{"id":14654,"date":"2016-10-01T11:57:37","date_gmt":"2016-10-01T08:57:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=14654"},"modified":"2017-12-19T12:04:09","modified_gmt":"2017-12-19T09:04:09","slug":"bildigimiz-internetin-sonu-mu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/10\/01\/bildigimiz-internetin-sonu-mu","title":{"rendered":"Bildi\u011fimiz \u0130nternet\u2019in sonu mu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nternet\u2019teki balkanla\u015fman\u0131n bir taraf\u0131nda \u0130ran, \u00c7in, Kuzey Kore ve Rusya varsa di\u011fer taraf\u0131nda Facebook, Google ve Apple var. Bu ger\u00e7ek, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini savunan bir\u00e7ok internet aktivisti taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ediliyor. Aktivistlerin hedefinde \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u0130ran, Kuzey Kore, \u00c7in ve Rusya\u2019daki totaliter y\u00f6netimler var. ABD ise \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr \u0130nternet\u2019in\u201d destek\u00e7isi bir \u00fclkeymi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/em><\/p>\n

A\u011fustos ay\u0131 sonunda BBC T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/em>\u2019de \u201c\u0130ran milli internet a\u011f\u0131 kurdu\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir haber yay\u0131mland\u0131. Haberin devam\u0131nda ise \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n milli internet kurma projesinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fil ama ilk a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyordu. Milli internet fikri ilk kez 2010\u2019da ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve projenin 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanmas\u0131 hedeflenmi\u015fti. Haberde \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ve muhaliflerin proje hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine de yer veriliyordu. \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, milli internetin \u201cy\u00fcksek kalitede, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve az maliyetli\u201d internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederken muhalifler projenin iktidar\u0131n g\u00f6zetim olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131na dikkati \u00e7ekiyorlard\u0131 (http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler-dunya-37212801). Yaln\u0131z \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n de\u011fil, yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan di\u011fer akt\u00f6rlerin de giri\u015fimleriyle \u0130nternet yerini internetlere b\u0131rak\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncesinde de tahmin ediliyordu, ama Arap Bahar\u0131\u2019ndan sonra iktidarlar\u0131n ithal ettikleri teknolojilerle \u00fclkelerindeki internet kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zetlediklerinden emin olduk. \u0130ran y\u00f6netiminin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etti\u011fi gibi \u0130ran da milli bir a\u011f olmaks\u0131z\u0131n vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrekli izleyip m\u00fcdahale edebiliyordu. Pek\u00e2l\u00e2 milli internet ile hedeflenen ne? Sans\u00fcr\u00fc daha derinle\u015ftirmeyi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 m\u0131 hedefliyorlar? \u0130ngiliz insan haklar\u0131 kurulu\u015fu Article 19\u2019a g\u00f6re milli internetin, \u201c\u0130ran halk\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131ndan ciddi bir bi\u00e7imde tecrit etme, bilgiye eri\u015fimi s\u0131n\u0131rlama ve toplu eylem ve halk protesto giri\u015fimlerini engelleme riski var\u201d. Article 19, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek de olsa, yaln\u0131zca bir riskten s\u00f6z ediyor. Ku\u015fkusuz milli internet, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin g\u00f6zetim g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131racak ama projenin \u00e7ok daha iddial\u0131 hedefleri var. Article 19\u2019un, milli internete do\u011frudan cephe almamas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni de bu hedefler. Article 19, Mart ay\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir raporda projeyi ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor (https:\/\/www.article19.org\/data\/files\/The_National_Internet_AR_KA_final.pdf).<\/p>\n

