{"id":15322,"date":"2016-07-01T17:41:34","date_gmt":"2016-07-01T14:41:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=15322"},"modified":"2017-12-26T17:58:45","modified_gmt":"2017-12-26T14:58:45","slug":"kuzey-irlandada-barisa-giden-engebeli-yol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/07\/01\/kuzey-irlandada-barisa-giden-engebeli-yol","title":{"rendered":"Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da bar\u0131\u015fa giden engebeli yol"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kutsal Cuma Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (1998), 1969 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri 3700\u2019den fazla insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne 30 binden fazla insan\u0131n yaralanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bir s\u00fcrecin sona yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fareti oldu. Anla\u015fma sonucunda IRA\u2019dan ayr\u0131lan baz\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct mensuplar\u0131 Real IRA ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiler ve Omagh\u2019ta bombalama eylemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler. Ancak bar\u0131\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcnde irade bildirmi\u015f halk\u0131n tepkisi \u00fczerine bu \u00f6rg\u00fct de ate\u015fkes ilan etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Sinn-Fein\u2019in kurucular\u0131ndan ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc genel ba\u015fkan\u0131 Arthur Griffith (1871-1922).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130rlanda, Kuzey \u0130rlanda ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019yi kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getiren \u201culusal-mezhepsel\u201d sorun nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Tarihsel k\u00f6keni neye dayanmaktad\u0131r? \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc bir rol \u00fcstlenen, daha sonra Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da ayn\u0131 isimle kurulan, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na bela olan \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Ordusu (IRA) nedir? Hangi talepler dahilinde silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr? \u0130ngiltere H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri m\u00fczakere nas\u0131l sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Yaz\u0131da tarihsel k\u00f6keni 1600\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llara dayanan, IRA ile birlikte g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcregelen Kuzey \u0130rlanda sorununu, objektif bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve nesnel veriler e\u015fli\u011finde ele almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti<\/strong><\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi konum olarak, kuzeybat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da yer alan \u0130rlanda ya da resmi ad\u0131yla \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u0130rlanda Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak be\u015fte birini kaplar. 5 milyona yak\u0131n bir n\u00fcfusa sahip olan \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti Dublin\u2019dir. N\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 95\u2019inin Katolik, y\u00fczde 5\u2019inin Protestan oldu\u011fu \u0130rlanda\u2019da, \u0130rlanda Gaelcesi ve \u0130ngilizce olmak \u00fczere iki resmi dil vard\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek bir refah seviyesine sahip olan \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n ekonomisi ayn\u0131 derecede tar\u0131m ve end\u00fcstriye dayan\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck vergi oranlar\u0131 nedeniyle Google, Facebook, Twitter, Apple gibi teknoloji \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan Avrupa \u00fcss\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kuzey \u0130rlanda<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kuzey \u0130rlanda, \u0130rlanda Adas\u0131\u2019nda \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde yer alan Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00fclkedir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 1,8 milyonluk bir n\u00fcfusa ev sahipli\u011fi yapan \u00fclkenin ba\u015fkenti Belfast\u2019t\u0131r. N\u00fcfusunun % 53,1\u2019i Protestan (Presbiteryen, \u0130rlanda Kilisesi, Metodist ve di\u011fer Protestan mezhepleri), % 43,8\u2019i ise Roma Katolik kilisesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan \u00fclke, mezhepsel a\u00e7\u0131dan tam anlam\u0131yla ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir haldedir. Bu ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fck hali, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcregelen Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Kuzey \u0130rlanda sorununun temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

