{"id":15257,"date":"2016-07-01T16:04:31","date_gmt":"2016-07-01T13:04:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=15257"},"modified":"2017-12-26T16:44:34","modified_gmt":"2017-12-26T13:44:34","slug":"gobekli-tepe-kim-nerede-ne-zaman-nasil-ve-neden-yapti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/07\/01\/gobekli-tepe-kim-nerede-ne-zaman-nasil-ve-neden-yapti","title":{"rendered":"G\u00f6bekli Tepe: Kim, nerede, ne zaman, nas\u0131l ve neden yapt\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019in ba\u015flar\u0131nda avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve ona dayal\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr devam ederken, bir taraftan da insanlar yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7mi\u015f, tar\u0131ma ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131 at\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak bu yenilikler hen\u00fcz tam olarak yerle\u015fmemi\u015fti; biny\u0131llardan s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp gelen ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini bir anda terk etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. \u0130\u015fte G\u00f6bekli Tepe b\u00f6yle bir ortam\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Foto 1: K\u00f6ksal-Schmidt, \u00c7., 2016, \u201cG\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi \u2018yeniden yapmayal\u0131m\u2019, koruyal\u0131m\u201d, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Servisi (31.01.2016), http:\/\/kulturservisi.com\/p\/gobekli-tepeyi-yeniden-yapmayalim-koruyalim (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 17.05.2016)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve d\u00fcnyada arkeolojiyle do\u011frudan ilgili olmayan kesimlerin en \u00e7ok bildi\u011fi ve merak etti\u011fi yerlerden bir tanesi. Hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok pop\u00fcler\/bilimsel dergi ve tv kanal\u0131 haberler yapt\u0131, belgeseller \u00e7ekti. (Foto: 1) G\u00fcnl\u00fck gazetelerde neredeyse her g\u00fcn G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yle ilgili bir habere rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Guardian<\/em> gazetesinden Kevin Rushby, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda, buran\u0131n bir g\u00fcn her ilkokul \u00e7ocu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan bilinece\u011fini ve M\u0131s\u0131r piramitleri gibi, \u00f6nemli bir turizm merkezi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. (1) Rushby\u2019nin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine \u00e7ok var ama G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi yo\u011fun g\u00fcnlerde yakla\u015f\u0131k bin ki\u015fi ziyaret ediyor ki ula\u015f\u0131m zorlu\u011fu, tan\u0131t\u0131m eksikli\u011fi gibi fakt\u00f6rler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 de az\u0131msanacak bir say\u0131 de\u011fil bu. (2) UNESCO 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 Ge\u00e7ici Listesi\u2019ne ald\u0131 ve muhtemelen birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde de ana listede yer bulacak. Kaz\u0131lar ve haberler devam ettik\u00e7e, hem ilgi hem de ziyaret\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 artacak. Ger\u00e7ekten de G\u00f6bekli Tepe arkeolojinin son d\u00f6nemlerdeki en \u00f6nemli ke\u015fiflerinden bir tanesi. Toplumun di\u011fer kesimleri kadar, arkeologlar ve uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan da konu\u015fulan, tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir yer. Peki, G\u00f6bekli Tepe nerede? Kimler, nas\u0131l ve -belki en \u00f6nemlisi- neden yapt\u0131lar buray\u0131? Ve G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi bu denli \u00f6nemli yapan \u015fey ne? Yaz\u0131da bu sorulara -bilgim yetti\u011fince- yan\u0131t vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. (Foto: 2)<\/p>\n

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Foto 2: Schmidt, K., 2007, Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Avc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Gizemli Kutsal Alan\u0131. G\u00f6bekli Tepe. En Eski Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Yapanlar, (\u00c7ev: R. Arslan), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, Resim 52, s.182.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019den de \u00f6nce<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin kendisinden s\u00f6z etmeden \u00f6nce, insano\u011flunun ge\u00e7mi\u015finin -\u00e7ok k\u0131sa- bir \u00f6zetini yapmak gerekir ki G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin bu ge\u00e7mi\u015fin hangi noktas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6nemi anla\u015f\u0131labilsin. \u0130nsano\u011flunun -biyolojik s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmadaki ismiyle Homo<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn- yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ser\u00fcveni yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce Afrika\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli evrimsel a\u015famalardan sonra, yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan\u0131n\u0131n da mensubu oldu\u011fu Homo sapiens<\/em>, yine Afrika\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131karak, h\u0131zla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerine yay\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine gelindi\u011finde, Homo sapiens<\/em>, art\u0131k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerine -Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131 d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere- ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (3) Paleolitik (Eskita\u015f) ad\u0131 verilen bu 2,5 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem boyunca Homo sapiens<\/em> ve ondan \u00f6nceki insan t\u00fcrleri, di\u011fer hayvanlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, do\u011fada haz\u0131r halde bulduklar\u0131 bitki, yemi\u015f, k\u00f6k ve yumrular\u0131 toplayarak ve hayvanlar\u0131 avlayarak beslenme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 gidermi\u015ftir. Bar\u0131nma sorununu ise ma\u011fara, kaya alt\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131 vb do\u011fal olu\u015fumlar\u0131 kullanarak \u00e7\u00f6zme yoluna gitmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre boyunca insan gruplar\u0131 belirli bir yerde s\u00fcrekli ve kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak yerle\u015fmektense, mevsime ve \u00e7evredeki bitki ve hayvan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya da yar\u0131-g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir hayat tarz\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. (4)<\/p>\n

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Foto 3: Schmidt, K., 2007, Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Avc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Gizemli Kutsal Alan\u0131. G\u00f6bekli Tepe. En Eski Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Yapanlar, (\u00c7ev: R. Arslan), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, Resim 7, s.93.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da, Bereketli Hilal ad\u0131 verilen bir b\u00f6lgede, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden \u00f6nce yakla\u015f\u0131k 16-12 bin aras\u0131nda i\u015fler de\u011fi\u015fir. Bu b\u00f6lge, do\u011fuda Zagros Da\u011flar\u0131, kuzeyde Toros Da\u011flar\u0131, bat\u0131da ise Amanoslar\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak Do\u011fu Akdeniz boyunca g\u00fcneye inen da\u011f s\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kavis nedeniyle hilale benzetilir. (Foto: 3) Bu da\u011flar\u0131n etekleri, bu\u011fday, arpa, \u00e7avdar gibi tah\u0131llar ile mercimek, bezelye, nohut gibi baklagillerin yabani t\u00fcrlerinin do\u011fal yeti\u015fme alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile bu bitkilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yabani t\u00fcrlerine bu b\u00f6lgede rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lge, sonradan evcille\u015ftirilecek koyun, ke\u00e7i, domuz, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, e\u015fek, at vb hayvanlar\u0131n yabani t\u00fcrlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ba\u015fta ceylan t\u00fcrleri olmak \u00fczere, bir\u00e7ok hayvan\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgedir. \u0130\u015fte o da\u011flar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu hilale bereketli denmesinin nedeni de budur. T\u00fcm bu \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle Bereketli Hilal, toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve avc\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7inen insanlar i\u00e7in adeta bir cennet gibidir.<\/p>\n

