{"id":14864,"date":"2016-09-01T16:47:08","date_gmt":"2016-09-01T13:47:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=14864"},"modified":"2017-12-20T16:56:21","modified_gmt":"2017-12-20T13:56:21","slug":"cincede-kelime-yazma-yollari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/09\/01\/cincede-kelime-yazma-yollari","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7incede kelime yazma yollar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131 okurda \u00c7ince hakk\u0131nda bir merak uyand\u0131r\u0131rsa, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i, Yeditepe, Ortado\u011fu Teknik \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde kurulu bulunan Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs Merkezlerine u\u011frayabilir, \u00c7in dili, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc hakk\u0131nda bilgilerinizi geli\u015ftirebilir, hatta belki de \u00c7ince kurslar\u0131na devam edebilir. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c7incenin karakterler kullan\u0131larak yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen bir olgudur. Ben bu k\u0131sa yaz\u0131mda bu \u201ckargac\u0131k burgac\u0131k\u201d karakterlerin sistemati\u011fini ana \u00e7er\u00e7evesiyle tan\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u00c7incenin yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n karakterleri denen ifadenin \u00c7incesi hanzi<\/strong> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u201cHan\u201d kelimesi \u00c7incede, \u00c7in ile ilgili kavramlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Han y\u00fc (\u00c7ince), Han zu (\u00c7in\u2019de \u00e7o\u011funlukta olan, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u201c\u00c7inli\u201d dedi\u011fimizde anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z milliyet), han zi (\u00c7in yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yazmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan yaz\u0131 karakterler; telaffuzu, hanz\u0131<\/strong> \u015feklindedir).<\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019deki sava\u015fan beylikler d\u00f6nemini bitirip \u00c7in\u2019i birle\u015ftiren ilk merkezi feodal hanedanl\u0131k olan Qin (telaffuzu: \u00c7in<\/em>) Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (M\u00d6 221-M\u00d6 206), Han Hanedan\u0131 (M\u00d6 206-MS 220) takip etmi\u015ftir. Yukar\u0131da an\u0131lan \u201chan\u201dlar, \u00c7in\u2019in en uzun s\u00fcre saltanat s\u00fcren bu Han Hanedan\u0131\u2019ndaki \u201chan\u201dd\u0131r. Han ayr\u0131ca, Li, Liu, Wang, Zhang gibi \u00c7in\u2019de yayg\u0131n olan bir soyad\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimdilik bilinen ilk \u00f6rnekleri kaplumba\u011fa kabuklar\u0131na yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fal metinleridir (yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 13. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren) Hanzilar Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrecek \u015fekillerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra hanzilar\u0131n yaz\u0131m\u0131 sadele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ince zaman zaman tek heceli dil olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131m eski \u00c7ince i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda do\u011fru olmakla birlikte yeni \u00c7ince i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ersizdir. Eski \u00c7incede kavramlar\u0131n sessel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan kelimeler tek heceden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Kelimelerin bir hanzi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunurdu. Bu durum art\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir, yeni \u00c7ince kelimeler birden \u00e7ok heceden de olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

\"\"Hanzi \u00fcretimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7incede kelimeleri yazma yollar\u0131ndan birincisi, hanzi \u00fcretmektir. Hanzi \u00fcretiminin yollar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

Hanzilar\u0131n az say\u0131daki k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 temel hanzilar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu hanzilar \u015fekilleri itibariyle ifade ettikleri kavram\u0131 tarif ederler. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki iki \u00f6rnek, temel hanzid\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u53e3 : a\u011f\u0131z, insan a\u011fz\u0131, yuva, giri\u015f<\/p>\n

\u738b : feodal bey<\/p>\n

Temel hanzilara baz\u0131 eklemeler yap\u0131larak yeni hanzilar olu\u015fturulur. \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n

\u4e2d : orta, merkez<\/p>\n

\u7389 : ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131, ye\u015fim<\/p>\n

Hanzilar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu ise birle\u015fik hanzilar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Hanzilar de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde birle\u015ftirilir. Bu \u015fekillerden baz\u0131lar\u0131na \u00f6rnekler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 i\u00e7e yazma<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