\u0130rlanda Sorunu\u2019nun tarihsel k\u00f6kenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sorunun tarihsel k\u00f6keni 1542 y\u0131l\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Britanya 1542 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tek tarafl\u0131 olarak oras\u0131n\u0131n kendi topra\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu ilan etti. Bu tarihin ard\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle 1600\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u0130rlanda\u2019y\u0131 kolinize etmek i\u00e7in, \u0130sko\u00e7ya ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019den adaya g\u00f6\u00e7ler ba\u015flad\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7 eden yerle\u015fimciler, tamam\u0131 Katolik olan \u0130rlanda halk\u0131n\u0131n aksine Protestan\u2019d\u0131. Londra merkezli Kraliyet ad\u0131na \u00fczerinde yerle\u015ftikleri alt\u0131 eyaletin ad\u0131n\u0131 da \u201cUlster\u201d koydular. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da Protestanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa eri\u015fmesinin ard\u0131ndan, Katolikler bir\u00e7ok yerde az\u0131nl\u0131k durumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00a0\u0130rlanda Kral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 kaybetmesiyle de ada fiilen Protestanlar\u0131n egemenli\u011fe girdi ve Katoliklerin baz\u0131 haklar\u0131 yasakland\u0131. 1782\u2019de \u0130rlanda Parlamentosu yasama g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tekrar elde etmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, \u0130ngiliz monar\u015fisinin yetkilerinde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmad\u0131. 1798\u2019de \u0130rlanda ve \u0130ngiltere tekrar yasal birliktelik kurdu.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde ise, Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d talepleri daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde dile getirilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu do\u011frultuda ulusalc\u0131 hareketler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu hareketlerin aras\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan Fenian ve \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Karde\u015fli\u011fi (IRB), ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n silahl\u0131 bir direni\u015f ile elde edilebilece\u011fini savunmu\u015f ve \u0130ngiltere ile Amerika\u2019da bulunan Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan da desteklenmi\u015ftir. Bu hareketin \u00f6nde gelenleri, daha sonra, silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi siyasi m\u00fccadele ile e\u015f g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fc bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in Sinn-Fein (Yaln\u0131z Kendimiz) partisini kurdu. Bug\u00fcn aktif bir \u015fekilde, Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten Sinn-Fein\u2019in temeli bu \u015fekilde at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Britanya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir di\u011fer ifade ile \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00fczerinde hakimiyet kurdu\u011fu \u0130rlanda\u2019da, Protestan ve Katolik halk bir\u00e7ok kez kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015f, adadaki kaotik d\u00fczen kronikle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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IRA, \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u0130ngiltere himayesinde oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde \u0130rlanda y\u00f6netimindeki parlamento olan First Dail taraf\u0131ndan me\u015fru kabul edilen \u0130rlanda ordusu olarak do\u011fdu. Kurucu liderli\u011fini sosyalist James Connolly (1868-1916) yap\u0131yordu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

IRA\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n

IRA, \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u0130ngiltere himayesinde oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde \u0130rlanda y\u00f6netimindeki parlamento olan First Dail taraf\u0131ndan me\u015fru kabul edilen \u0130rlanda ordusu olarak do\u011fdu. Bu ordunun kurucu liderli\u011fini James Connolly yap\u0131yordu. 1916\u2019da \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u2018Paskalya Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2019nda b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynad\u0131. Bu tarihe kadar \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z ayaklanma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti fakat bu ayaklanma devletin kaderini ciddi \u015fekilde etkileyecekti. Ayaklanman\u0131n kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ama\u00e7lanan\u0131n aksine, \u0130rlanda halk\u0131n\u0131n \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d taleplerini daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde seslendirmesine vesile oldu. 73 milletvekili \u00e7\u0131karan Sinn-Fein partisi, \u0130ngiltere parlamentosuna kat\u0131lmay\u0131 reddederek, \u0130rlanda ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetini ilan etti.<\/p>\n

\u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet\u00e7i \u0130rlandal\u0131lar, 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130rlanda\u2019da kurulan ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmeti tan\u0131mayan \u0130ngiltere ve \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu g\u00fcneyde ya\u015fayan Protestan \u0130rlandal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 2 y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. IRA\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde verilen sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda, \u0130ngiltere ile 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan \u201cAnglo-Irish Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u201dna istinaden adan\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 devlet stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde Serbest \u0130rlanda kuruldu. Mezhepsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f durumda olan adan\u0131n kuzeyinde ise Kraliyete ba\u011fl\u0131 Kuzey \u0130rlanda kuruldu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
1916\u2019da \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u2018Paskalya Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2019ndan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc. Kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lan ayaklanmada J. Connolly de katledildi.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

IRA tekrar sahneye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adan\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde yer alan \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara nispeten sakin bir ortamda girmi\u015fti. Fakat adan\u0131n kuzeyi ise, mezhepsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ya\u015fanan b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fck halinden dolay\u0131 toplumsal sorunlara gebe bir hale gelmi\u015fti. Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da Protestanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa eri\u015fmeleri, y\u00f6netimde s\u00f6z sahibi olmalar\u0131, iktisadi ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan Katolikleri bask\u0131 alt\u0131na alan bir g\u00fcce eri\u015fmeleri, Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki huzursuzluklar\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda d\u00fcnyada esen \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d ve \u201csosyalizm\u201d r\u00fczgar\u0131ndan etkilenen Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar, Protestanlar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmak ve Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019y\u0131, \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti ile birle\u015ftirerek, aday\u0131 tek bir devlet haline getirmek i\u00e7in, IRA \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda tekrar silaha sar\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

