Avrupa tarihi genellikle Yunan \u015eehir devletleriyle ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. Hatta Yunan Medeniyeti ilk uygarla\u015fma ad\u0131m\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00d6ncesi pek \u00f6nemsenmez. Daha sonra Roma\u2019l\u0131lar \u00e7\u0131kar tarih sahnesine. Daha k\u00f6yl\u00fcd\u00fcr Roma\u2019l\u0131lar. Daha sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Roma deyince Gladyat\u00f6rler gelir akla ve Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131. Roma ile \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendi uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imini kurar. Bu arada kiliseler g\u00fc\u00e7lenir, y\u00f6netime ortak olma ve \u00f6zerk olma e\u011filimleri artar. S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde imparatorluk par\u00e7alan\u0131r. 395 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu Roma ve Bat\u0131 Roma olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Kilisenin kendi i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkileri de artar. Hristiyanl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fman iki cepheye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. 476\u2019da Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u00a0 y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r, Do\u011fu Roma 1400\u2019lere dek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Avrupa tarihi Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra yok gibidir. Avrupa i\u00e7in karanl\u0131k d\u00f6nem ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1400\u2019lerde R\u00f6nesans\u2019la ba\u015flayan d\u00f6nem, Reformlarla Avrupa ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131na evrilir. Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6nemi devrimler d\u00f6nemidir. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131n temelleri bu d\u00f6nemin eseridir. Bu d\u00f6nem Avrupa Tarihinin en g\u00f6rkemli d\u00f6nemi olarak iyi bilinir. \u00dczerinde \u00e7ok\u00e7a konu\u015fulan d\u00f6nemdir. Oysa 400\u2019lerden ba\u015flay\u0131p 1400\u2019lere dek neredeyse 1000 y\u0131l s\u00fcren d\u00f6nem karanl\u0131kt\u0131r. Avrupa bu d\u00f6nemi \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu d\u00f6nem Avrupa i\u00e7in ilkel bir bo\u011fazla\u015fma d\u00f6nemidir. Kendi i\u00e7 bo\u011fazla\u015fmas\u0131 yetmez. Avrupa Do\u011fu\u2019ya y\u00f6nelir. Y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l s\u00fcren ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferleri ya\u015fan\u0131r. Bu seferler de hem hristiyanlar hem de do\u011fuda ya\u015fayan halklar i\u00e7in y\u0131k\u0131m \u2013 k\u0131r\u0131m d\u00f6nemidir. Hedef H\u0131ristiyan-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de ger\u00e7ek hedef, zengin ve uygar do\u011fuyu fethetme denetim alt\u0131na alma iste\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
1000 y\u0131ll\u0131k karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan R\u00f6nesans Avrupa tari\u00e7ilerince Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kendi i\u00e7 dinamikleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r \u00e7o\u011funlukla. Emevilerle 600\u2019lerde\u00a0 ba\u015flayan ve \u0130spanya\u2019ya kadar uzay\u0131p 1200\u2019lere dek s\u00fcren g\u00f6rkemli \u0130slam-Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok say\u0131l\u0131r. Oysa sanat, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve genel olarak uygarl\u0131k,\u00a0 End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019te, Sicilya\u2019da hatta Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda kurulan devletlerce Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rkemi Avrupa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. R\u00f6nesans b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu uygarl\u0131klardan etkilenmi\u015ftir. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferlerinin etkile\u015fimi de R\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u00a0 \u00f6nemli kaynaklar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n
Hal b\u00f6yleyken 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren uygarl\u0131k yolunda \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar atan ve kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine ge\u00e7en Avrupa o tarihten itibaren \u201cAvrupa-merkezli\u201d anlay\u0131\u015fla tarihi yazm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fcnyaya kabul ettirmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, bilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi yaz\u0131l\u0131rken de g\u00f6rmekteyiz. \u00d6yle olunca da do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak:\u00a0 Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n pay\u0131na\u00a0 at \u00fcst\u00fcndeki \u201cbarbar\u201d T\u00fcrkler – Mo\u011follar, Mezopotamya\u2019ya\u00a0 el kesen g\u00f6z \u00e7\u0131karan Hammurabi Yasalar\u0131, Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya