{"id":14675,"date":"2016-10-01T12:29:32","date_gmt":"2016-10-01T09:29:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=14675"},"modified":"2017-12-19T12:36:41","modified_gmt":"2017-12-19T09:36:41","slug":"dunyayi-aciklamak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/10\/01\/dunyayi-aciklamak","title":{"rendered":"\u2018D\u00fcnyay\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131klamak\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn de\u011ferler sistemi ve bilgi birikiminin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilip yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 her ne kadar do\u011fru bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmese de, Weinberg, aksine, b\u00f6yle bir tutumu benimsedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade ediyor ve zaten kitab\u0131n\u0131n esas \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de bu.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Antik Yunan \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan modern \u00e7a\u011flara uzanan zaman dilimi, pek \u00e7ok bilim tarih\u00e7isinin kitab\u0131na konu olmu\u015ftur. Bu kitaplar aras\u0131nda Steven Weinberg\u2019in D\u00fcnyay\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131klamak<\/em> adl\u0131 yeni eseri (Steven Weinberg, To Explain the World<\/em>, Penguin Books, 2015), yazar\u0131n\u0131n Fizik Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne sahip olmas\u0131 ve al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmelere yer vermesiyle dikkat \u00e7ekici.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcne \u201cBen bir fizik\u00e7iyim, bir tarih\u00e7i de\u011fil\u201d diye ba\u015flayan Weinberg, bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 pe\u015finen ortaya koyuyor. Zaten eserini ilgin\u00e7 k\u0131lan da, Weinberg\u2019in konuyu, bu s\u0131fat\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda i\u015flemesidir. \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte olan modern bir biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n, ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaman\u0131n bilimine bak\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kadim zamanlardan beri do\u011fal d\u00fcnyay\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyen insano\u011flu, mevsimlerin birbirini izleyi\u015finde, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc cisimlerinin hareketlerinde ya da Ay\u2019\u0131n evrelerinde bir d\u00fczenlili\u011fe tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015f ve bu t\u00fcr olaylar ile yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi birtak\u0131m olaylar aras\u0131nda nedensellik ili\u015fkileri ortaya koyma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 hissetmi\u015ftir. Ate\u015fin s\u0131cak oldu\u011fu, buzun suyun \u00fczerinde y\u00fczd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u015fim\u015fe\u011fin f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n habercisi oldu\u011fu gibi birtak\u0131m faydal\u0131 genellemelere ula\u015fabilmi\u015ftir. Kimi insanlar ise, g\u00f6zlem biriktirmemin \u00f6tesinde bir ad\u0131m daha ileri gitmeye, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya merak sarm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bir nebze de olsa a\u00e7\u0131klayabilmek, insan akl\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na son derece \u00e7etin bir problem olarak \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bizler gibi atalar\u0131m\u0131z da d\u00fcnyay\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyebiliyordu elbette, ama d\u00fcnya hakk\u0131nda tam olarak neyin bilinmesi gerekti\u011fi sorusunu, b\u0131rak\u0131n yan\u0131tlamay\u0131, sormay\u0131 dahi ak\u0131llar\u0131na y\u00fczy\u0131llarca getiremediler. Bu temel zorlu\u011fu bertaraf edebilmek, belki de bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin en \u00f6nemli zaferi olmu\u015ftur. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00e7a\u011flar insan\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131 alg\u0131lamas\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan\u0131n\u0131n alg\u0131lamas\u0131ndan son derece farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ge\u00e7mi\u015fin bilimi de, s\u0131k\u00e7a, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz biliminden son derece uzak, bizler i\u00e7in anlamas\u0131 zor hatta anlams\u0131z bir sorgulama faaliyeti olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u201cBu kitap, sadece d\u00fcnya hakk\u0131nda farkl\u0131 \u015feyleri nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimizi ele alm\u0131yor. Bu zaten her bilim tarihi kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilgi oda\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kitaptaki odak noktam ise biraz farkl\u0131d\u0131r: d\u00fcnya hakk\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenmeyi nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fizdir?