IRA\u2019n\u0131n ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130rlanda Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Ordusu i\u00e7inde ya\u015fanan sert siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar, ideolojik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, IRA\u2019n\u0131n ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine neden oldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde IRA olarak bilinen \u00f6rg\u00fct, 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda Resmi IRA\u2019dan ayr\u0131lanlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019y\u0131 silah zoruyla ve siyasi ikna yoluyla Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019tan ay\u0131r\u0131p birle\u015fik bir \u0130rlanda i\u00e7inde sosyalist bir cumhuriyet kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan ge\u00e7ici \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Ordusu\u2019dur. (Provisional Irish Republican Army) Sosyalist bir \u0130rlanda kurma amac\u0131yla hareket eden \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, sosyalist d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne sahip insanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ulusalc\u0131 ak\u0131m da mevcuttu. \u00d6zetle; IRA\u2019n\u0131n ideolojik y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi sosyalizm ile \u0130rlanda ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funun eklektik bir birle\u015fimine dayanmaktayd\u0131. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda, Do\u011fu Bloku\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi gibi fakt\u00f6rler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, de\u011fi\u015fen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeni dinamiklerine uyum sa\u011flama amac\u0131yla, sosyalizm IRA ve IRA\u2019n\u0131n siyasi kanad\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Sinn-Fein partisinin ajandas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, \u00f6rg\u00fct \u0130rlanda ulus\u00e7ulu\u011fu temelinde hareket etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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30 Ocak 1972\u2019de Derry \u015fehrinde protesto y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleyenlere m\u00fcdahale eden \u0130ngiliz askerler 13 silahs\u0131z protestocuyu \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Olay kay\u0131tlara \u201cKanl\u0131 Pazar\u201d olarak ge\u00e7ti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kanl\u0131 Pazar<\/strong><\/p>\n

30 Ocak 1972\u2019de Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n Derry \u015fehrinde ya\u015fanan olay, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131tacak eylemlerin, bir di\u011fer ifade ile Kuzey \u0130rlanda sorunun k\u0131r\u0131lma noktalar\u0131ndan birisini olu\u015fturdu. A\u011fustos 1971\u2019de Britanya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 Kuzey \u0130rlanda h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ter\u00f6r \u015f\u00fcphelilerinin yarg\u0131lanmadan g\u00f6zalt\u0131nda tutulabilmesine karar verdi ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerini yasaklad\u0131. Bu yasa\u011f\u0131 delmek amac\u0131yla Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar 30 Ocak 1972\u2019de Derry \u015fehrinin Bogside b\u00f6lgesinde bir protesto y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlediler. \u0130ngiliz askerler, protesto y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne m\u00fcdahale ederek 13 silahs\u0131z protestocuyu \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00d6lenler an\u0131s\u0131na yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir duvar resmi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kay\u0131tlara \u201cKanl\u0131 Pazar\u201d olarak ge\u00e7en bu olay sonras\u0131nda, IRA, \u0130ngiliz askerleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin intikam\u0131n\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederek, silahl\u0131 eylemlerine h\u0131z kazand\u0131rd\u0131. \u201cKanl\u0131 Pazar\u201d olay\u0131 sonras\u0131, IRA\u2019ya kat\u0131l\u0131mlar daha da artt\u0131. Britanya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunan, \u0130ngilizlerin adadaki g\u00f6lgesi konumunda olan Protestan \u0130rlandal\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e artan bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daha etkin bir \u015fekilde m\u00fccadele edilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunan Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, Derry\u2019de ya\u015fanan sivil katliam\u0131 barda\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ran son damla olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

H\u00fcsranla sonu\u00e7lanan ilk ate\u015fkes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar\u0131 bask\u0131yla sindiremeyece\u011fini anlayan \u0130ngiliz H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, daha sert \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, Protestanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu Kuzey \u0130rlanda Parlamentosu\u2019nu kapatarak, merkezi y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7me karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Bu durum, \u0130ngilizlerin ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine, IRA\u2019n\u0131n bir zaferi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn prestijine katk\u0131 sunar.<\/p>\n

Haziran 1972\u2019de \u0130ngiliz H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile IRA aras\u0131ndaki ilk bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ba\u015flar. IRA ate\u015fkes karar\u0131 al\u0131r. Ancak, ate\u015fkes h\u00fcsranla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. IRA\u2019n\u0131n isteklerinin \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan \u201ckabul edilemez\u201d bulunmas\u0131 sonucunda ate\u015fkes 14 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sona erer.<\/p>\n