BBC<\/em>, s\u00f6z konusu haberde milli internet fikrinin 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n rapora g\u00f6re milli internet ilk kez 2005\u2019te, Mahmud Ahmedinejad\u2019\u0131n cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde konu\u015fulmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Enformasyon ve \u0130leti\u015fim Teknolojileri Bakan\u0131 Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Abdulmajid Riazi\u2019nin milli internet hakk\u0131nda sundu\u011fu raporda projenin bir milyar dolarl\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7eyle ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde tamamlanaca\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131yor. Ancak milletvekilleri, projenin uygulanabilirli\u011fine ikna olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in milli internet projesi 2010 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar rafa kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Enformasyon ve \u0130leti\u015fim Teknolojileri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131na, web sitelerinin alt\u0131 ay i\u00e7inde yerel sunuculara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 talimat\u0131n\u0131 veriyor. Yine ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Ahmedinejad\u2019\u0131n Enformasyon ve \u0130leti\u015fim Teknolojileri Bakan\u0131 ilk kez temiz<\/strong> internetten s\u00f6z ediyor. Bakan konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, enformasyon ve ileti\u015fim teknolojilerinin beklendi\u011fi gibi bar\u0131\u015f ve dostluk getirmedi\u011fini, insano\u011flunun yetkinli\u011fini art\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu a\u011flar\u0131 ahlaks\u0131z ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurguluyor. Bu tarihten sonra, \u015fimdilerde Milli \u0130nternet olarak an\u0131lan a\u011f, SHOMA, Milli \u0130\u00e7 A\u011f<\/em> (National Intranet), Milli Enformasyon A\u011f\u0131<\/em>, Temiz \u0130nternet,<\/em> Helal \u0130nternet<\/em> gibi isimlerle kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u0130ranl\u0131lar 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda neden fikirlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirdiler?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stuxnet (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stuxnet), internet \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir sald\u0131r\u0131 olmasa da Stuxnet vakas\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n siber g\u00fcvenli\u011fi daha ciddiye almas\u0131na neden oldu. \u0130ranl\u0131 yetkililer, Edward Snowden\u2019\u0131n 2013\u2019te NSA (National Security Agency – ABD Ulusal G\u00fcvenlik Dairesi) faaliyetleri hakk\u0131ndaki if\u015faatlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce de Google ve Yahoo\u2019yu bir arama motoru olarak de\u011fil, bir casus makinesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ve kullan\u0131m pratiklerinin Amerikan \u015firketlerince g\u00f6zetlenmesine ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 verilerinin yabanc\u0131 sunucularda saklanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 itirazlar\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyorlard\u0131. 2009\u2019daki eylemler ve sosyal medyan\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 da \u0130ran i\u00e7in uyar\u0131c\u0131 oldu. \u015eimdi Google\u2019da, o zamanlarda ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Jared Cohen\u2019in \u0130ran\u2019daki eylemlerde Twitter kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n aksamamas\u0131 i\u00e7in Twitter\u2019\u0131n CEO\u2019su Jack Dorsey\u2019i aray\u0131p daha \u00f6nce bak\u0131m gerek\u00e7esiyle ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre kapat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 duyurulan Twitter sunucular\u0131n\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ertelenmesini istedi\u011fi hat\u0131rlan\u0131rsa \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n paranoyas\u0131 daha anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olacakt\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u0130ranl\u0131lar, elektronik hizmetlerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya kapal\u0131 bir a\u011fda verilmesinin siber sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteler. 2013\u2019te, Snowden\u2019\u0131n if\u015faatlar\u0131ndan sonra, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130ran\u2019da da \u0130nternet altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ABD\u2019ye ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tedirginlik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130ran milli internete do\u011fru kararl\u0131 ad\u0131mlarla ilerliyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Projenin hedefleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki hedeflerden de anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bir yandan enformasyon ve ileti\u015fim teknolojileri ile \u00fclkesini modernle\u015ftirmek di\u011fer yandan da bunu yaparken d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 en aza indirmek ve \u00fclkesini d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahalelerden korumak istiyor. Projenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedefleri \u015funlar:<\/p>\n

– Enformasyon ve ileti\u015fim teknolojilerinin \u0130ran\u2019daki geli\u015fimine g\u00fcvenli ve geli\u015fmi\u015f bir zemin haz\u0131rlamak.<\/p>\n

– Halk\u0131 bilgilendirmek ve son e-hizmetleri iletmek i\u00e7in gerekli altyap\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturmak.<\/p>\n

– Enformasyonun saklanmas\u0131 ve iletimi ile hizmetler i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan temeli kurmak.<\/p>\n

– \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel veri iletiminde lider bir merkez olmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlamak.<\/p>\n

– \u0130nternet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ile ilgili maliyet ve gideri k\u0131smak.<\/p>\n

– IPv4\u2019ten IPv6\u2019ya ge\u00e7erek IP sistemini modernle\u015ftirmek.<\/p>\n

Proje tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki teknik hedeflere ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 planlan\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

– \u0130ranl\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131lara 20 Mbps bant geni\u015fli\u011fi sa\u011flanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