Arkeolojide Epi-Paleolitik (Paleolitik Sonras\u0131 – G\u00d6 16-12 bin) ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6nemde, Bereketli Hilal civar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insan topluluklar\u0131, i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin hayvan ve bitki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok zengin olmas\u0131ndan da faydalanarak, yerle\u015fik ya da yar\u0131-yerle\u015fik ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00c7ok sa\u011flam olmasa da bir tak\u0131m bar\u0131naklar\/kul\u00fcbeler in\u015fa ediyor, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da Hallan \u00c7emi (Batman), Biris Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct Tarlas\u0131 (\u015eanl\u0131urfa); Suriye\u2019de Mureybet, Abu Hureyra; Irak\u2019ta Zawi \u00c7emi, Kermez Dere; \u0130srail\u2019de Natuf, Kebara; \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019de Ain Malaha ve Beidha, bu d\u00f6nem yerle\u015fmelerinden yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci, burada s\u00f6z edildi\u011fi kadar basit de\u011fildir elbette. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r devam edegelen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini adeta bir anda neden terk etti\u011fi ve bu de\u011fi\u015fimin nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, arkeolojideki \u00f6nemli ara\u015ft\u0131rma ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Epi-Paleolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019de insanlar yerle\u015fik bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekle birlikte, besinlerini yine \u00e7evrelerinde bulunan bitkileri toplayarak ve hayvanlar\u0131 avlayarak elde ediyorlard\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nem yerle\u015fmelerinde koyun, ke\u00e7i, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, domuz, e\u015fek ve at\u0131n yabani t\u00fcrleri ile ceylan, karaca vb hayvanlar\u0131n kemiklerine \u00e7ok yo\u011fun miktarda rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Yak\u0131n \u00e7evrede bolca bulunan tah\u0131l, baklagil ve yemi\u015fleri (f\u0131st\u0131k, \u00e7itlembik, badem, incir vb) toplad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, bu bitkilerin yanarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan biliyoruz. Bar\u0131naklar\u0131n\/kul\u00fcbelerin i\u00e7inde ve \u00e7evresinde bulunan depolama \u00e7ukurlar\u0131 (silolar) ile bitkileri \u00f6\u011f\u00fctmekte kullan\u0131lan \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme aletleri ve havanlar da bu bitkileri t\u00fckettiklerinin dolayl\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Kemik, boynuz veya ah\u015fap i\u00e7erisine ta\u015ftan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u0131\u00e7aklar\u0131 monte etmek suretiyle yap\u0131lan oraklar da yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde bitki hasad\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer dolayl\u0131 kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birka\u00e7 biny\u0131l devam eden bu yerle\u015fik avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k d\u00f6nemi boyunca insanlar, bitkileri ve hayvanlar\u0131 daha fazla ve yak\u0131ndan g\u00f6zlemleme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulmu\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onlar\u0131n nas\u0131l ve hangi ko\u015fullarda yeti\u015fti\u011fi, belli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda (\u00f6zellikle hayvanlar\u0131n) nas\u0131l davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi sahibi olmu\u015flard\u0131. Nitekim bu g\u00f6zlem ve deneyimin ilk sonucu, k\u00f6pe\u011fin evcille\u015ftirilmesi olur. (5) K\u00f6pe\u011fin evcille\u015ftirilmesi belki de insano\u011flunda di\u011fer hayvanlar\u0131n da evcille\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini do\u011furmu\u015f ve bu y\u00f6nde denemeler yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin sonlar\u0131na, yani M\u00d6 10 binlere do\u011fru gelindi\u011finde bu denemeler sonu\u00e7 vermi\u015f ve domuz, koyun ve ke\u00e7i evcille\u015ftirilen hayvanlar aras\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bitkilerdense arpa, bu\u011fday, sonradan \u00e7avdar, mercimek, nohut vb tar\u0131ma al\u0131nan ilk bitkilerdir. (6)<\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli kaynaklarda ve pop\u00fcler yay\u0131nlarda evcille\u015ftirme\/tar\u0131ma alma s\u00fcreci sanki bir anda ve tek bir yerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f gibi anlat\u0131l\u0131r. (7) Ancak hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesi ve bitkilerin tar\u0131ma al\u0131nmas\u0131, binlerce y\u0131la yay\u0131lan bir deneme-yan\u0131lma y\u00f6nteminin ve insan eliyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen bir yapay se\u00e7ilimin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sonunda bitki ve hayvanlarda art\u0131k geriye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmayan davran\u0131\u015fsal, morfolojik ve genetik de\u011fi\u015fimler meydana gelmi\u015ftir ve bu de\u011fi\u015fimler halen devam etmektedir. Bu nedenle hayvan ve bitkilerin \u201cilk defa\u201d nerede ve kim taraf\u0131ndan evcille\u015ftirildi\u011fini\/tar\u0131ma al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. Evcille\u015ftirme\/tar\u0131ma almay\u0131, Bereketli Hilal ve \u00e7evresinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da ku\u015fa\u011fa yay\u0131lan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Evcille\u015fen do\u011fa, evcille\u015fen insan: Neolitik d\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flu t\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca yaln\u0131zca bitkileri ve hayvanlar\u0131 de\u011fil, kendisini de evcille\u015ftirir; zira nas\u0131l hayvan ve bitkiler art\u0131k geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmayan bir yola (insan eliyle) girmi\u015flerse, insanlar da art\u0131k geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmayan sosyo-ekonomik bir d\u00fczene ad\u0131m atarlar. Y\u00fcz binlerce, hatta milyonlarca y\u0131ldan beri devam eden g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ve avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve ona dayal\u0131 sosyo-ekonomik d\u00fczen -neredeyse- bir anda de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, onun yerine bamba\u015fka bir d\u00fczen gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k devam etmekle birlikte, beslenmek i\u00e7in \u201cdo\u011fa ana\u201dn\u0131n insaf\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 insano\u011flu. Bitkileri kendisi \u00fcretebiliyor ve zor zamanlarda t\u00fcketmek \u00fczere sakl\u0131yordu; o g\u00fcne dek pe\u015finden ko\u015ftu\u011fu av hayvanlar\u0131 ise art\u0131k evinin \u00e7evresinde, elinin alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ancak tarlay\u0131 sulamak, \u00e7apalamak, ekini bi\u00e7mek, hayvanlar\u0131 otlatmak ve daha benzeri bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015f de bekliyordu kap\u0131da; a\u00e7 kalmamak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, eme\u011fe ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131. D\u00fcnya de\u011fi\u015fiyordu. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde hep g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, altyap\u0131daki (\u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerindeki) de\u011fi\u015fimler, \u00fcstyap\u0131ya (din, inan\u00e7, hukuk, ideoloji vb) da yans\u0131yacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131n neredeyse t\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ge\u00e7ici yuvarlak kul\u00fcbeler \u015feklinde yap\u0131lan bar\u0131naklar, zamanla ta\u015f, kerpi\u00e7 ve a\u011fac\u0131n bir arada kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlemelere, depolama birimlerine sahip, d\u00f6rtgen bi\u00e7imli yap\u0131lara\/konutlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. O g\u00fcne de\u011fin kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ta\u015f alet yap\u0131m tekniklerine yeni teknikler eklenir ve b\u00f6ylece ta\u015f alet \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi artar. Kemiklerden yap\u0131lan aletlerin say\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi artar. Dokumac\u0131l\u0131kta, seramik\u00e7ilikte, heykelt\u0131ra\u015fl\u0131kta, sanatta vb bir\u00e7ok yenilik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 bin ile (b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte) M\u00d6 6 bin aras\u0131ndaki bu d\u00f6neme arkeolojide Neolitik (Yenita\u015f) ad\u0131 verilir. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6nceki Epi-Paleolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019e k\u0131yasla yerle\u015fmelerin say\u0131s\u0131 artar. Bu da n\u00fcfusun artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde yorumlan\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da Epi-Paleolitik D\u00f6nem i\u00e7in ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en yerle\u015fmelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc (Diyarbak\u0131r), Nevali \u00c7ori (\u015eanl\u0131urfa); Suriye\u2019de Dja\u2019de, Jerf el Ahmar; Irak\u2019ta Nemrik, M\u2019lefaat; \u0130srail\u2019de Eriha, Nahal Oren; \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019de Ain Ghazal ve Basta, Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019e tarihlenen y\u00fczlerce yerle\u015fmeden \u00f6nemli birka\u00e7 tanesidir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc arkeolog-tarih\u00e7i Gordon V. Childe, bu d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fimi tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in daha 1930\u2019larda, \u201cNeolitik Devrim\u201d tabirini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (8) Temel olarak yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla belirlenen bu \u00e7ift\u00e7i ya\u015fam, yani \u201cdevrim\u201d k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Asya\u2019ya, Anadolu i\u00e7lerine, oradan da Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131. (9) M\u00d6 3 binlere gelindi\u011finde eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n nerdeyse t\u00fcm\u00fcnde insanlar \u00e7ift\u00e7i ya\u015fama ge\u00e7mi\u015f, \u201cdevrim\u201di ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe, i\u015fte b\u00f6yle bir sosyo-ekonomik -ve elbette d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel- d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7erisindeki insan toplumlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilmi\u015f, kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve sonra terk edilmi\u015f yap\u0131lardan olu\u015fan bir yerdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu de\u011fi\u015fimin neden ve nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fine ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli bilgiler bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek ve bilmek belki g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n curcunas\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 pek etkilemeyecektir. Ancak insanlar olarak yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ve evrendeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 daha do\u011fru ve isabetli konumland\u0131rmam\u0131za, ge\u00e7mi\u015fimizi daha iyi anlamam\u0131za ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za hangi yollardan y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek geldi\u011fimizi \u00f6\u011frenmemize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Foto 4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nevali \u00c7ori\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe asl\u0131nda 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilmi\u015fti. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan bir ekip, G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu tepeyi ziyaret etmi\u015f, y\u00fczeyde g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu ta\u015flar\u0131 belgelemi\u015fti. Fakat bunlar\u0131n Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019e de\u011fil, \u00e7ok daha sonras\u0131na, Roma d\u00f6nemine veya Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019a ait bir mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ta\u015flar\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdi. (10) Asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok da haks\u0131z say\u0131lmazlard\u0131, o y\u0131llarda hi\u00e7 kimse, \u015eanl\u0131urfa\u2019da bir da\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019den kalma dikilita\u015flar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edemezdi. Arkeologlar aras\u0131ndaki genel kan\u0131, Neolitik D\u00f6nem toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n basit, \u00e7ift\u00e7i k\u00f6yler halinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve sosyal ve dini a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k olmad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeydi. Ayr\u0131ca Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019in daha g\u00fcneyde, Levant\u2019ta (Do\u011fu Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131 hatt\u0131) ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ancak ileri a\u015famalar\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya ve di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. (11) K\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck (Konya), \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc (Diyarbak\u0131r), A\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck (Aksaray) gibi yerle\u015fmeler ke\u015ffedilince bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131 ama hen\u00fcz o g\u00fcnlerin gelmesine vakit vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Foto 5: Hauptmann, H., 2011, \u201cThe Urfa Region\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, S. 125, Fig: 9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019e ili\u015fkin alg\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren yerle\u015fmelerden bir tanesi de yine \u015eanl\u0131urfa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunan Nevali \u00c7ori\u2019ydi. Atat\u00fcrk Baraj\u0131 yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada, baraj havzas\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalacak yerle\u015fmelerde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen kurtarma kaz\u0131lar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, 1983-1991 aras\u0131nda 7 sezon boyunca kaz\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lan bu yerle\u015fmede, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 o y\u0131llarda kimsenin tahmin edemeyece\u011fi, \u00f6zel bir yap\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 (Foto: 4). Bu yap\u0131, g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc di\u011fer yap\u0131lardan, yani konutlardan bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcyle farkl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin ta\u015f \u00f6rme duvarlar\u0131 di\u011fer yap\u0131lar\u0131n duvarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha kal\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Foto 6: 11 Bin Y\u0131ll\u0131k Nevali \u00c7ori Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, Yeniden Kuruluyor, http:\/\/arkeolojihaber.net\/2014\/07\/05\/11-bin-yillik-nevali-cori-tapinagi-yeniden-kuruluyor\/ (05.07.2014) (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 07.06.2016)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Taban\u0131 ise kirecin \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015flemlerden ge\u00e7irilmesi suretiyle, terazzo ad\u0131 verilen bir y\u00f6ntemle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yap\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131na, giri\u015fin tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na gelecek \u015fekilde, iki tane \u201cT\u201d bi\u00e7imli stel\/dikilita\u015f yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti (Foto: 5). Bu dikilita\u015flar\u0131n \u00fczerindeyse kollar\u0131 ve elleri and\u0131ran bir tak\u0131m \u00e7izimler vard\u0131 (Foto: 6). Yani dikilita\u015flara \u00e7ok \u015fematik bir insan bi\u00e7imi verilmi\u015fti. Ayn\u0131 dikilita\u015flar\u0131n daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu ve bezeksiz olanlar\u0131ndan 12 tane de duvarlar\u0131n i\u00e7 taraf\u0131na monte edilmi\u015f, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sonradan yerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yap\u0131 ayn\u0131 yerde temelleri ve plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek birka\u00e7 defa yeniden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, her y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da molozlar\u0131 ve duvarlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisine k\u0131r\u0131k insan ve hayvan heykelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Foto: 7-9). (12) Nevali \u00c7ori bug\u00fcn art\u0131k Atat\u00fcrk Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sular\u0131 alt\u0131nda; ancak bu \u00f6zel yap\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, gelecekte ba\u015fka bir yerde yeniden aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, numaraland\u0131r\u0131larak kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu m\u00fcthi\u015f \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fc 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. \u015eanl\u0131urfa\u2019da yeni bir m\u00fcze yap\u0131l\u0131nca, Nevali \u00c7ori\u2019deki \u00f6zel yap\u0131 da asl\u0131na uygun olarak yeniden aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. (13)<\/p>\n