\"\"
21 Temmuz 1972\u2019de, Belfast\u2019\u0131n 9 noktas\u0131nda, IRA taraf\u0131ndan yerle\u015ftirilen bombalar\u0131n patlat\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda 9 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc, 130 ki\u015fi de yaraland\u0131 (Kanl\u0131 Cuma).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kanl\u0131 Cuma<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00fcsranla sonu\u00e7lanan ilk bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin ard\u0131ndan, tarihe \u201cKanl\u0131 Cuma\u201d olarak ge\u00e7en, ada tarihinin en kanl\u0131 eylemlerinden birisi ya\u015fand\u0131. 21 Temmuz 1972\u2019de, Belfast\u2019\u0131n 9 noktas\u0131nda, IRA taraf\u0131ndan yerle\u015ftirilen bombalar\u0131n patlat\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda 9 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc, 130 ki\u015fi de yaraland\u0131.<\/p>\n

1973 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u00f6rg\u00fct eylemlerini \u0130ngiltere\u2019de de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek etkisini artt\u0131rmay\u0131 planlad\u0131. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de y\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00fczerinde insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Olaylar \u00fczerine \u0130ngiltere g\u00f6zalt\u0131na alma s\u00fcrelerini uzatma ve mahkemelerin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 karar almalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik tedbirler ald\u0131. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen eylemler \u0130ngiliz solundan IRA\u2019ya verilen deste\u011fi azaltt\u0131. \u0130ngilizler de silahl\u0131 eylemlerin bitirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7are aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu durum IRA ve \u0130ngiliz H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin bir kez daha masaya oturmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. 1974-1975 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fct ate\u015fkes ilan etti. Ancak \u0130ngiliz ordusunun aday\u0131 tamamen bo\u015faltmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi nedeni ile taraflar yine sonu\u00e7 alamad\u0131lar. Bu d\u00f6nemde yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131lan Sinn-Fein partisi yasall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7l\u0131k grevleri ve Bobby Sands\u2019in milletvekili se\u00e7ilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

IRA\u2019n\u0131n Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki deste\u011finin artmas\u0131, Britanya hapishanelerindeki IRA \u00fcyelerinin hapishaneleri ideolojik ve politik e\u011fitimin verildi\u011fi birer \u00f6rg\u00fct kamp\u0131 haline getirmesi, \u0130ngiliz H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan bir dizi sert \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirdi. \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin gerek\u00e7elerini Denis O\u2019hearn (1) \u015fu \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201c1972\u2019de IRA\u2019l\u0131 mahkumlar kimsenin \u00f6lmedi\u011fi bir a\u00e7l\u0131k grevinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde siyasi tutuklu stat\u00fcs\u00fc kazand\u0131lar. Daha sonra yatakhane \u015feklindeki barakalarda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve e\u011fitimlerini, (el i\u015fi \u00fcretim kooperatifini de i\u00e7eren) i\u015flerini, bo\u015f zaman faaliyetlerini, ka\u00e7\u0131p sava\u015fa yeniden kat\u0131lma giri\u015fimlerini de kendilerinin organize etti\u011fi Long Kesh hapishane kamp\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131lar. Mahkumlar, kendi g\u00f6reli \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini Britanya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130rlanda i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleleriyle ilgili kolektif ve bireysel bilinci art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131lar. Che Guevara gibi uluslararas\u0131 devrimcileri, James Connolly gibi \u0130rlandal\u0131 sosyalistleri okudular. Bu, IRA\u2019n\u0131n silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak toplumsal siyasete daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nem veren, daha az hiyerar\u015fik ve daha kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 bir yap\u0131y\u0131 i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde yeniden kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in temel sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.\u201d (2)<\/p>\n