– \u0130\u015flemlerin % 80\u2019inin e-\u00f6deme \u015feklinde olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Kamu kurumlar\u0131ndan kamu kurumlar\u0131na t\u00fcm hizmetler i\u00e7in elektronik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler sunmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen bant geni\u015fli\u011finde \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Orta Do\u011fu ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ikinci \u00fclkesi olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

– T\u00fcm kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ulusal enformasyon a\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Enformasyon ve ileti\u015fim teknolojileri end\u00fcstrisinin GSY\u0130H\u2019daki pay\u0131n\u0131n % 2\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Geni\u015f bant a\u011flar desteklenerek milli b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin artmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Article 19 raporu, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019nca haz\u0131rlanan ba\u015fka bir rapora at\u0131fta bulunarak, bant geni\u015fli\u011fi girim h\u0131z\u0131ndaki % 1\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta gelirli \u00fclkelerin b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131nda % 1,4\u2019l\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f sa\u011flayabilece\u011fini belirtiyor. Ayr\u0131ca altyap\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 istihdam oran\u0131n\u0131 da art\u0131racak, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn sunabilece\u011fi hizmetleri \u00e7e\u015fitlendirecek.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Rusya\u2019n\u0131n da egemenlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki internet serbestli\u011fine itirazlar\u0131 var.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u2018Milli \u0130nternet\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ran\u2019\u0131n 2011\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131klanan 5. Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen milli internetin 2019\u2019dan \u00f6nce tamamlanmas\u0131 zor g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu gecikmede projedeki belirsizliklerin ve teknik yetersizliklerin \u00f6nemli pay\u0131 var. Gecikmeye kar\u015f\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famadan olu\u015ftu\u011fu duyurulan projede \u0130ran, (belki de ba\u015fka se\u00e7enekleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan) milli internete do\u011fru kararl\u0131 ad\u0131mlarla ilerliyor.<\/p>\n

Birinci a\u015fama, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n temiz internetinin \u0130nternet\u2019ten ayr\u0131lmas\u0131. Milli internet ile kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130nternet\u2019e do\u011frudan eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 olmayacak. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, milli a\u011f \u00fczerindeki hizmetleri (e-posta, arama, sosyal a\u011f vb) kullanacaklar. \u0130ranl\u0131 internet kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve uluslararas\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck endi\u015fesi milli internet ile h\u00fck\u00fcmetin denetim olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi, derinle\u015fmesi ve kolayla\u015fmas\u0131. B\u00f6ylece sans\u00fcr ve g\u00f6zetim sonucu olu\u015facak otosans\u00fcr nedeniyle ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131tlanacak. Bu ba\u011flamda, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n milli interneti Kuzey Kore\u2019nin Kwangmyong<\/em> adl\u0131 i\u00e7 a\u011f (intranet<\/em>) hizmeti ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir (http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/8640881). Kuzey Kore\u2019de s<\/em>adece birka\u00e7 bin ki\u015finin \u0130nternet\u2019e do\u011frudan eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 var. \u0130nternet\u2019teki olumsuz i\u00e7erikten korunan di\u011fer Koreliler Kwangmyong\u2019a bir web taray\u0131c\u0131 \u00fczerinden eri\u015ferek a\u011fdaki e-posta hizmetini ve rejimin s\u00fczgecinden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f haberleri okuyorlar ve bir arama motoruyla kendi a\u011flar\u0131nda arama yap\u0131yorlar. \u0130ranl\u0131 yetkililer Kwangmyong\u2019daki gibi kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130nternet\u2019ten kopart\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130nternet\u2019e eri\u015fmeye devam edebilece\u011fini ancak milli internet ile \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki sitelere \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 eri\u015filebilece\u011fini savunuyorlar. \u0130ranl\u0131 yetkililerin milli i\u00e7 a\u011f (intranet) yerine \u00f6zellikle milli internetten s\u00f6z etmelerinin arkas\u0131nda \u0130nternet\u2019ten kopulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulama kayg\u0131s\u0131 olsa gerek.<\/p>\n

\u0130ranl\u0131 yetkililerin s\u00f6zleri ola\u011fan durumlar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olsa bile h\u00fck\u00fcmet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir hareketlenmede yeni teknoloji altyap\u0131s\u0131 ile muhalefeti daha rahat bast\u0131rabilecekler. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, toplumsal eylemlerde g\u00fc\u00e7 Twitter\u2019dan \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ge\u00e7iyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci a\u015famada, t\u00fcm \u0130ranl\u0131 web sitelerinin yerel sunuculara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 planlan\u0131yor. Bu ad\u0131m, g\u00fcvenlik ve h\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m olacak. Son a\u015famada ise yetkililerin milli interneti tam kontrol ve y\u00f6netimi sa\u011flanacak.<\/p>\n

