{"id":14956,"date":"2016-08-01T13:02:24","date_gmt":"2016-08-01T10:02:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=14956"},"modified":"2017-12-21T13:15:45","modified_gmt":"2017-12-21T10:15:45","slug":"tarihteki-ilk-ciftciler-genetik-acidan-benzer-degiller","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/08\/01\/tarihteki-ilk-ciftciler-genetik-acidan-benzer-degiller","title":{"rendered":"Tarihteki ilk \u00e7ift\u00e7iler genetik a\u00e7\u0131dan benzer de\u011filler"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tar\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na dair elde edilen en eski kan\u0131tlar Neoliti\u011fin \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgesi olan Bereketli Hilal\u2019e ait. Akdeniz\u2019in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak kuzeye, Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusuna uzanan bu b\u00f6lgeye, \u015fekli hilale benzedi\u011fi i\u00e7in arkeolog James Henry Breasted taraf\u0131ndan Bereketli Hilal ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir ve bug\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funlukla bu isimle an\u0131l\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10.000 – 12.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n avc\u0131 toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7tikleri ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarca destekleniyor. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta mercimek, bezelye, arpa gibi besinlerin yaban\u0131l \u00e7e\u015fitlerini yeti\u015ftiren ve yaban\u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fc, ke\u00e7i gibi evcille\u015ftirilmemi\u015f hayvanlar\u0131 g\u00fcden bu insanlar, zamanla bu hayvanlar\u0131 ve bitkileri evcille\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Irak\u2019taki Jarmo ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019deki Jericho b\u00f6lgelerindeki kaz\u0131lardan elde edilen bulgular da bunu destekler nitelikte. Bu b\u00f6lgeden yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ler, tar\u0131m\u0131n Avrupa ve Asya\u2019ya yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin homojen bir grup olduklar\u0131 ve tar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerini, ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evrelerinde ya\u015fayan toplumlara yayd\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bu varsay\u0131m, tar\u0131m\u0131n tek bir insan grubu taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktayd\u0131 . Fakat yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara g\u00f6re durum tahmin edilenden biraz farkl\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yay\u0131lma s\u00fcreci, antik DNA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip. Bunun nedeni ise g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131n\u0131n veya toplumlar aras\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin, genetik benzerliklerin (ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n) tespit edilmesi yolu ile incelenebiliyor olu\u015fu. Tar\u0131m\u0131n yay\u0131lma s\u00fcreci de yine bu a\u00e7\u0131dan incelendi\u011finde, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar tar\u0131m yapmakta olan Neolitik toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n genetik olarak benzer olmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemekteydiler. 14 Temmuz\u2019da Science<\/em> dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan makalede, Johannes Gutenberg \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Joachim Burger ve ekibi, inceledikleri farkl\u0131 tar\u0131m toplumlar\u0131na ait Neolitik insan \u00f6rneklerinin genetik olarak birbirlerinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, yakla\u015f\u0131k 10.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Irak ile \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bulunan Zagros Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 bireye ait \u00f6rnekler ile yap\u0131lan antik DNA analizlerine dayan\u0131yor. Birka\u00e7 bin y\u0131l daha gen\u00e7 olan ve bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bulunan, Bereketli Hilal\u2019in di\u011fer ucunda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bireyler ile yap\u0131lan DNA kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 sonucunda, bu iki toplum aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar tespit ediliyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Anadolu ve Zagros toplumlar\u0131 ortak atadan 46.000 ila 77.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yani tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7ilmesinden \u00e7ok \u00e7ok \u00f6nce. Bu da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 son derece ilgi \u00e7ekici k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bereketli Hilal\u2019in do\u011fusunda bulunan bu \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmediklerinden tar\u0131m\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya gelmesi ile bir ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bulgular\u0131ndan biri de bu antik \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131k. \u00d6te yandan antik Zagros \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerinin genomlar\u0131n\u0131n bugunk\u00fc Afganistanl\u0131 ve Pakistanl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n genomlar\u0131 ile benzerlik g\u00f6stermesi, bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan insanlar\u0131n do\u011fuya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f olduklar\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n

Neolitik boyunca evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f t\u00fcrlerin, G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya \u00fczerinden, do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya hareketi izlenebilirken Bereketli Hilal\u2019in en do\u011fusunda bulunan Zagros Da\u011flar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan insanlar\u0131n Anadolu ve Avrupa insanlar\u0131 ile genetik olarak bu kadar farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma bize, Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar do\u011fudan ba\u015flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor ve Zagros insanlar\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6nce tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f bir Neolitik toplumu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bu da tar\u0131m\u0131n Erken Neolitik\u2019te birden fazla noktada, birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikrini destekliyor.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– \u201cEarly Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent\u201d, Science<\/em>, 14.07.2016, http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/early\/2016\/07\/13\/science.aaf7943<\/p>\n

– \u201cWhere Did Agriculture Begin? Oh Boy, It\u2019s Complicated\u201d , Rhitu Chatterjee \/ NPR, KPBS, 15.07.2016, http:\/\/www.kpbs.org\/news\/2016\/jul\/15\/where-did-agriculture-begin-oh-boy-its-complicated\/<\/p>\n

– \u201cThe world\u2019s first farmers were surprisingly diverse\u201d, Ann Gibbons, Science<\/em>, 14.07.2016, http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2016\/07\/worlds-first-farmers-were-surprisingly-diverse<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tar\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na dair elde edilen en eski kan\u0131tlar Neoliti\u011fin \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgesi olan Bereketli Hilal\u2019e ait. Akdeniz\u2019in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak kuzeye, Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusuna uzanan bu b\u00f6lgeye, \u015fekli hilale benzedi\u011fi i\u00e7in arkeolog James Henry Breasted taraf\u0131ndan Bereketli Hilal ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir ve bug\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funlukla bu isimle an\u0131l\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10.000 – 12.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n avc\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":899,"featured_media":14957,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[187,20,19,21],"tags":[244,1715,597,909,543],"class_list":["post-14956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-150-sayi","category-arkeoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","category-biyoloji","tag-arkeoloji","tag-ciftcilik","tag-kazi","tag-neolitik-cag","tag-tarim"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t