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Foto 7: Hauptmann, H., 2011, \u201cThe Urfa Region\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, S. 127, Fig: 11\/a.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nevali \u00c7ori kaz\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Alman arkeolog Klaus Schmidt, bu \u00f6zel yap\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffinde ve kaz\u0131larak g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu yap\u0131da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan dikilita\u015flar\u0131n benzerlerinin 1960\u2019larda tespit edilen ama pek \u00fczerinde durulmayan G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019de de bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fti. G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki \u00d6rencik k\u00f6y\u00fcnden insanlar s\u0131k s\u0131k m\u00fczeye ihbarda bulunuyor, bazen de bulduklar\u0131 heykel ve dikilita\u015f par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 yanlar\u0131nda getiriyorlard\u0131. Schmidt birka\u00e7 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan bir ekiple G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin bulundu\u011fu tepeyi birka\u00e7 defa ziyaret etti. Nihayet 1995\u2019te burada kaz\u0131lara ba\u015flad\u0131. (14) Tam da tahmin etti\u011fi gibi, o y\u00fczeyde rastlad\u0131klar\u0131 dikilita\u015f ve heykeller Roma veya Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019dan de\u011fil, Nevali \u00c7ori gibi, Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019den kalmayd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn art\u0131k biliyoruz ki buradaki en eski yap\u0131lar Nevali \u00c7ori\u2019den yakla\u015f\u0131k bin y\u0131l daha eskidir. Nevali \u00c7ori\u2019dekine \u00e7ok benzeyen d\u00f6rtgen planl\u0131 yap\u0131lar ise G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin ancak son a\u015famalar\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Foto 8: Hauptmann, H., 2011, \u201cThe Urfa Region\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, S. 129, Fig: 14\/a.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Klaus Schmidt, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ani vefat\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak d\u00fcnyaya tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00e7abalarda bulundu. G\u00f6bekli Tepe gibi \u201czor\u201d bir yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n siyasi ve sosyal olay\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir de b\u00fcrokratik engellerle bo\u011fu\u015fmak kolay olmasa gerek. Elbette arkeoloji bir \u015fah\u0131s de\u011fil, ekip i\u015fidir; G\u00f6bekli Tepe de Schmidt\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ekip taraf\u0131ndan bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na kazand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak Schmidt\u2019in 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda ba\u015flayan yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k T\u00fcrkiye deneyimi ve sevgisi olmasayd\u0131, belki de bug\u00fcn G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi bu kadar konu\u015fuyor olmazd\u0131k. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, G\u00f6bekli Tepe ekibi de Schmidt\u2019in b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden bayra\u011f\u0131 alarak bu \u00f6nemli yeri arkeoloji ve bilim camias\u0131na ve kamuoyuna kazand\u0131rmaya devam edecektir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe<\/strong><\/p>\n