ABD ne kadar masum?<\/strong><\/p>\n

E\u011fer \u0130ran ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olursa, \u00fclkelerin \u201ckendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve egemenli\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde milli internetler kurmalar\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen internetin balkanla\u015fmas\u0131 (http:\/\/www.usak.org.tr\/tr\/usak-analizleri\/yorumlar\/acik-internet-yapisindan-balkanlasan-internet-yapisina) y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m daha at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacak. Ne \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ne de bu balkanla\u015fmay\u0131 destekleyen ad\u0131mlar atan Kuzey Kore, \u00c7in ve Rusya\u2019y\u0131 savunacak de\u011filim. Ama \u201cusuls\u00fcz m\u00fcdahale veya sans\u00fcrden ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, k\u00fcresel bir \u0130nternet\u2019i ve \u0130nternet\u2019e daha geni\u015f eri\u015fimi\u201d savunan, \u201c\u0130nternet\u2019in, fikir beyan edenlerden i\u015f kurmak isteyenlere kadar, herkes i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k bir forum olarak kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak\u201d i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edece\u011fini ilan eden (https:\/\/turkish.turkey.usembassy.gov\/scottbusby_ozgurinternet.html) ABD ne kadar masum?<\/p>\n

Bu soruya yan\u0131t verebilmek i\u00e7in eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir ba\u015fka olaya, SpaceX\u2019e ait Falcon 9\u2019un patlamas\u0131na bakal\u0131m. ABD\u2019li giri\u015fimci Elon Musk\u2019un kurdu\u011fu, uzay ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015firketi SpaceX\u2019in Falcon 9 roketi test s\u0131ras\u0131nda patlad\u0131. Patlamada, Facebook\u2019un de\u011feri 200 milyon dolardan fazla olan Amnos-6 isimli uydusu b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Mark Zuckerberg patlama sonras\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada t\u00fcm Afrika\u2019n\u0131n \u0130nternet\u2019e ba\u011flanabilirli\u011fine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak bir uyduyu kaybetmekten duydu\u011fu \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc ve t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011fa internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flama misyonlar\u0131 konusundaki kararl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu (https:\/\/www.techinside.com\/patlayan-spacex-roketi-facebookun-hayallerini-suya-dusurdu\/).<\/p>\n

Hay\u0131rsever Zuckerbeg\u2019i en \u00e7ok \u00fczen Facebook ve ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n internetsiz \u00fclkelere internet g\u00f6t\u00fcrece\u011fi internet.org projesinin aksamas\u0131 oldu. Zuckerberg, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalesinde (http:\/\/bit.ly\/1jMu40e) d\u00fcnyay\u0131 daha a\u00e7\u0131k ve ba\u011fl\u0131 (connected) hale getirmek misyonuyla hareket ettiklerini belirtiyor, d\u00fcnyada sadece 2,7 milyar (d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun \u00fc\u00e7te birinden biraz fazla) ki\u015finin internet eri\u015fimi olmas\u0131ndan yak\u0131n\u0131yor ve internet eri\u015fimini bir insan hakk\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendiriyordu. Bunun i\u00e7in bir \u015fey yapmal\u0131yd\u0131…<\/p>\n

Ama bu \u201cbir \u015fey\u201d, ne Facebook ne di\u011fer hay\u0131rsever \u015firketler i\u00e7in ilk de\u011fildi. Facebook daha \u00f6nce de, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda, internet kullan\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla 45 \u00fclkede 50 operat\u00f6rle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak Facebook\u2019un resimlerden ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f sadece metin i\u00e7eren, \u00fccretsiz Facebook Zero (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facebook_Zero) s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131ma sunmu\u015ftu. Ancak Facebook Zero arzuland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi internet kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ramam\u0131\u015f, sadece zaten internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n Facebook kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmi\u015fti. Google da 2012\u2019de Facebook Zero\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi Google Free Zone ile Gmail, Google+ ve Google Arama\u2019y\u0131 \u00fccretsiz olarak kullan\u0131ma sundu. Hem Facebook Zero\u2019nun hem de Google Free Zone\u2019un en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunu t\u0131klanan ba\u011flant\u0131lar bu hizmetlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Sunulan bu hizmetler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki adreslere eri\u015fim normal bi\u00e7imde \u00fccretlendiriliyordu.<\/p>\n