\u56fd : devlet. Ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131z karakterlerinin i\u00e7i i\u00e7e yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131 en de\u011ferli nesnedir -alt\u0131ndan daha de\u011ferlidir. \u00d6te yandan, devlet demek, sistem demek, kanun demektir. Kanun demek, beyin a\u011fz\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan buyruk demektir. Beyin a\u011fz\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan s\u00f6zler, ye\u015fim kadar de\u011ferlidir.<\/p>\n

\u56de : geri d\u00f6nme, bir tur atma, cevap. Bir yuvadan \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fey, ayn\u0131 yuvaya geliyor. S\u00f6z a\u011fz\u0131mdan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak ba\u015fka bir a\u011f\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kan s\u00f6z bana geri geliyor.<\/p>\n

Altl\u0131 \u00fcstl\u00fc yazma<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

\u53e4 : tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi uzun olan, eski. A\u011f\u0131z ve on ( \u5341 ) karakterlerinin altl\u0131 \u00fcstl\u00fc yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Eski bir hikaye, on ku\u015fak boyunca a\u011f\u0131zdan a\u011fza ge\u00e7ip g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelmi\u015fse eski olma vasf\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u7537 : erkek. Tarla ( \u7530 ) ve g\u00fc\u00e7 ( \u529b ) karakterlerinin altl\u0131 \u00fcstl\u00fc yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. \u00c7incede erkek yazmak i\u00e7in iki karakter birle\u015ftirilirken kad\u0131n kelimesinin \u00c7incesi temel hanzid\u0131r: \u5973<\/p>\n

\u7f8e : g\u00fczel, g\u00fczellik. Koyun ( \u7f8a ) ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ( \u5927 ) karakterlerinin altl\u0131 \u00fcstl\u00fc yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. \u015eu \u015fiir, bu hanzinin anlam\u0131n\u0131 izah edecektir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeyim:<\/p>\n

Koyunlar\u0131m otlad\u0131, semirdi, ya\u011fland\u0131, <\/em><\/p>\n

Birini kessem bir hafta yeter.<\/em><\/p>\n

Mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131mla gurur duyuyorum,<\/em><\/p>\n

Bakt\u0131k\u00e7a bakas\u0131m geliyor g\u00fczellerime.<\/em><\/p>\n

(M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlenen, Zhang Qing Zhong\u2019un [telaffuzu: \u00c7an\u011f \u00c7in\u011f \u00c7on\u011f<\/em>] \u201cGurup Vaktinde Hayat\u0131n Anlam\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 \u015fiiri)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7inde \u201ciri koyun\u201d gibi bir ifade bulunmas\u0131 aldat\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131n, \u00c7in\u2019deki b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fczellik salonlar\u0131n\u0131n, dergilerinin ve berberlerin cam\u0131nda bu hanziy\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. \u00c7in\u2019de \u201cg\u00fczel\u201d derken de, yazarken kimsenin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcne veya akl\u0131na iri koyun imgesi gelmemektedir. \u00c7incede g\u00fczel kelimesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u011fiy<\/em>, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve iri kelimelerinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da<\/em>, koyun kelimesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u011f<\/em>\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u897f : bat\u0131. Ku\u015fu temsil eden bir \u015fekil ile yuva karakterinin altl\u0131 \u00fcstl\u00fc yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, g\u00fcne\u015f bat\u0131nca ku\u015flar yuvaya d\u00f6ner.<\/p>\n

\u770b : g\u00f6rmek, seyretmek, hasta doktora gitmek, doktor hastaya bakmak vb. El ( \u624b ) ve g\u00f6z ( \u76ee ) karakterlerinin altl\u0131 \u00fcstl\u00fc yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Malum, eskiden g\u00fcne\u015f siperlikli serpu\u015flar yoktu, insanlar bir yerlere bakarken bir ellerini ka\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n tepesine dayayarak bak\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131 sollu yazma<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

\u597d : iyi. Kad\u0131n ( \u5973 ) ve \u00e7ocuk ( \u5b50 ) karakterlerinin sa\u011fl\u0131 sollu yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