San\u0131r\u0131m art\u0131k G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin tam olarak nerede oldu\u011funu yazman\u0131n vakti geldi: G\u00f6bekli Tepe, \u015eanl\u0131urfa\u2019n\u0131n 15 km kadar kuzeydo\u011fusunda, yakla\u015f\u0131k 800 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki bir tepenin \u00fczerinde bulunan bir h\u00f6y\u00fckt\u00fcr (Foto: 10). \u00dczerinde bulundu\u011fu tepe asl\u0131nda o d\u00f6nem insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015famas\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 de uygun bir yer de\u011fildir. O d\u00f6nemde insanlar hemen her zaman su kaynaklar\u0131na yak\u0131n, bitki ve hayvan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bol oldu\u011fu ya da tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa elveri\u015fli vadi ya da platolarda ya\u015famay\u0131 tercih ederlerdi. Fakat G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu y\u00fckselti kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131ndan olu\u015fan, \u00e7orak bir kayal\u0131k oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ne bitki ve hayvan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengindir ne de tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yapmaya elveri\u015flidir. Ayr\u0131ca yak\u0131n \u00e7evrede kal\u0131c\u0131 bir su kayna\u011f\u0131 da yoktur. G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan ilki buradan, yani yer se\u00e7iminden kaynaklan\u0131r. O d\u00f6nem insanlar\u0131, ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli olmayan bu yerde neden yakla\u015f\u0131k bin be\u015f y\u00fcz (belki iki bin) y\u0131l boyunca (M\u00d6 9500-8000) ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131?<\/p>\n

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Foto 9: Hauptmann, H., 2011, \u201cThe Urfa Region\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, S. 135, Fig: 25.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131, G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019de in\u015fa edilmi\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n niteli\u011finde ve i\u015flevinde yatar. G\u00f6bekli Tepe, insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s\u0131radan bir yerle\u015fim de\u011fildi. Bu nedenle burada in\u015fa edilen yap\u0131lar da g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik de\u011fildir. G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin di\u011fer Neolitik D\u00f6nem yerle\u015fimlerinden bir di\u011fer farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da budur; buras\u0131, tespit edilebildi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla 20 tane \u00f6zel yap\u0131dan olu\u015fan bir \u201ctap\u0131naklar kompleksi\u201ddir. Bu 20 yap\u0131dan hen\u00fcz yaln\u0131zca alt\u0131 tanesi g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa da jeoradar y\u00f6ntemleriyle tespit edilen di\u011fer 14 tanesi kaz\u0131lmay\u0131 beklemektedir.<\/p>\n