Mike Elgan\u2019a g\u00f6re Google, Google Free Zone ile internet kullan\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaktan \u00e7ok geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde Facebook Zero\u2019ya bir alternatif sunmak istiyordu. Ama Google\u2019\u0131n 2013 Haziran\u0131\u2019nda, Zuckerberg\u2019in makalesinden iki ay \u00f6nce duyurdu\u011fu Loon projesi (https:\/\/www.solveforx.com\/loon\/) daha kapsaml\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ama\u00e7 yine internete eri\u015fim olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak. Loon, internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmayan b\u00f6lgelere balonlarla internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor (http:\/\/www.datamation.com\/mobile-wireless\/facebook-and-google-we-need-a-bigger-internet.html).<\/p>\n

\"\"
Facebook\u2019un kurucusu hay\u0131rsever (!) Mark Zuckerberg.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Facebook\u2019un internet.org\u2019u ne yap\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Facebook\u2019un internet.org\u2019u yeni bir giri\u015fim de\u011fil, ama Google\u2019\u0131n Loon\u2019undan daha az iddial\u0131 oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenemez. Liderli\u011fini Facebook\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 internet.org\u2019un arkas\u0131nda alt\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firket var: Samsung, Ericsson, MediaTek, Opera Software, Nokia ve Qualcomm. Zuckerberg,\u00a0 projenin amac\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00e7ok para kazanmak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir hak olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc internet eri\u015fimini d\u00fcnyan\u0131n fakir \u00fclkelerine de g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek oldu\u011funu, insanlar\u0131n internet ile g\u0131da veya ila\u00e7 aras\u0131nda herhangi bir se\u00e7im yapmak zorunda kalmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. internet.org\u2019un amac\u0131n\u0131n \u201cZuckerberg\u2019in daha da zengin olma iste\u011fi\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyenleri ise \u201cE\u011fer daha fazla para kazanmak isteseydim, 1 milyar \u00fcyeli Facebook \u00fcyelerine daha fazla odaklan\u0131rd\u0131k. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Facebook d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki 6 milyar ki\u015fi daha fakir.\u201d diye yan\u0131tl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Ancak Facebook\u2019un yo\u011fun \u00e7abalar\u0131na, kamuoyu olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenledi\u011fi kampanyaya kar\u015f\u0131n (bunun i\u00e7in 45 milyon dolar harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor) Hintliler, \u201ckral \u00e7\u0131plak\u201d dediler ve Facebook\u2019un 2015 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcnde Free Basics ile yeniden pazarlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 internet.org\u2019u Hindistan\u2019da yasaklad\u0131lar (http:\/\/www.hurriyet.com.tr\/zuckerberge-hindistanda-internet-org-darbesi-40051654). Hintliler, kendilerine internet getirenlere kar\u015f\u0131 neden b\u00f6yle nank\u00f6rl\u00fck ettiler?<\/p>\n

Kamuoyuna \u00f6yle tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n internet.org k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen bir hay\u0131r kurumu de\u011fil. internet.org\u2019u olu\u015fturan \u015firketler de di\u011ferleri gibi k\u00e2r amac\u0131yla hareket ediyorlar. Yaln\u0131zca hen\u00fcz tam belirgin olmayan yeni i\u015f modelleri pe\u015findeler. Bir\u00e7ok insan, internet.org\u2019un alt\u0131nda yeni i\u015f modellerinin yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zaten tahmin ediyor. Ama sorun, Facebook ve ortaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u201cOlsun, k\u00e2r ediyorlar ama yoksullara internet getiriyorlar\u201d diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor olmalar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Facebook ve ortaklar\u0131, insans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00fccretsiz eri\u015fime kadar yoksullar\u0131 internete ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in ellerinden geleni yap\u0131yorlar. \u015eimdi bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda tamam\u0131 Afrika, Asya, Orta Do\u011fu ve Latin Amerika\u2019da bulunan 38 \u00fclkede, yaln\u0131zca telefon operat\u00f6rlerinin izniyle kullan\u0131labilen Facebook Free Basics uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 devreye sokmu\u015f durumdalar. Free Basics hizmeti, internet eri\u015fiminin megabyte<\/em> ya da kullan\u0131m s\u00fcresi ile \u00fccretlendirildi\u011fi yerlerde sunuluyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Free Basics\u2019in sundu\u011fu \u00fccretsiz eri\u015fim olana\u011f\u0131 bu yerler i\u00e7in cazip oluyor. Ancak \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n milli interneti ne kadar \u0130nternet ise Free Basics (ya da internet.org) de o kadar \u0130nternet. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n Free Basics ile hangi web sitelerine \u00fccretsiz eri\u015febilece\u011fine Facebook ve telefon operat\u00f6r\u00fc karar veriyor. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar as\u0131l \u0130nternet\u2019ten Facebook duvarlar\u0131yla ayr\u0131larak otoritenin uygun g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc siteleri kullanabiliyorlar.<\/p>\n