\u52a0 : eklemek, y\u00fckseltmek, toplamak, bast\u0131rmak, pompalamak. G\u00fc\u00e7 ( \u529b ) ve a\u011f\u0131z ( \u53e3 ) karakterlerinin sa\u011fl\u0131 sollu yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Bu hanzi i\u00e7in bir a\u00e7\u0131klama veya yorum yapamayaca\u011f\u0131m. \u00d6nceden ge\u00e7en iki karakterin birlikte kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir hanzi olmas\u0131 nedeniyle burada g\u00f6sterdi\u011fim bu kelime, spor kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan tezah\u00fcrat s\u00f6z\u00fcnde ge\u00e7er: \u52a0\u6cb9. Kelime kelime \u00e7evirisi \u201cya\u011f bas\u201d. Anlam\u0131 \u201cgaza basmak, gazlamak\u201d, tezah\u00fcrat s\u00f6z\u00fc olarak anlam\u0131 \u201chaydi bast\u0131r!\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00dcst \u00fcste yazma<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

\u6771 : do\u011fu. G\u00fcne\u015f ( \u65e5 ) ve a\u011fa\u00e7 ( \u6728 ) karakterlerinin \u00fcst \u00fcste yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. G\u00fcne\u015fi ancak ve ancak do\u011farken a\u011fac\u0131n arkas\u0131nda g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Bu hanzi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u015fekliyle, \u4e1c \u015feklinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"Hanzi birle\u015ftirirken hanzilarda k\u0131smi de\u011fi\u015fiklik olu\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki g\u00f6rmek \u00f6rne\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, birle\u015fip yeni hanzi olu\u015fturan hanzilardan biri veya birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izgilerinin \u015feklinin de\u011fi\u015fmesi \u00e7ok s\u0131k ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir durumdur.<\/p>\n

\u6211 : el ( \u624b ) ve k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 temsil eden bir i\u015faretin sa\u011fl\u0131 sollu yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. M\u00d6 2. binin ba\u015flar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etti\u011fimizi hat\u0131rlatarak ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle bitirmek istiyorum: Elimde silah\u0131m varsa ancak, ben, ben olurum. Yoksa k\u00f6le olurum. MS 2. binin ba\u015flar\u0131nda durum nas\u0131l olur acaba? Mutlaka b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fanacakt\u0131r. Zafer tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p kendi kendine ba\u011flanan ayakkab\u0131lar, u\u00e7an kaykaylar… Bu hanzida el<\/em> karakterinin ikinci yatay \u00e7izgisinin sa\u011fa do\u011fru uzat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 fark edilecektir.<\/p>\n

\u0130kiden \u00e7ok hanzi birle\u015ftirme<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Yeni hanzilar \u00fcretilirken \u00fc\u00e7 veya daha \u00e7ok hanzi birle\u015ftirilebilir:<\/p>\n

\u662f : -i- fiili (-i-, -dir, ol-). G\u00fcne\u015f ( \u65e5 ), alt ( \u4e0b ) ve ki\u015fi ( \u4eba ) karakterlerinin alt alta s\u0131ralanmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. \u201cG\u00fcne\u015fin alt\u0131nday\u0131m, o halde var\u0131m.\u201d denmek istenmi\u015f olabilir kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. (Ayr\u0131ca yaz\u0131n\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki \u00f6rnek c\u00fcmleye bak\u0131n\u0131z.)<\/p>\n

K\u00f6kler <\/strong><\/p>\n

Hanziy\u0131 olu\u015fturan karakterler toplulu\u011funun sa\u011f\u0131na, soluna, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131s\u0131na, yukar\u0131s\u0131na ve \u00fczerine konulan, baz\u0131lar\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na anlams\u0131z olup ancak hanzi i\u00e7erisinde i\u015fleve sahip olan i\u015faretlerdir. S\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lan k\u00f6klerden \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6rnek a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir:<\/p>\n

\u00c7at\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00fc<\/strong> ( \u5b80 )<\/p>\n

Bir hanzin\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne bu k\u00f6k i\u015fareti kondu\u011funda, daha do\u011frusu bu k\u00f6k\u00fcn alt\u0131na bir hanzi yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ne olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6relim:<\/p>\n