\u201d<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn de\u011ferler sistemi ve bilgi birikiminin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilip yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 her ne kadar do\u011fru bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmese de, Weinberg, aksine, b\u00f6yle bir tutumu benimsedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade eder ve zaten kitab\u0131n\u0131n esas \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u201cBu, sayg\u0131s\u0131z bir tarih\u00e7edir: ge\u00e7mi\u015fin metot ve teorilerini modern bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirmek istemiyor de\u011filim\u201d diye ifade eder Weinberg. Ve \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder: \u201cGe\u00e7mi\u015fteki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir adam\u0131n eserlerini incelemeye y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 adam\u0131\u015f bir tarih\u00e7i, kahraman\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 abartma durumuna gelebilir. Bunu \u00f6zellikle, Platon, Aristo, Avicenna (\u0130bn-i Sina), Grosseteste ve Descartes hakk\u0131nda eserlerde g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Ama benim buradaki amac\u0131m, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki \u015fu veya bu do\u011fa felsefecisini aptal diye nitelendirerek t\u00f6hmet alt\u0131nda b\u0131rakmak de\u011fildir. Daha do\u011frusu, bu \u00e7ok zeki ki\u015filerin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bilim alg\u0131s\u0131ndan ne kadar uzak olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stererek, modern bilimin ke\u015ffinin ne kadar zor oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek istiyorum.\u201d Ve bu ilgin\u00e7 c\u00fcmleyi de ekler: \u201cBu, ayn\u0131 zamanda, bilimin hen\u00fcz son \u015feklini alm\u0131\u015f olmayabilece\u011fine dair bir uyar\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Weinberg\u2019in bu son c\u00fcmlesindeki g\u00f6zlemi, bir di\u011fer fizik\u00e7i olan Eugene Wigner\u2019in 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences<\/em> (Matemati\u011fin Do\u011fa Bilimlerindeki Akla Ters D\u00fc\u015fen Etkinli\u011fi) isimli makalesinde \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc benzer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Modern bilimin esas olarak matemati\u011fe dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu y\u00fczden do\u011fal d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u201csadece\u201d matemati\u011fin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ayd\u0131nlatabildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, do\u011fan\u0131n baz\u0131 ger\u00e7ekleri alg\u0131lamam\u0131z\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalabilir, Wigner\u2019e g\u00f6re. Do\u011fa bilimlerinde matemati\u011fin fiziksel olaylar\u0131 bu denli etkin \u015fekilde ayd\u0131nlatabiliyor olmas\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak anlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7indir ki, \u201cmatematiksel kavramlar \u00fczerinden form\u00fcle edilmi\u015f bir teorinin tek ba\u015f\u0131na uygunlu\u011fu bilinemez. Eline bir s\u00fcr\u00fc anahtar verilmi\u015f olup art arda bir\u00e7ok kap\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131 gereken, s\u00fcrekli ilk ya da ikinci denemede do\u011fru anahtar\u0131 bulan bir ki\u015finin durumunday\u0131z. Anahtarlar ve kap\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fle\u015fmenin tekli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda ku\u015fku duymaya ba\u015flar o ki\u015fi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Weinberg, kitab\u0131nda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 konular\u0131 genel olarak d\u00f6rt ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015f: Yunan Fizi\u011fi, Yunan G\u00f6kbilimi, Orta\u00e7a\u011flar ve Bilimsel Devrim. Kendisi bir fizik\u00e7i oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bu kitapta sadece fizik ve astronomi bilimlerinin tarihine odaklanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin biyoloji veya kimyan\u0131n tarih\u00e7esine de\u011finmemi\u015ftir).<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131nda, Weinberg\u2019in kitab\u0131n\u0131 etrafl\u0131ca g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmektense, Antik Yunan d\u00f6nemine odaklan\u0131p yazar\u0131n baz\u0131 ki\u015fisel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini vurgulayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Miletli Thales, maddenin ilk \u00f6\u011fesinin \u2018su\u2019 oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sokrates \u00f6ncesi filozoflar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yunanl\u0131lardan \u00f6nce, Babilliler, \u00c7inliler ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar gibi farkl\u0131 medeniyet ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin teknoloji, matematik ve g\u00f6kbilimine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen Weinberg, ancak modern bilimin Avrupa\u2019da do\u011fdu\u011funu ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bilimsel kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n temelinde de Yunan biliminin yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. Weinberg okuru ilk \u00f6nce, rivayete g\u00f6re M\u00d6 585 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan Miletli Thales ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bertrand Russell, felsefenin Thales ile ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015f olsa da, Thales\u2019ten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze herhangi bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 belge kalmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu an\u0131msatal\u0131m. Hatta \u00fcnl\u00fc Thales Teoremi\u2019nin, ilk olarak Thales taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131l\u0131p kan\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair delil de yoktur. Weinberg\u2019e g\u00f6re Thales hakk\u0131nda elimizde bulunan en \u00f6nemli bilgilerden biri, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn maddenin olu\u015fumu hakk\u0131nda ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Thales, maddenin ilk \u00f6\u011fesinin \u2018su\u2019 oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin herhangi bir bilimsel dayanaktan yoksun oldu\u011funu biliyoruz, \u00f6te yandan maddenin temel bile\u015fenlerini ke\u015ffetme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n modern fizik biliminin de en \u00f6nemli u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlamam\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n

Thales\u2019ten sonra bir\u00e7ok filozof, ayn\u0131 soruya yan\u0131t arad\u0131: Miletli Anaksimander ve Anaksimenes, sonras\u0131nda Ksenofanes (maddenin ilk \u00f6\u011fesinin toprak oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olabilir), Heraklitus (maddenin ilk \u00f6\u011fesinin ate\u015f oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc) ve Empedokles (maddenin d\u00f6rt temel \u00f6\u011feden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc: su, hava, toprak ve ate\u015f) bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin sadece baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Weinberg\u2019e g\u00f6re, Sokrates \u00f6ncesi t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin entelekt\u00fcel ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sadece g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr d\u0131\u015fy\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yeltenmelerinden, \u00f6nsel muhakemelerinin tutsa\u011f\u0131 olmaktan kurtulamamalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Daha y\u00fczy\u0131llar s\u00fcrecek olan bu davran\u0131\u015f, modern bilimin k\u00f6k tutmas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engel olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fcnl\u00fc Parmenides, bug\u00fcn anlamakta zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir arg\u00fcmanla, do\u011fadaki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin bir yan\u0131lsamadan ibaret oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Takip\u00e7isi olan Eleal\u0131 Zeno, hareketin bile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti. \u00dcnl\u00fc bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyini kullanarak \u00f6rneklemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, herhangi bir mesafeyi kat etmek i\u00e7in, ilk \u00f6nce o mesafenin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, sonra geri kalan yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, sonra geri kalan yar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, vs. a\u015fmak gerekir. Hedefe var\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in mesafenin sonsuz say\u0131da yar\u0131lanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden, eri\u015fim sonsuz bir zaman alacak ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekte m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu da, Zeno i\u00e7in, hareketin olanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir kan\u0131t niteli\u011findedir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek hayat deneyimleri ile uyumlu olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda pek kafa yormad\u0131lar…<\/p>\n