Mike Elgan, Facebook\u2019un internet.org\u2019da uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 stratejiyi bir m\u00fc\u015fteri edinme stratejisi olarak de\u011ferlendiriyor. Nitekim Free Basics, kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde internet kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaktan \u00e7ok var olan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n Free Basics\u2019te yer alan uygulamalar\u0131 \u00fccretsiz kullanarak veriden tasarruf edebilmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Elgan, Facebook\u2019un daha \u00f6nce de \u201cFacebook i\u00e7inde internet yaratmakla\u201d su\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor, bunun devam\u0131 olan internet.org\u2019un kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 as\u0131l \u0130nternet\u2019ten koparmay\u0131 hedefledi\u011fini vurguluyor (http:\/\/www.pcworld.com\/article\/3033274\/internet\/the-surprising-truth-about-facebooks-internetorg.html<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, Hindistan Telekom\u00fcnikasyon D\u00fczenleme Kurulu\u2019nun, internet servis sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ilkesel olarak farkl\u0131 i\u00e7erikler ya da uygulamalar aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmamas\u0131, t\u00fcm web sitelerinin ve internet teknolojilerinin e\u015fitli\u011fini kabul etmesi olarak tan\u0131mlanan a\u011f tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zarar verdi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle ba\u015fta Free Basics olmak \u00fczere \u00fclkede \u00fccretsiz ama k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 internet hizmeti verilmesini yasaklamas\u0131 yerinde bir karar. Bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n hi\u00e7 yoktan iyidir olarak de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi Free Basics, normal internet eri\u015fiminin \u00fccretli, Free Basics\u2019in \u00fccretsiz olmas\u0131 nedeniyle di\u011fer uygulamalar\u0131 ve a\u011f hizmetlerini Free Basics\u2019te var olmaya zorluyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, topluma yararl\u0131 bir hizmeti daha \u00e7ok insana g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek istiyorsan\u0131z Facebook\u2019un kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7alman\u0131z gerekiyor. Bu stratejinin de zamanla kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 platforma daha ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirdi\u011fini ge\u00e7mi\u015f deneyimlerimizden biliyoruz.<\/p>\n

\u0130nternet\u2019teki balkanla\u015fman\u0131n iki boyutu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131daki \u00f6rne\u011fimiz Facebook \u00fczerine. Ama yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fim gibi benzer bir strateji Google ve k\u0131smen Apple taraf\u0131ndan da izleniyor; \u0130nternet\u2019teki balkanla\u015fman\u0131n bir taraf\u0131nda \u0130ran, \u00c7in, Kuzey Kore ve Rusya varsa di\u011fer taraf\u0131nda Facebook, Google ve Apple var.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130nternet\u2019te \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 olan totaliter y\u00f6netimleri k\u0131namadan \u00f6nce \u0130nternet\u2019teki balkanla\u015fman\u0131n diyalekti\u011fine dikkati \u00e7eken Nick Dyer-Witheford\u2019un s\u00f6zlerine kulak vermek gerekiyor:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130nternet\u2019teki ulusal k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar ile \u0130nternet\u2019in evrenselli\u011fi, yani Amerikan emperyalizmi aras\u0131nda diyalektik bir ili\u015fkisinin oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. \u0130nternet\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 serbest ticaret doktrininin bir \u00e7e\u015fit teknolojik kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir evrenselcilikle uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beraberinde ulusal kontrol\u00fcn tepkisel ve otoriter bask\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerini getiriyor. Ama birinin di\u011ferini ko\u015fulland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmenin ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n veya \u00c7in\u2019in \u0130nternet politikas\u0131n\u0131n gerici do\u011fas\u0131na itiraz edenler olabilir. Fakat bu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n Google versiyonunun Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fcnya ekonomilerini y\u00f6netmesine ve onlara n\u00fcfuz etmesine yard\u0131m etti\u011fini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmektir.\u201d (http:\/\/sendika10.org\/2015\/12\/nick-dyer-witheford-ile-soylesi-defol-git-google\/)<\/p>\n