\u5bb6 : ev. Oh \u00e7ok \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr, avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131m\u0131z gibi tav\u015fanlar\u0131n pe\u015finde ko\u015fturmuyoruz, konar-g\u00f6\u00e7er kom\u015fular\u0131m\u0131z gibi koyunlar\u0131n pe\u015finden yaylaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p k\u0131\u015flaya inmiyoruz. Yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7memiz iyi oldu ya. Art\u0131k alt\u0131na ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 sokaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sabit bir dam\u0131m\u0131z ve yan\u0131m\u0131zda sakin sakin \u00e7\u00f6plerimizi yiyip proteine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren domuzlar\u0131m\u0131z var. B\u00f6yle bir yere ev denir. Dur bak ya, \u201cev\u201d yazarken evimizin en \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 olan \u00e7at\u0131 ve domuzu kullanay\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u5b89 : g\u00fcvenlik, huzur, g\u00fcven ve benzeri. \u00c7at\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki karakteri yukar\u0131lardaki hanzilar aras\u0131nda aray\u0131p tan\u0131may\u0131 ve bu hanziy\u0131 anlamland\u0131rmay\u0131 okura b\u0131rak\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

A\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00f6k\u00fc<\/strong> ( \u6728 )<\/p>\n

Anlam\u0131n\u0131 bilmesek de, \u015funlar\u0131n hepsinin a\u011fa\u00e7 ad\u0131 oldu\u011fu, hanzilar\u0131n\u0131n sol taraf\u0131nda bulunan a\u011fa\u00e7 karakterinden dolay\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bellidir.<\/p>\n

\u6768 , \u677e , \u6838 , \u677f , \u6843 , \u6885<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 Damla Su k\u00f6k\u00fc<\/strong> ( \u6c35)<\/p>\n

\u015eunlar\u0131n hepsinin s\u0131v\u0131 oldu\u011fu bellidir:<\/p>\n

\u6cb3 (\u0131rmak), \u6e56 (g\u00f6l), \u9152 (i\u00e7ki), \u6c41 (meyve suyu), \u6cb9 (ya\u011f), \u6db2 (s\u0131v\u0131)<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n konusuyla ilgisi olmamakla birlikte, burada g\u00f6l kelimesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinde biraz durmak istiyorum. G\u00f6l kelimesinin hanzis\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, solda bulunan \u00fc\u00e7 damla su<\/em>, ortada bulunan eski<\/em> ve sa\u011fda bulunan ay<\/em> ( \u6708 ) karakterleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu durum, Nasrettin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n eski dolunaylar\u0131n k\u0131rp\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131ld\u0131z yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hipotezinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na, eski aylar\u0131n birle\u015ftirilip g\u00f6l yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hipotezini koymaktad\u0131r. Hangisinin do\u011fru oldu\u011fu konusunda karar\u0131 \u00e2limlere b\u0131rak\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6kler, hanzin\u0131n sa\u011f\u0131na, soluna, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131s\u0131na, yukar\u0131s\u0131na ve \u00fczerine yaz\u0131l\u0131rlar. Belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, her birinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak bir anlam\u0131 vard\u0131r da denilemez. \u00d6rne\u011fin yaz\u0131n\u0131n en ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u4e2d hanzis\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeden \u00f6nce, \u201ctemel hanzilara baz\u0131 eklemeler yap\u0131larak yeni hanzilar olu\u015fturulur.\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Bu \u201cekleme\u201dde, eklenen \u015fey k\u00f6k\u2019t\u00fcr. Bir \u00f6rnek daha verelim:<\/p>\n

\u6570 : saymak. Burada hanzinin sa\u011f taraf\u0131nda bir k\u00f6k g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ( \u6587 ) hanzis\u0131ndan geli\u015fen bu k\u00f6k\u00fcn sol taraf\u0131nda altl\u0131 \u00fcstl\u00fc yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki hanzi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00dcstteki hanzi pirin\u00e7, alttaki hanzi kad\u0131n demektir. Tarihte bir d\u00f6nem erkekler hayvan avc\u0131s\u0131, kad\u0131nlar bitki toplay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 idi. Bu hanzida kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitki toplama i\u015flemi, saymak eylemiyle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015f, eylemin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda temel besin olan \u00e7eltik bitkisi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bir hanzi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim ki i\u00e7inde \u00fc\u00e7 hanzi birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, bir yan\u0131na da bir k\u00f6k i\u015fareti yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsun. Bu durum, \u00c7in yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, hanzilar\u0131n, karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ancak hanzi \u00fcretim sisteminin \u00f6z\u00fc, sadedir.<\/p>\n