Onlar fizik\u00e7i de\u011fil, \u015fairdi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sokrates\u2019ten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir eser kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak bu \u00fcnl\u00fc filozofun do\u011fa bilimlerine yak\u0131ndan ilgi duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Eflatun olarak bilinen Platon, Sokrates\u2019in \u00f6\u011frencisi ve Aristo\u2019nun hocas\u0131 idi. O da, Sokrates gibi, maddenin yap\u0131s\u0131 ile pek fazla ilgilenmedi. Ger\u00e7i Timaeus<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde, maddeyi olu\u015fturan d\u00f6rt temel eleman\u0131, Demokritus\u2019un atom kavram\u0131 ile harmanlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Arkaik D\u00f6nem (M\u00d6 yakla\u015f\u0131k 800-450) ve Klasik D\u00f6nem (M\u00d6 yakla\u015f\u0131k 450-300) Yunan biliminin, modern bilimsel anlay\u0131\u015fa \u00f6nayak oldu\u011fu pek \u00e7ok tarih\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olsa da, Weinberg bunun bir abart\u0131dan ibaret oldu\u011funu ve eski \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n Yunan biliminde modern unsurlar\u0131n aranmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r. \u201cOnlar\u0131n eserlerini okurken, s\u00fcrekli \u2018Nereden biliyorsunuz\u2019 diye sorma ihtiyac\u0131 hissedilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kalan kitap b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin hi\u00e7bir yerinde, maddenin atomdan olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye y\u00f6nelik herhangi bir te\u015febb\u00fcs yoktur.\u201d Arkaik ve Klasik D\u00f6nem Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 anlamland\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131n birer fizik\u00e7i ya da biliminsan\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil de, daha ziyade birer \u015fair olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek daha faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r, Weinberg\u2019e g\u00f6re…<\/p>\n

Erken Yunan \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda matematik ba\u015fl\u0131ca geometriden olu\u015fuyordu. \u00dcnl\u00fc Pitagoras\u2019\u0131n (Pisagor) M\u00d6 yakla\u015f\u0131k 530 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcney \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Crotone ismindeki Yunan \u015fehrinde iki y\u00fczy\u0131l s\u00fcrecek olan bir dinsel topluluk kurmu\u015f olmas\u0131, bilim tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir kilometre ta\u015f\u0131 niteli\u011findedir. Pitagoras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n matemati\u011fe ilgileri ve bundan yola \u00e7\u0131karak bilime sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 katk\u0131lar\u0131n, m\u00fczi\u011fe duyduklar\u0131 ilgiden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Weinberg\u2019e g\u00f6re bu katk\u0131lar, her ne kadar \u00f6nemli nitelikte olsa da, ayn\u0131 zamanda do\u011fa bilimlerinin geli\u015fmesi \u00fczerine olumsuz etki yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu en iyi \u015fekilde, daha sonra \u00d6klid\u2019in yazaca\u011f\u0131 \u00d6\u011feler<\/em> ismindeki eser ile \u00f6rneklemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn (\u00d6klid\u2019in \u00d6\u011feler<\/em>\u2019de sundu\u011fu geometri bilgisinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6klid\u2019den \u00f6nce bilindi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor). \u00d6\u011feler<\/em>\u2019in s\u00fcrekli taklit edilecek olan t\u00fcmdengelimli (ded\u00fcktif) ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme y\u00f6ntemi, deneyler ile beslenmesi gereken do\u011fa bilimlerinin geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in uygun ve verimli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olmaktan uzakt\u0131…<\/p>\n

\"\"
Platon ve Aristoteles. Weinberg\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u201cS\u0131k\u00e7a hatal\u0131 olan Aristo aptal de\u011fildir – Platon\u2019un ara s\u0131ra oldu\u011fu gibi.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

S\u0131k\u00e7a hatal\u0131 olan Aristo… <\/strong><\/p>\n

Aristo \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile do\u011fa bilimcilerin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u015fairane bir \u00fcsluptan ar\u0131n\u0131p daha tart\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 bir \u00fcsluba b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcr. Aristo, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 elde ederken, ilham yerine ak\u0131l kullanmaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterdi. Platon\u2019un aksine, her ne kadar genel s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar yapmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, organizmalar\u0131n ve canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n bireysel \u00f6nemini alg\u0131lad\u0131 ve bu a\u00e7\u0131dan modern bir do\u011fa bilimci say\u0131l\u0131r. Fakat s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma (\u00f6rne\u011fin taksonomi) alan\u0131ndaki pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 itibariyle anlams\u0131z ve beyhude oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Weinberg\u2019in s\u00f6zleriyle, \u201cAristo\u2019nun meyveleri nas\u0131l tasnif etmi\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliyorum: T\u00fcm meyveler \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fide ayr\u0131l\u0131r: elmalar, portakallar ve ne elma ne de portakal olan meyveler.