i\u015fgalci \u0130slam Bedevileri, Anadolu\u2019nun pay\u0131na ise Bizans medeniyetini yok eden Anadolu T\u00fcrkleri d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte bu d\u00f6nemi yazm\u0131\u015f \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019dan Bat\u0131\u2019ya Uygarl\u0131k Kap\u0131lar\u0131\u201d kitab\u0131nda Alp Hamuro\u011flu. Yani Orta \u00c7a\u011f d\u00f6neminin g\u00f6r\u00fclmek istenmeyenlerini. Asl\u0131nda Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131nlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bu kitap i\u00e7in bu isim yetersiz. O nedenle de yazar, kitab\u0131n ismine, \u201cHristiyanl\u0131k, \u0130slaml\u0131k ve Avrupa\u201d \u00f6n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam\u0131na da, \u201cEnd\u00fcl\u00fcs, Sicilya, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 eklemi\u015f. Ger\u00e7ekten\u00a0 de kitap Orta Do\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda art arda do\u011fan Musevilik-H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k-\u0130slamiyet ard\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarihsel ve sosyolojik boyutlar\u0131yla ele alm\u0131\u015f. Tarih boyunca da farkl\u0131 din topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n\/devletlerinin etkile\u015fimini incelemi\u015f. Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da, Anadolu\u2019da ve Avrupa\u2019da uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n geli\u015fiminde ve gerilemesinde din olgusunun etkilerini de \u00e7ok iyi irdelemi\u015f. Di\u011fer yandan da End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019te, Roma\u2019da ve hatta Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde kurulan devletleri, onlar\u0131n ticari ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ve ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ileri sanat k\u00fclt\u00fcr birikimlerini tarihsel geli\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya koymu\u015f.<\/p>\n
Elbette Avrupa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 da Bat\u0131 merkezli tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcnde bunlar\u0131 ortaya koymak kolay de\u011fil. \u0130nand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ister\u2026 San\u0131r\u0131m bu nedenle \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yelpazeden bir\u00e7ok kayna\u011fa ba\u015fvurmu\u015f. Hamuro\u011flu\u2019nun kitab\u0131nda zengin bir kaynak\u00e7a, \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc g\u00f6ndermeler ve \u00e7ok sa\u011flam yorumlar var. Asl\u0131nda mektepli bir tarih\u00e7i de de\u011fil Alp Hamuro\u011flu. Ama belli ki felsefi alt yap\u0131s\u0131 olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc. Bu nedenle de yorumlar analizler yerli yerine oturuyor. Sistemin \u201calg\u0131\u201d olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere ortaya koydu\u011fu tarih bilincine, devrimci ve nesnel bir kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019dan Bat\u0131\u2019ya Uygarl\u0131k Kap\u0131lar\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n
– Do\u011fu\u2019dan Bat\u0131\u2019ya Uygarl\u0131k Kap\u0131lar\u0131,\u00a0Alp Hamuro\u011flu, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2016, 414 s.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Avrupa tarihi genellikle Yunan \u015eehir devletleriyle ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. Hatta Yunan Medeniyeti ilk uygarla\u015fma ad\u0131m\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00d6ncesi pek \u00f6nemsenmez. Daha sonra Roma\u2019l\u0131lar \u00e7\u0131kar tarih sahnesine. Daha k\u00f6yl\u00fcd\u00fcr Roma\u2019l\u0131lar. Daha sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Roma deyince Gladyat\u00f6rler gelir akla ve Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131. Roma ile \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendi uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imini kurar. Bu arada kiliseler g\u00fc\u00e7lenir, y\u00f6netime ortak olma […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":229,"featured_media":14524,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[190,224,513,222],"tags":[227,599,230,210,413,477],"class_list":["post-14523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-153-sayi","category-din-ve-dinler-tarihi","category-kitapcil","category-tarih","tag-aydinlanma","tag-dinler-tarihi","tag-insanlik-tarihi","tag-kitap","tag-ronesans","tag-uygarlik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14523","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/229"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14523"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14523\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14524"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14523"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14523"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14523"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}