Buraya kadar hanzilar\u0131 veya hanzilarla k\u00f6kleri birle\u015ftirerek yeni bir hanzi yapman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdik. \u015eu bilinen ger\u00e7e\u011fi tekrar etmek istiyorum: \u00d6nce konu\u015fma vard\u0131r. Kelimeler ve di\u011fer dilbilgisel unsurlar bir s\u00f6zdizimi sistemine g\u00f6re dizilerek c\u00fcmleler yap\u0131l\u0131r. Yazmak, zaten var olan bu durumu kay\u0131t alt\u0131na alma y\u00f6ntemlerinden biridir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hanzilar birle\u015ftirilerek yeni kelime yap\u0131l\u0131yor de\u011fil, var olan binlerce (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde on binlerce) kelimeyi yazmak i\u00e7in hanzilar yap\u0131l\u0131yor ve var olan hanzilar birle\u015ftiriliyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00c7incede yeni kelime yapma yolu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7incenin yazma sisteminin \u00e7er\u00e7evesini \u00e7izmeye k\u0131sa bir ara verip \u00c7incede yeni kelime yapma yolunu da k\u0131saca tan\u0131tmak istiyorum.<\/p>\n

\u00c7incede yeni bir kavram\u0131 ifade edecek yeni kelime yapman\u0131n yolu, var olan kelimeleri birle\u015ftirmektir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6rnekleri g\u00f6sterilen bu durumu isim tamlamas\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemek gerekti\u011fini belirtmek istiyorum. Yeni kelimeyi olu\u015fturan eski kelimelerin tek tek var olan anlamlar\u0131 k\u0131smen erimi\u015f veya tamamen yok olmu\u015ftur. Durum, Alsancak, Nald\u00f6ken, Maltepe, \u015feytan t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131 ve bilgisayar kelimelerinde oldu\u011fu gibidir. Yeni kelimelerin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 ise, beklenece\u011fi gibi, yeni kelimeyi olu\u015fturan eski kelimelerin hanzilar\u0131n\u0131n yan yana yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 ile olur. Baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri g\u00f6relim:<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd : \u00c7in (merkez devlet),<\/p>\n

\u94f6\u884c : banka (g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f mek\u00e2n\u0131),<\/p>\n

\u7535\u8bdd : telefon (elektrikli ses),<\/p>\n

\u624b\u673a : cep telefonu (el makinesi),<\/p>\n

\u6d0b\u706b : kibrit (yabanc\u0131 ate\u015f)<\/p>\n

\u5317\u4eac : Pekin (Beijing) (kuzey ba\u015fkent),<\/p>\n

\u5357\u4eac : Nanjing (g\u00fcney ba\u015fkent),<\/p>\n

\u4e1c\u4eac : Tokyo (do\u011fu ba\u015fkent)…<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 ba\u015fkentin Ankara olmas\u0131n\u0131 beklerdim. Ama de\u011filmi\u015f. \u00c7incede Bat\u0131 ba\u015fkent<\/em> diye bir yer ad\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131 dilden gelen kelimelerin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ankara\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7incede nas\u0131l s\u00f6ylenece\u011fi ve yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusuna gelince, \u00c7incede kelime yazman\u0131n di\u011fer yolu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131 dilden gelen kelimelerin hecelerinin seslerine en yak\u0131n \u00c7ince hecelerin hanzilar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak s\u00f6z konusu yabanc\u0131 kelime yaz\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7incede Ankara, an ka la<\/em>; Almanya, de guo<\/em> (telaffuzu: d\u0131\u011fgu\u011fo<\/em>); Rusya, e luo si<\/em> (telaffuzu: \u0131lu\u011fos\u0131<\/em>); \u0130talya, yi da li<\/em>; Roma, luo ma <\/em>(telaffuzu: lu\u011foma\u011fa<\/em>); Cem ve Jim, jie mu <\/em>(telaffuzu: ci\u011femu<\/em>); Murat mu la de <\/em>(telaffuzu: mulad\u0131<\/em>) olarak s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka dillerde hanzi kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Japoncada da, kelime k\u00f6klerinin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131nda hanzi (Japoncas\u0131 kanci<\/em>) kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Japoncada hanzilar\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda eski yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u015fekilleri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tekrar Tokyo \u00f6rne\u011fini inceleyelim. \u00c7incede (latin alfabesiyle Dongjing \u015feklinde yaz\u0131lan) \u4e1c\u4eac kelimesi, dun\u011fcin\u011f<\/em> \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylenir. Japoncada (eski yaz\u0131yla \u6771\u4eac\u015feklinde yaz\u0131lan) ayn\u0131 kelime, t\u00f4ky\u00f4<\/em> olarak s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n