\u201d Ama \u015funu da eklemeyi ihmal etmez Weinberg: \u201cS\u0131k\u00e7a hatal\u0131 olan Aristo aptal de\u011fildir – Platon\u2019un ara s\u0131ra oldu\u011fu gibi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Aristo, eserlerinin bir\u00e7ok yerinde, bir di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya ba\u015fvurur: do\u011fal-yapay s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131. Ve kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemini in\u015fa ederken sadece do\u011fal olan\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p dikkate al\u0131r. Ancak Aristo\u2019nun bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, bilimin geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engel te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. Belki bu y\u00fczdendir ki, Aristo, her ne kadar g\u00f6zlemlere ba\u015fvurmu\u015f olsa da, deney yapmaktan imtina etmi\u015f, deney kurgulaman\u0131n \u00f6nemini takdir edememi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7i o \u00e7a\u011flarda, bilim ile felsefe aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lm\u0131yordu: bilim, felsefeydi. Modern bilimin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmesi i\u00e7in, bilimi felsefeden ay\u0131rmak gerekti. Felsefe tarihinde hi\u00e7 kimsenin kendisi kadar etkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilecek olan Aristo, Arap filozoflar\u0131n hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanacak, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri Thomas Aquinas (Aquinolu Thomas) taraf\u0131ndan H\u0131ristiyan dini ile uyumlu hale getirilecek ve Aquinas\u2019tan sonra \u00f6\u011freti ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019da \u00fcniversite e\u011fitiminin temel materyalini olu\u015fturacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n\u0131n ana temalar\u0131ndan birine d\u00f6nen Weinberg, Aristo\u2019nun ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine yorum yapan tarih\u00e7i Lindberg\u2019in arg\u00fcman\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunur: \u201cBir felsefe sisteminin ya da bir bilimsel teorinin do\u011fru \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc, modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi ne kadar \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 de\u011fildir, kendi zaman\u0131n\u0131n felsefi veya bilimsel problemlerini ele al\u0131rken ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Bu arg\u00fcmana kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan Weinberg, \u201cBilimde \u00f6nemli olan (felsefeyi ba\u015fkalar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131yorum) ki\u015finin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda birtak\u0131m pop\u00fcler bilimsel problemlere \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirmektense, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlayabilmektir.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Samoslu Aristarkhos, D\u00fcnya, G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay\u2019\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki mesafeleri hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Helenistik d\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p>\n

Klasik Yunan D\u00f6nemi\u2019ni izleyen Helenistik D\u00f6nem\u2019de (M\u00d6 323-31), bilimin merkezi, M\u00d6 yakla\u015f\u0131k 330 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir edebiyat ve filoloji merkezi olarak kurulan \u0130skenderiye M\u00fczesi\u2019nin \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131yla, \u0130skenderiye kentine kayd\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r ile Yunan topraklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda geli\u015fen entelekt\u00fcel al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f, her iki bilim merkezini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 besledi (Weinberg bu durumu, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Amerika ile Avrupa aras\u0131ndaki entelekt\u00fcel i\u015fbirli\u011fine ve al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fe benzetiyor). Ancak her iki merkezin merak konular\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 farkl\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130skenderiyeli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, Atinal\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler gibi genel teoriler kurmak pe\u015finde de\u011fillerdi. Onlar, aksine, somut ilerlemeler kaydedebilecekleri spesifik problem ve konular ile u\u011fra\u015fmay\u0131 tercih ettiler (\u00f6ncelikle, optik, hidrostatik ve astronomi). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Helenistik D\u00f6nem\u2019deki bilimsel ilerleme, teknolojik ve pratik nitelikte problemler \u00fczerine odaklanman\u0131n bir sonucu idi. Bu d\u00f6neme; Strato, Philo, \u00d6klid (optik \u00fczerine de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r), Hero, g\u00f6kbilimci Claudius Ptolemaios, Ar\u015fimet, matematik\u00e7i Apollonius gibi pek \u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu.<\/p>\n

