimar\u0131yd\u0131\u2026\u201d Bilim tarih\u00e7isi James Gleik\u2019in, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":634,"featured_media":14521,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[190,26,513],"tags":[206,288,210,346],"class_list":["post-14520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-153-sayi","category-fizik","category-kitapcil","tag-bilim-tarihi","tag-fizik","tag-kitap","tag-newton"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t