Durumu \u015funa benzetebiliriz. G\u00fcrcistan, T\u00fcrkiye ve Bulgaristan\u2019da hanzilar ile yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131yor olsayd\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkenin insanlar\u0131ndan biri bir hanzi grubunu g\u00f6r\u00fcnce kendi dilinde o hanzi grubunun ifade etti\u011fi kelimeyi s\u00f6yleyecekti.<\/p>\n

Tokyo ve Beijing kelimelerinin tesad\u00fcfen iki\u015fer heceli olmas\u0131n\u0131n, Japoncada da her hanziya bir hece kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir \u015feklinde bir yan\u0131lg\u0131 yaratmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u015fu \u00f6rnekleri inceleyelim:<\/p>\n

Araba kelimesi \u00c7incede, \u8f66 (latin alfabesiyle: che) \u015feklinde yaz\u0131l\u0131r \u00e7\u0131\u0131\u0131<\/em> \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylenir. Japoncada (eski yaz\u0131 ile \u8eca \u015feklinde yaz\u0131lan) ayn\u0131 kelime, kuruma<\/em> \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n

Hanzis\u0131n\u0131n eski ve yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 yukar\u0131da g\u00f6sterilen do\u011fu kelimesinin \u00c7ince kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 dun\u011f<\/em>, Japonca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (t\u00f4-ky\u00f4<\/em> \u2019daki t\u00f4<\/em> de\u011fil) higa\u015fi <\/em>\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Japoncan\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, tarihte Kore ve Vietnam\u2019da da yaz\u0131 dilinde hanzi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu iki dilde alfabetik yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Birka\u00e7 \u00c7ince \u00f6rnek ifade<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ince ifade: \u5929\u5b89\u95e8<\/p>\n

Kelime kelime \u00e7evirisi: g\u00f6k – g\u00fcvenlik – kap\u0131<\/p>\n

Anlam\u0131: \u0130lah\u00ee Huzur Kap\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n

\u00c7ince ifade: \u6211\u53bb\u5929\u5b89\u95e8 \u3002<\/p>\n

Kelime kelime \u00e7evirisi: ben – git – Tian an men<\/p>\n

Anlam\u0131: Tiananmen\u2019a gidiyorum.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ince ifade: \u6211\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba \u3002<\/p>\n

Kelime kelime \u00e7evirisi: ben – dir – \u00c7in – ki\u015fi<\/p>\n

Anlam\u0131: Ben \u00c7inliyim.<\/p>\n

Ka\u00e7 hanzi var? <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ok. Muhtelif y\u0131llarda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00c7ince s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerin yaz\u0131m y\u0131l\u0131 ve i\u00e7indeki hanzi say\u0131lar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

100 y\u0131l\u0131 9.353<\/p>\n

1011 y\u0131l\u0131 26.194<\/p>\n

1989 y\u0131l\u0131 54.678<\/p>\n

2004 y\u0131l\u0131 106.230<\/p>\n

\u00c7inliler bu kadar hanziy\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011freniyorlar?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6\u011frenmiyorlar. Her \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sahas\u0131yla ilgili olarak bildi\u011fi hanzilar vard\u0131r, genel kullan\u0131mdaki hanzilar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bunlar\u0131 bilirler. Onun \u00f6tesinde, ormanc\u0131n\u0131n bildi\u011fi hanziy\u0131 tarih\u00e7i bilmez, eczac\u0131n\u0131n bildi\u011fi hanziy\u0131 sanayici bilmez. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ayn\u0131 i\u015f yerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlar bile bazen kafas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015finden kald\u0131r\u0131p, \u201cFalancan\u0131n hanzis\u0131 nas\u0131l yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu?\u201d diye ortaya sorar ve odadan biri sevab\u0131na s\u00f6yleyiverir. Kimse bilmiyorsa soran gidip s\u00f6zl\u00fckten bakar.<\/p>\n