Geometriye a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veren Yunal\u0131lar\u0131n matemati\u011fi \u00e7ok eksik kald\u0131. Weinberg, onlar\u0131n hi\u00e7bir zaman cebirsel form\u00fcl kullanmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer. Oysa E=mc2<\/sup> ya da F=ma gibi denklemler modern bilimin temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Eski \u00e7a\u011flarda en b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerlemeler, astronomi alan\u0131nda meydana geldi. Bunun bir nedeni, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc olaylar\u0131n\u0131n, yery\u00fcz\u00fc olaylar\u0131ndan g\u00f6rece daha basit olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer neden ise, o zaman i\u00e7in, astronomi dal\u0131n\u0131n, fizik dal\u0131n\u0131n aksine, faydal\u0131 bir bilim dal\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin zaman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ve y\u00f6ng\u00fcd\u00fcm i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r). Yunan astronomisinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri; D\u00fcnya, G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay\u2019\u0131n \u00e7aplar\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek olmu\u015ftu. Elde edilen de\u011ferlerin ger\u00e7ek de\u011ferlerden \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sapmas\u0131 bir yana, esas olan \u015fudur ki, d\u00fcnya hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmek i\u00e7in ilk olarak hesap kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonra Samoslu Aristarkhos, etkileyici bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya imza atarak, D\u00fcnya, G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay\u2019\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki mesafeleri de hesaplayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201cAristarkhos ile modern astronom ve fizik\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli fark, Aristarkhos\u2019un elde etti\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek de\u011ferlerden uzak olmas\u0131 de\u011fildir, fark, hesaplamalar\u0131nda hata pay\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131d\u0131r, ya da buldu\u011fu de\u011ferlerin tam ger\u00e7e\u011fe uymayabilece\u011fini kabul etmemesidir.\u201d Weinberg\u2019e g\u00f6re, ne eski\u00e7a\u011flarda ne de orta\u00e7a\u011flarda hi\u00e7bir biliminsan\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmdeki hata pay\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, hatta Newton bile bu konuda kay\u0131ts\u0131z davranabiliyordu… (D\u00fcnya-Ay aras\u0131ndaki mesafe, b\u00fcy\u00fck astronom Hiparkus taraf\u0131ndan sonralar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha do\u011fru \u015fekilde hesaplanacakt\u0131.)<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyay\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131klamak<\/em>, bilimin do\u011fu\u015funu \u00f6yk\u00fclerken, \u201cmodern bilimin ke\u015ffinin ne kadar zor, y\u00f6ntem ve standartlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fikar olmaktan ne kadar uzak oldu\u011funu\u201d yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Weinberg bizlere bilimin, \u201cinsanl\u0131k tarihinde en muhte\u015fem ve ilgin\u00e7 hik\u00e2yelerden biri\u201d oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn de\u011ferler sistemi ve bilgi birikiminin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilip yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 her ne kadar do\u011fru bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmese de, Weinberg, aksine, b\u00f6yle bir tutumu benimsedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade ediyor ve zaten kitab\u0131n\u0131n esas \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de bu.\u00a0 Antik Yunan \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan modern \u00e7a\u011flara uzanan zaman dilimi, pek \u00e7ok bilim tarih\u00e7isinin kitab\u0131na konu olmu\u015ftur. Bu kitaplar aras\u0131nda Steven […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":508,"featured_media":14676,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189,221,26,1473],"tags":[1666,482,206,274,237],"class_list":["post-14675","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-152-sayi","category-felsefe","category-fizik","category-genis-aci","tag-antik-yunan","tag-bilim","tag-bilim-tarihi","tag-dunya","tag-felsefe"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14675","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/508"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14675"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14675\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14676"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14675"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14675"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14675"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}