Dyer-Witheford\u2019un belirtti\u011fi diyalektik ili\u015fki ne yaz\u0131k ki ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini savunan bir\u00e7ok internet aktivisti taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ediliyor. Aktivistlerin hedefinde \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u0130ran, Kuzey Kore, \u00c7in ve Rusya\u2019daki totaliter y\u00f6netimler var. ABD ise \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr \u0130nternet\u2019in\u201d destek\u00e7isi, en az\u0131ndan kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n taleplerine kulak veren bir \u00fclke olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u201cG\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen el\u201d \u0130nternet\u2019i gerekti\u011fi gibi i\u015fletirken totaliter rejimler \u00e7e\u015fitli m\u00fcdahalelerle onun do\u011fas\u0131na zarar veriyor. Ancak ABD\u2019nin internet politikas\u0131 Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Apple vb \u015firketlerin gereksinimleri do\u011frultusunda \u015fekillenmekte ve bu \u015firketlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 evrensel de\u011ferler olarak sunulmakta. G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen de\u011fil ama g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen bir el, bu \u015firketlerin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engelleri temizlemekte ve neredeyse s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir serbestlikle hareket etmelerini sa\u011flamakta. \u0130ran, \u00c7in ve Rusya\u2019y\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 \u015firketlerle olduk\u00e7a i\u00e7lid\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olan Orta Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinden ay\u0131ran da kendi egemenlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bu serbestli\u011fe itirazlar\u0131. Elbette ki bu \u00fclkelerin internet politikalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemiyorum. S\u00f6ylemek istedi\u011fim sadece \u015firketlerin (ve tabi ki ABD\u2019nin) en az bu devletler kadar toplum i\u00e7in tehlikeli ve zararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve Dyer-Witheford\u2019un da vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u201cbirinin di\u011ferini ko\u015fulland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmenin ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu\u201d.<\/p>\n

Sans\u00fcre ve g\u00f6zetime kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130nternet\u2019te \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele gerekli ama e\u015fitlik olmadan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ne geli\u015febilir ne de kal\u0131c\u0131 olabilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7o\u011falan internetleri ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u011f tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmak ve buna kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmek daha verimli olacakt\u0131r. Ancak Singh\u2019in belirtti\u011fi gibi, a\u011f tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 serbest piyasaya ya da altyap\u0131daki d\u00fczenlemelere indirgeme e\u011filimine kar\u015f\u0131 e\u015fitlik\u00e7ilik temelinde ele almak gerekir (http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cC8DxR). \u0130nternet, yaln\u0131z ticari akt\u00f6rlere de\u011fil, \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumsal akt\u00f6rlerin farkl\u0131 etkinliklerine de a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca a\u011fdaki e\u015fitli\u011fin yaln\u0131z telekom \u015firketlerinin ya da h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin altyap\u0131daki d\u00fczenlemeleriyle de\u011fil uygulamalar ile de bozulabildi\u011fi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemeli.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nternet\u2019teki balkanla\u015fman\u0131n bir taraf\u0131nda \u0130ran, \u00c7in, Kuzey Kore ve Rusya varsa di\u011fer taraf\u0131nda Facebook, Google ve Apple var. Bu ger\u00e7ek, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini savunan bir\u00e7ok internet aktivisti taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ediliyor. Aktivistlerin hedefinde \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u0130ran, Kuzey Kore, \u00c7in ve Rusya\u2019daki totaliter y\u00f6netimler var. ABD ise \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr \u0130nternet\u2019in\u201d destek\u00e7isi bir \u00fclkeymi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":14655,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189,453,1465,31],"tags":[579,1594,311,1662,1663,998],"class_list":["post-14654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-152-sayi","category-bilisim","category-bilisim-dunyasindan","category-teknoloji","tag-abd","tag-ag","tag-internet","tag-iran","tag-milli-internet","tag-sosyal-medya"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/276"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14654"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14654\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14655"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}