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Foto 10.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yap\u0131lar oval veya yuvarlak planl\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00e7aplar\u0131 20-30 metre aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir (Foto: 11). Duvarlar kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, duvar \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken i\u00e7ine Nevali \u00c7ori\u2019den bildi\u011fimiz, 12 adet \u201cT\u201d bi\u00e7imli dikilita\u015f yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131lar\u0131n ortas\u0131nda ise ta\u015ftan bir platform \u00fczerinde, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu, yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde iki adet dikilita\u015f bulunur (Foto: 12). Bir iki \u00f6rnekte duvar boyunca \u00fczerinde oturmak amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sekiler vard\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz kesin olarak saptanamam\u0131\u015fsa da muhtemelen bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Foto 11: Schmidt, K., \u201cG\u00f6bekli Tepe\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, S. 75, Fig: 26.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hem merkezdeki hem de duvarlar\u0131n i\u00e7indeki dikilita\u015flar\u0131n \u00fczeri, geometrik desenler ve \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli hayvanlar\u0131n kabartmalar\u0131yla bezenmi\u015ftir (Foto 13-15). Merkezdeki iki dikilita\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerindeki kol ve eller ile bel k\u0131sm\u0131na denk gelen hayvan derileri, bunlar\u0131n insan\u0131 veya insan bi\u00e7imli (antropomorfik) bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temsil etti\u011fini, \u015f\u00fcpheye yer b\u0131rakmayacak \u015fekilde ortaya koyar (Foto 12-15). Dikilita\u015flar \u00fczerinde betimlenen hayvanlarsa \u00e7o\u011funlukla y\u0131lan, tilki, domuz, aslan, bo\u011fa, \u00f6r\u00fcmcek, akrep, turna ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ku\u015flard\u0131r. (15) Hi\u00e7bir bitki betimlemesine rastlanmazken, yaln\u0131zca bir tane insan betimi vard\u0131r ki o da ba\u015fs\u0131z ve penisi ereksiyon halinde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir (Foto: 13). Bu arada memeli hayvanlar\u0131n da \u00e7o\u011funun erkek oldu\u011funu, belirgin bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f erkeklik organlar\u0131ndan anlar\u0131z. Fig\u00fcrler genellikle hareket halinde (a\u011fz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k, ko\u015far, s\u0131\u00e7rar, kanatlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k vb) g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir ve bir k\u0131sm\u0131 birbiriyle ili\u015fkiliyken, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da dikilita\u015ftaki bo\u015fluklara adeta rasgele yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dikilita\u015flar \u00fczerindeki kabartmalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019de \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu hayvan ve insan heykeli de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Foto: 16-17). Bunlar da yine genellikle hareket halinde g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n

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Foto 12: Schmidt, K., \u201cG\u00f6bekli Tepe\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, S. 82, Fig: 34<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki dikilita\u015flar ve heykeller -aralar\u0131nda ufak tefek farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olsa da- adeta tek bir heykelt\u0131ra\u015f\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na bir \u00fcslup benzerli\u011fine sahiptir. Ne var ki bu dikilita\u015f ve heykeller, 2 bin y\u0131la varan bir zaman diliminde, farkl\u0131 ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ta\u015flar\u0131 yontanlar kimdi, bilmiyoruz. Belki G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki yap\u0131lar\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenen bir tak\u0131m rahipler\/g\u00f6revliler, belki de y\u0131l\u0131n belli d\u00f6nemlerinde burada t\u00f6ren yapmak i\u00e7in bir araya gelen insanlar. Heykelt\u0131ra\u015fl\u0131k mesle\u011finin\/bilgisinin usta-\u00e7\u0131rak ili\u015fkisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yeni ku\u015faklara aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesindir ki bu \u00fcslup 2 bin y\u0131l boyunca korunabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki yap\u0131lar nas\u0131l in\u015fa edildi? <\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki yap\u0131lar, dikilita\u015flar, heykeller bize ne anlat\u0131r? Yani t\u00fcm bu bulgulardan ne \u00f6\u011freniyoruz? Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n nas\u0131l in\u015fa edildiklerini. G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki yap\u0131larda, dikilita\u015flar\u0131n ve heykellerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yerle\u015fmenin yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde bulunan kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 ocaklar\u0131, i\u015flikleri ve yar\u0131m kalm\u0131\u015f \u00f6rnekler, dikilita\u015f ve heykellerin bu i\u015fliklerde kabaca veya tamamen \u015fekillendirildikten sonra yerle\u015fmeye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sertlik derecesi \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek de\u011fildir ve \u00f6zellikle \u0131slat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kolay \u015fekillendirilebilir. Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131na \u015fekil vermek i\u00e7in o d\u00f6nemde aletlerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel malzeme olan \u00e7akmakta\u015f\u0131, kemik ve ah\u015fap kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde unutulmu\u015f ve tespit edilmesi zor bir tak\u0131m in\u015fa teknikleri kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. Yine de kimi 20 ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015fan dikilita\u015flar\u0131 ve heykelleri yontmak, yontuldu\u011fu yerden birka\u00e7 km uza\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131mak ve bunlar\u0131 kullanarak bir yap\u0131y\u0131 in\u015fa etmek, \u00f6nemli bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc gerektirir. Bu i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7in y\u00fczlerce ki\u015finin, bir koordinasyon i\u00e7erisinde, uzun s\u00fcre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gereklidir. (16)<\/p>\n