Genel kullan\u0131mdaki hanzi dedim. Ka\u00e7 tane bunlar?<\/strong><\/p>\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 1997 senesinde \u00c7in\u2019e ilk kez duhul etti\u011fim vakitte, \u201cGazete okumak i\u00e7in 2000 hanzi k\u00e2fi\u201d diye sa\u011fda solda okurdum. \u015eimdilerde ise \u201cGazete okumak i\u00e7in 3000 hanzi yeter\u201d denir oldu.<\/p>\n

Bilgisayarlar\u0131n, telefonlar\u0131n dil ayarlar\u0131nda Basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00c7ince ve Geleneksel \u00c7ince \u015feklinde se\u00e7enekler g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum. Yukar\u0131da ben de bu ifadeyi kulland\u0131m. Nedir bu? <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019in Tayvan, Hong Kong, Makao b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00c7in yaz\u0131s\u0131 -hanzilar- sadele\u015ftirilmedi. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde kullan\u0131lan eski yaz\u0131ya \u201cGeleneksel \u00c7ince\u201d, sadele\u015ftirilmi\u015f yeni yaz\u0131ya \u201cBasitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00c7ince\u201d denmektedir. Burada dil de\u011fil, dilin yaz\u0131s\u0131 kastedilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kap\u0131 kelimesinin hanzis\u0131, yeni yaz\u0131 ile \u95e8, eski yaz\u0131 ile: \u9580 \u015feklindedir. Eski yaz\u0131daki \u015feklin kap\u0131 kanatlar\u0131na benzedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

En karma\u015f\u0131k hanzi hangisidir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Telaffuzu bian\u011f<\/em> \u015feklinde olan bu karakter, bir makarna ad\u0131 olan bian\u011f bian\u011f miyen<\/em> kelimesini yazarken kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hanzida galiba makarnan\u0131n tarifi ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak veriliyor, diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bu hanziy\u0131 klavye ile yazmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ancak elle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015feklinin imaj\u0131 metne yerle\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n

Not<\/strong>: Bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 yazmam konusunda ilham\u0131m\u0131 \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi Murat A. Karavelio\u011flu\u2019ndan ald\u0131m. Metro beklerken yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z o sohbet olmasayd\u0131 bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 yazmay\u0131 hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyecektim.<\/p>\n

\u0130lham deyince… M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Zhang Qing Zhong adl\u0131 bir \u00c7inli \u015fair yoktur. B\u00f6yle bir \u015fair ad\u0131 uydurmaktaki amac\u0131m, me\u00e7hul \u00c7inlilerin ismi olarak s\u00f6ylenen -me\u00e7hul bir T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn buldu\u011fu- \u00c7an\u011f \u00c7in\u011f \u00c7on\u011f ismine bir g\u00f6nderme yapmakt\u0131. Do\u011fal olarak, olmayan bu \u015fairin \u00f6yle bir \u015fiiri de yoktur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131 okurda \u00c7ince hakk\u0131nda bir merak uyand\u0131r\u0131rsa, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i, Yeditepe, Ortado\u011fu Teknik \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde kurulu bulunan Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs Merkezlerine u\u011frayabilir, \u00c7in dili, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc hakk\u0131nda bilgilerinizi geli\u015ftirebilir, hatta belki de \u00c7ince kurslar\u0131na devam edebilir. \u00c7incenin karakterler kullan\u0131larak yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen bir olgudur. Ben bu k\u0131sa yaz\u0131mda bu \u201ckargac\u0131k burgac\u0131k\u201d karakterlerin sistemati\u011fini ana \u00e7er\u00e7evesiyle tan\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. \u00c7incenin yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n karakterleri denen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":701,"featured_media":14865,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[188,214],"tags":[609,694,460,806],"class_list":["post-14864","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-151-sayi","category-dilbilim","tag-cin","tag-dil","tag-kultur","tag-yazi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t