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Foto 13: Schmidt, K., 2007, Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Avc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Gizemli Kutsal Alan\u0131. G\u00f6bekli Tepe. En Eski Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Yapanlar, (\u00c7ev: R\u00fcstem Arslan), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, s. 294, Resim 107.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Daha \u00f6nce de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi, G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki dikilita\u015f ve heykeller, yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir d\u00f6nemde, farkl\u0131 ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak t\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre boyunca yap\u0131lar\u0131n, heykellerin ve dikilita\u015flar\u0131n \u00fcslubunda b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimler g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Bu \u00fcslup benzerli\u011fi i\u00e7in bilginin sonraki ku\u015faklara usta-\u00e7\u0131rak ili\u015fkisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7ok geli\u015fkin olmasa da bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden s\u00f6z edebiliriz. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu faaliyetlerin planlanmas\u0131, uygulanmas\u0131 ve organize edilebilmesi i\u00e7in de bir tak\u0131m kurumlara ve\/veya ki\u015filere ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sosyal ve manevi ya\u015fam<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi ilgin\u00e7 ve \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de budur. G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki en eski yap\u0131lar\u0131 in\u015fa edenler, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe de\u011fillerse bile b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131lar. O d\u00f6nemde tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k insano\u011flunun hayat\u0131na girmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, ancak hen\u00fcz tam yerle\u015fmemi\u015ftir; avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k halen en temel besin elde etme y\u00f6ntemidir. G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki ilk yap\u0131lar da bu ge\u00e7i\u015f a\u015famas\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Arkeolojik veriler ve antropolojik kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re, avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ve g\u00f6\u00e7ebe topluluklar, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da bireylerden olu\u015fur. Avlanmak, yiyecek toplamak, rakip grup veya hayvanlarla m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in zaman zaman kendi aralar\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fine gitseler bile bu i\u015fbirli\u011fi kal\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir ve duruma g\u00f6re s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterir. Aralar\u0131ndaki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise genellikle sadece cinsiyete (kad\u0131n-erkek) ve ya\u015fa (gen\u00e7-ya\u015fl\u0131) dayal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Foto 14: Schmidt, K., \u201cG\u00f6bekli Tepe\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, S. 65, Fig: 9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Baz\u0131 bireyler do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri sayesinde belli konularda (\u00f6rne\u011fin avlanma, \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleme, resim yapma) daha iyi olsalar bile, bu uzmanl\u0131klar\u0131 onlara topluluk i\u00e7erisinde daha \u00fcst\u00fcn ya da farkl\u0131 bir konum sa\u011flamaz. Topluluk i\u00e7erisinde baz\u0131 bireyler y\u00f6netici\/lider konumuna y\u00fckselebilir ancak kaynaklara ula\u015fmada toplulu\u011fun di\u011fer \u00fcyelerinden daha fazla hakka sahip olmaz; genel olarak e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir sosyal d\u00fczen h\u00e2kimdir. G\u00f6\u00e7ebe avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri gere\u011fince, kal\u0131c\u0131 yap\u0131lar in\u015fa edemezler veya buna ihtiya\u00e7 duymazlar. (17) Hiyerar\u015fik sosyal d\u00fczen, geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 ve uzun erimli organizasyon, i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc vb olgular\u0131n, insanl\u0131k tarihinde \u00e7ok daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir. G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019de ve Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da G\u00f6bekli Tepe ile \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f yerle\u015fmelerde son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ula\u015f\u0131lan bulgular, bu kabuller \u00fczerinde yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gereklili\u011fini ortaya koymalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Zaten bilimin en temel \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de budur; her yan\u0131t, yeni sorular do\u011furur.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 yerle\u015fmelerde rastlanan yap\u0131lar, heykeller vb. ortak i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc gerektiren faaliyetler, bir t\u00fcr imece usul\u00fcyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flarsa bile, bu i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ki\u015filerin, o i\u015fi yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bir tak\u0131m manevi motivasyonlar\u0131 olmak durumundad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu motivasyon boyutunu bizzat o yap\u0131lar ile bu yap\u0131lardaki kabartma ve heykeller ortaya koyar. S\u00f6z konusu yap\u0131lar, kabartma ve heykeller, rasgele yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya da bir araya gelmi\u015f eserler de\u011fildir. Her biri, onlar\u0131 yapan insanlar\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve\/veya d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini yans\u0131tan bir tak\u0131m semboller ve hik\u00e2yeler bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. (18)<\/p>\n

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Foto 15: Schmidt, K., \u201cG\u00f6bekli Tepe\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, S. 81, Fig: 33.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu sembollerin ne anlama geldiklerini, anlatt\u0131klar\u0131 hik\u00e2yeyi maalesef bilmiyoruz ve belki de hi\u00e7bir zaman tam olarak \u00f6\u011frenemeyece\u011fiz. Fakat inan\u00e7 dedi\u011fimiz olgunun genel \u00f6zelliklerinden faydalanarak, bir tak\u0131m varsay\u0131mlarda bulunabiliriz. Ne var ki bu \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir konu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131y\u0131 hak eder. \u015eunu belirtmek gerekir ki nas\u0131l bizler \u00e7\u0131plak halde bir kad\u0131n ve erkek \u00e7ifti ile yanlar\u0131nda bir y\u0131lan\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir temsil g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde Adem-Havva, insan\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, cennetten kovulma vb gibi bir hikayeler silsilesi canlan\u0131yorsa akl\u0131m\u0131zda, G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ya da oraya ziyarete gelen insanlar da o sembollere bakt\u0131klar\u0131 zaman, ak\u0131llar\u0131nda mutlaka evrenin ve insan\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, g\u00f6kteki cisimlerin manas\u0131 vb mitolojik hikayeler canlan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

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Foto 16: Peters, J. & Schmidt, K., 2004, \u201cAnimals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic G\u00f6bekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment\u201d, Anthropozoologica 39 (1), s. 204-205, Fig. 24.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019nin sonu<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi konu alan yaz\u0131, belgesel, haber vb\u2019nin hemen hepsinde G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki yap\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne vurgu yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de buradaki yap\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair kuvvetli veriler vard\u0131r. Yap\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar bu denli sa\u011flam ula\u015fabilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir nedeni de budur. Peki, kim ve neden g\u00f6ms\u00fcn bu yap\u0131lar\u0131?<\/p>\n

Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019e ait yerle\u015fmelerin baz\u0131lar\u0131nda, \u201ctap\u0131nak\u201d, \u201ckamu binas\u0131\u201d, \u201ct\u00f6ren binas\u0131\u201d vb \u00f6zel nitelikli yap\u0131lar\u0131n, kullan\u0131ld\u0131ktan bir s\u00fcre sonra i\u00e7lerinin bo\u015falt\u0131larak temizlendi\u011fine, dam \u00f6rt\u00fcleri al\u0131nd\u0131ktan ve duvarlar\u0131 da belli bir seviyeye kadar y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, temiz olmas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilen bir toprakla adeta \u201cg\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne\u201d dair kuvvetli emareler vard\u0131r. (19) Bu uygulama \u00f6zel nitelikli yap\u0131larda daha yayg\u0131n olmakla birlikte, baz\u0131 s\u0131radan yap\u0131lar da bu \u015fekilde g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Arkeolojide \u201cyap\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fc\u201d denilen bu uygulamada yap\u0131lar ki\u015file\u015ftirilir ve bir canlar\u0131\/ruhlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu kabul edilir. Belli bir s\u00fcre \u201cya\u015fad\u0131ktan\u201d sonra da art\u0131k \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131na kanaat getirilerek g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu uygulaman\u0131n \u00f6rneklerine hem g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn baz\u0131 \u201cilkel\u201d toplumlar\u0131nda hem de tarihi kay\u0131tlarda rastlan\u0131r. (20) G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de \u00f6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015faat\u0131na ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce ve in\u015faat bittikten sonra kurbanlar kesilir; evlere, apartmanlara sanki bir canl\u0131ym\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na isimler verilir. Ku\u015fkusuz bunlarla Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019in \u201cyap\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fc\u201d aras\u0131nda benzerlikler aramak yanl\u0131\u015f, ama insanlarla \u201cev\u201dleri aras\u0131nda, i\u015flevsellik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her zaman bir tak\u0131m simgesel\/duygusal ili\u015fkilerin oldu\u011fu da bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Foto 17.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki yap\u0131lar\u0131n da belki bu \u201cyap\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fc\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, belki bamba\u015fka bir nedenle g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fckleri tahmin edilmektedir. Ancak bu g\u00f6mme i\u015flemi tek bir seferde olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r muhtemelen. 2 bin y\u0131la varan zaman diliminde yap\u0131lar in\u015fa edilmi\u015f, kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, ayn\u0131 yerde veya yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bu i\u015flem tekrar ettik\u00e7e bug\u00fcn G\u00f6bekli dedi\u011fimiz tepe olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. (Foto: 18) M\u00d6 8 bin civarlar\u0131nda ise son yap\u0131lar da g\u00f6m\u00fclerek G\u00f6bekli Tepe tamamen terk edilmi\u015ftir. Elbette o yap\u0131lar\u0131 in\u015fa edenler, kullananlar ve yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr yok olmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede ya\u015famaya, k\u00f6yler kurmaya, tap\u0131naklar yapmaya devam ettiler. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz bizler, onlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Foto 18: https:\/\/mcopesblog.wordpress.com\/2013\/04\/21\/on-visiting-gobekli-tepe-2-the-approach\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sons\u00f6z<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neolitik D\u00f6nem, adeta insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201can\u201dlardan bir tanesidir. Bu d\u00f6nemde hayat\u0131n t\u00fcm alanlar\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Yaz\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu parlaman\u0131n faili kimlerdi, bilmiyoruz. B\u00fct\u00fcn yenilikler -kelimenin tam anlam\u0131yla- isimsiz kahramanlar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Daha do\u011frusu t\u00fcm o yenilikleri tek bir ki\u015fiye ya da gruba atfedemeyiz. Bu y\u00fczden Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019i bir b\u00f6lgenin\/co\u011frafyan\u0131n parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an olarak niteleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin ba\u015flar\u0131nda avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve ona dayal\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr devam ederken, bir taraftan da insanlar yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7mi\u015f, tar\u0131ma ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131 at\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak bu yenilikler hen\u00fcz tam olarak yerle\u015fmemi\u015fti; biny\u0131llardan s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp gelen ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini bir anda terk etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u0130\u015fte G\u00f6bekli Tepe b\u00f6yle bir ortam\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019deki en eski yap\u0131lar, d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flar\u0131nda, M\u00d6 10. biny\u0131lda in\u015fa edilir ve buras\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu yenilikler insano\u011flunun hayat\u0131nda iyice yer edene dek, 1500-2000 y\u0131l boyunca kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden o d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u201can\u201d\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli yerlerden biridir. Ancak Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019i ve G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi anlamak, arkeologlar\u0131n ve arkeolojinin tek ba\u015f\u0131na alt\u0131ndan kalkabilece\u011fi bir i\u015f de\u011fildir. Bunun i\u00e7in felsefeden sosyolojiye, antropolojiden teolojiye, bir\u00e7ok disiplinin ba\u015f ba\u015fa vermesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Rushby, K., 2012, \u201cEastern Turkey\u2019s ancient wonders\u201d Guardian (21.12.2012).<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/travel\/2012\/dec\/21\/eastern-turkey-ancient-wonders (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 17.05.2016)<\/p>\n

2) G\u00f6bekli Tepe – Newsletter 2014, s.3<\/p>\n

3) \u0130nsan evrimi konusunda bkz.: \u00d6zbek, M., 2010, 50 Soruda \u0130nsan\u0131n Tarih\u00f6ncesi Evrimi<\/em>, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

4) Arseb\u00fck, G., 2014, Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe Do\u011fru Bir Bak\u0131\u015f. Fosil \u0130nsan\u0131n G\u00fcndelik Ya\u015fam\u0131ndan Baz\u0131 Kesitler<\/em>, Ege Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

5) Dayan, T., 1994, \u201cEarly Domesticated Dogs of the Near East\u201d, Journal of Archaeological Science<\/em>, 21, 633-640.<\/p>\n

6) Hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesi ve bitkilerin tar\u0131ma al\u0131nmas\u0131 konusunda daha detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: Diamond, J., 2013 (23. bas\u0131m), T\u00fcfek, Mikrop ve \u00c7elik<\/em>, (\u00c7ev: \u00dclker \u0130nce), T\u00fcbitak, Ankara, s.91 ve sonras\u0131.<\/p>\n

7) \u00c7ok s\u0131k yap\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka hata ise hayvan ve bitkiler i\u00e7in \u201cevcil\u201d ifadesinin kullan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ngilizce domestic<\/em> kelimesinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan bu ifade hayvanlar i\u00e7in do\u011fru olsa da bitkiler \u201cevcil\u201dle\u015fmezler; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bitkiler i\u00e7in \u201ctar\u0131ma almak\u201d, \u201ctar\u0131ma al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u201d vb kelimeleri kullanmak daha do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n

8) Akt: Sagona, A. & Zimansky, P., 2015, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin En Eski K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri<\/em>, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, s.34.<\/p>\n

9) \u00c7ift\u00e7i ya\u015fam\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve nas\u0131l yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yine netameli bir konudur. Daha detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in Current Anthropology<\/em>, Volume 52, Supplement 4 (The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas), October 2011 i\u00e7indeki makale ve tart\u0131\u015fmalara bak\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

10) Schmidt, K., 2007, Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Avc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Gizemli Kutsal Alan\u0131. G\u00f6bekli Tepe. En Eski Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Yapanlar<\/em>, (\u00c7ev: R\u00fcstem Arslan), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, s. 22.<\/p>\n

11) \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., 2007, \u201cBaz\u0131 Genellemeler, \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler\u201d, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Neolitik D\u00f6nem<\/em> (Ed: M. \u00d6zdo\u011fan, N. Ba\u015fgelen), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay., \u0130stanbul, s.442.<\/p>\n

12) Hauptmann, H., 2011, \u201cThe Urfa Region\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey<\/em>, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, 85-138.<\/p>\n

13) 11 Bin Y\u0131ll\u0131k Nevali \u00c7ori Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, Yeniden Kuruluyor, (05.07.2014) http:\/\/arkeolojihaber.net\/2014\/07\/05\/11-bin-yillik-nevali-cori-tapinagi-yeniden-kuruluyor\/ (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 07.06.2016)<\/p>\n

14) Schmidt, 2007, a.g.e., s.19 vd.<\/p>\n

15) Peters, J. & Schmidt, K., 2004, \u201cAnimals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic G\u00f6bekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment\u201d, Anthropozoologica<\/em> 39 (1), s.179-218.<\/p>\n

16) Notroff, J., vd, 2014, \u201cBuilding Monuments, Creating Communities. Early Monumental Architecture at Pre-Pottery Neolithic G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u201d, Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology<\/em> (Ed: J. F. Osborne), State University of New York Press, s.83-105.<\/p>\n

17) G\u00f6\u00e7ebe avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 \u201cilkel toplumlar\u201dla ilgili daha detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: Sahlins, M., 2010, Ta\u015f Devri Ekonomisi<\/em>, (\u00c7ev: T. Do\u011fan, \u015e. \u00d6zg\u00fcn) BGST Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul; \u015eenel, A., 1995, \u0130lkel Topluluktan Uygar Topluma<\/em>, Bilim ve Sanat Yay., Ankara.<\/p>\n

18) Schmidt, K., 2007, \u201cG\u00f6bekli Tepe – Yuvarlak Yap\u0131lar ve Kabartmalar\u201d, 12.000 Y\u0131l \u00d6nce Anadolu. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n En Eski An\u0131tlar\u0131<\/em>, (Yay: C. Lichter), Badisches Landesmuseum, Karlsruhe: 440-448.<\/p>\n

19) \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M. & \u00d6zdo\u011fan, A., 1998, \u201cBuildings of Cult and The Cult of Buildings\u201d, Karatepe\u2019deki I\u015f\u0131k. Halet \u00c7ambel\u2019e Sunulan Yaz\u0131lar<\/em>, (Der: G. Arseb\u00fck, M. J. Mellink, W. Schirmer), Ege Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, s.581-93.<\/p>\n

20) \u00dclger, S., 2007, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu \u0130lk Neolitik K\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde Yap\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fc ve Yap\u0131lar\u0131n G\u00f6m\u00fclme Sorunu<\/em>, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, s.225 vd.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Arseb\u00fck, G., 2014, Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe Do\u011fru Bir Bak\u0131\u015f. Fosil \u0130nsan\u0131n G\u00fcndelik Ya\u015fam\u0131ndan Baz\u0131 Kesitler<\/em>, Ege Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– Current Anthropology<\/em>, Volume 52, Supplement 4 (The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas), October 2011.<\/p>\n

– Dayan, T., 1994, \u201cEarly Domesticated Dogs of the Near East\u201d, Journal of Archaeological Science<\/em>, 21, 633-640.<\/p>\n

– Diamond, J., 2013 (23. bas\u0131m), T\u00fcfek, Mikrop ve \u00c7elik<\/em>, (\u00c7ev: \u00dclker \u0130nce), T\u00fcbitak, Ankara.<\/p>\n

– G\u00f6bekli Tepe – Newsletter 2014.<\/p>\n

– Hauptmann, H., 2011, \u201cThe Urfa Region\u201d, The Neolithic in Turkey<\/em>, Vol. 2, (Eds: \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., Ba\u015fgelen, N., Kuniholm, P.), Archaeology and Art Publications, 85-138.<\/p>\n

– Notroff, J., vd, 2014, \u201cBuilding Monuments, Creating Communities. Early Monumental Architecture at Pre-Pottery Neolithic G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u201d, Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology<\/em> (Ed: J. F. Osborne), State University of New York Press, s. 83-105.<\/p>\n

– \u00d6zbek, M., 2010, 50 Soruda \u0130nsan\u0131n Tarih\u00f6ncesi Evrimi<\/em>, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., 2007, \u201cBaz\u0131 Genellemeler, \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler\u201d, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Neolitik D\u00f6nem<\/em> (Ed: M. \u00d6zdo\u011fan, N. Ba\u015fgelen), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay., \u0130stanbul, s. 441-458.<\/p>\n

– \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M. & \u00d6zdo\u011fan, A., 1998, \u201cBuildings of Cult and The Cult of Buildings\u201d, Karatepe\u2019deki I\u015f\u0131k. Halet \u00c7ambel\u2019e Sunulan Yaz\u0131lar<\/em>, (Der: G. Arseb\u00fck, M. J. Mellink, W. Schirmer), Ege Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, s. 581-593.<\/p>\n

– Peters, J. & Schmidt, K., 2004, \u201cAnimals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic G\u00f6bekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment\u201d, Anthropozoologica<\/em> 39 (1), s: 179-218.<\/p>\n

– Rushby, K., 2012, \u201cEastern Turkey\u2019s ancient wonders\u201d Guardian (21.12.2012). http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/travel\/2012\/dec\/21\/eastern-turkey-ancient-wonders (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 17.05.2016)<\/p>\n

– Sahlins, M., 2010, Ta\u015f Devri Ekonomisi<\/em>, (\u00c7ev: T. Do\u011fan, \u015e. \u00d6zg\u00fcn) BGST Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– Sagona, A. & Zimansky, P., 2015, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin En Eski K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri<\/em>, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– Schmidt, K., 2007, Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Avc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Gizemli Kutsal Alan\u0131. G\u00f6bekli Tepe. En Eski Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Yapanlar<\/em>, (\u00c7ev: R\u00fcstem Arslan), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– Schmidt, K., 2007, \u201cG\u00f6bekli Tepe – Yuvarlak Yap\u0131lar ve Kabartmalar\u201d, 12.000 Y\u0131l \u00d6nce Anadolu. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n En Eski An\u0131tlar\u0131<\/em>, (Yay: C. Lichter), Badisches Landesmuseum, Karlsruhe: 440-448.<\/p>\n

– \u015eenel, A., 1995, \u0130lkel Topluluktan Uygar Topluma<\/em>, Bilim ve Sanat Yay., Ankara.<\/p>\n

– \u00dclger, S., 2007, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu \u0130lk Neolitik K\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde Yap\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fc ve Yap\u0131lar\u0131n G\u00f6m\u00fclme Sorunu<\/em>, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019in ba\u015flar\u0131nda avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve ona dayal\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr devam ederken, bir taraftan da insanlar yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7mi\u015f, tar\u0131ma ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131 at\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak bu yenilikler hen\u00fcz tam olarak yerle\u015fmemi\u015fti; biny\u0131llardan s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp gelen ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini bir anda terk etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. \u0130\u015fte G\u00f6bekli Tepe b\u00f6yle bir ortam\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. G\u00f6bekli Tepe, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":15258,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[186,20],"tags":[244,1136,230,909,543,1760],"class_list":["post-15257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-149-sayi","category-arkeoloji","tag-arkeoloji","tag-gobeklitepe","tag-insanlik-tarihi","tag-neolitik-cag","tag-tarim","tag-yerlesik-yasam"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t