\"\"
Mart-Ekim 1981 aras\u0131nda cezaevinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen a\u00e7l\u0131k grevlerinde ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitiren Bobby Sands an\u0131s\u0131na yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir duvar resmi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, IRA\u2019n\u0131n hapishanelerdeki etkinli\u011fini k\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla, mahkumlara tan\u0131nan \u201c\u00d6zel Kategori Stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d, di\u011fer bir ifadeyle \u201cSiyasi Tutuklu Stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u201dn\u00fc kald\u0131rd\u0131. Mart 1976 sonras\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 eylemlerden dolay\u0131 su\u00e7lu bulunan t\u00fcm tutsaklar\u0131n siyasi stat\u00fcs\u00fc geri al\u0131nd\u0131 ve bunlar Long Kesh hapishanesinin yeni in\u015fa edilen \u201cH-Bloklar\u0131\u201dnda h\u00fccre hapsine \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar. 1981 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar IRA mahkumlar\u0131, cezaevi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 protesto etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlere ba\u015fvurdular. Bunlardan en bilineni, h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclere giydirilen hapishane \u00fcniformas\u0131n\u0131 reddederek battaniyeye sar\u0131nmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu eylemlerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, Long Kesh hapishanesindeki mahkumlar, \u201cBattaniye Adamlar\u201d olarak an\u0131l\u0131r olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Var olan tecrit ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tekrar siyasi tutuklu stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli eylemler d\u00fczenleyen IRA\u2019l\u0131 mahkumlar, herhangi bir netice alamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in son \u00e7are olarak, a\u00e7l\u0131k grevine girmeye karar verdiler. \u0130lk a\u00e7l\u0131k grevi Aral\u0131k 1980\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak, IRA\u2019n\u0131n o alandaki y\u00f6neticilerinden birinin, \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan a\u00e7l\u0131k grevi eylemcisi mahkuma yemek verilmesi i\u00e7in hapishane yetkililerine \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunmas\u0131yla grev sona erdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci a\u00e7l\u0131k grevi, Mart 1981\u2019de Bobby Sands\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015flad\u0131. Ekim 1981\u2019e kadar s\u00fcren a\u00e7l\u0131k grevinde, 7 IRA, 3 NLA mahkumu hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. (A\u00e7l\u0131k grevi \u015fu \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti; grevde \u00f6len her bir ki\u015finin yerine, s\u0131ras\u0131yla, daha \u00f6nce karar verilen bir ba\u015fka ki\u015fi ge\u00e7ti.)<\/p>\n

A\u00e7l\u0131k grevleri s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 bir geli\u015fme ya\u015fand\u0131. Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019daki Fermanagh ve South Tyrone b\u00f6lgesinin Britanya Parlamentosu\u2019nda milletvekili olan Frank Maguire, Nisan 1981\u2019de ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi kalp krizi sonras\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Maguire\u2019den bo\u015falan koltuk i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacak se\u00e7imler i\u00e7in, IRA sempatizan\u0131 Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Bobby Sands\u2019in aday g\u00f6sterilmesi \u00f6nerildi. Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc cumhuriyet\u00e7i partilerden biri olan Sosyal Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi de ikna edilerek, Sands\u2019in cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin ortak aday\u0131 olmas\u0131na karar verildi. 9 Nisan 1981\u2019de yap\u0131lan ara se\u00e7imi Sands, Kuzey \u0130rlandal\u0131 Protestanlar\u0131n destekledi\u011fi Ulster Birlik Partisi\u2019nin aday\u0131 Harry West\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131, 29.046 oya kar\u015f\u0131 30.493 oyla k\u0131l pay\u0131 kazand\u0131. Sands\u2019in bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, akabinde Britanya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bir y\u0131ldan fazla h\u00fck\u00fcm giyen mahkumlar\u0131n Parlamento\u2019ya giremeyece\u011fine dair bir kanun \u00e7\u0131kartarak, Sands\u2019in milletvekilli\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu durum uluslararas\u0131 camiada ve Katolik \u0130rlandal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tepkiye neden oldu. \u201cDemir Lady\u201d lakapl\u0131 Ba\u015fbakan Margaret Thatcher\u2019in mahkumlarla herhangi bir uzla\u015fmaya yana\u015fmamas\u0131 ve bu inatla\u015fman\u0131n sonucu olarak 10 ki\u015finin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi, IRA\u2019n\u0131n, silahl\u0131 eylemlerden dolay\u0131 kaybolan itibar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn siyasi kanad\u0131 Sinn-Fein partisinin daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenerek, Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019daki se\u00e7menlerin y\u00fczde 15\u2019inin, Katoliklerin ise y\u00fczde 35\u2019inin deste\u011fini alabilecek bir potansiyele eri\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir ad\u0131m ileri iki ad\u0131m geri<\/strong><\/p>\n

IRA\u2019n\u0131n artan silahl\u0131 eylemleri, Sinn-Fein partisinin siyasal alanda g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131, \u0130ngiltere ve Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130ngiltere Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Thatcher ve bakanlar\u0131 hedef alan Brighton bombalamas\u0131ndan sonra i\u015fler daha farkl\u0131 bir boyuta evrildi. 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda Anglo-\u0130rlanda anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Bu anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, Kuzey \u0130rlanda halk\u0131n\u0131n istemesi durumunda g\u00fcney ile birle\u015febilecek, Serbest \u0130rlanda y\u00f6netimi Katolik az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n garant\u00f6r\u00fc olabilecek ve gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in s\u00f6z sahibi olabilecekti. Bu anla\u015fmaya birlik\u00e7i Protestanlar, taviz verildi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin \u0130ngiltere Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Thatcher, devletin IRA ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi i\u00e7in silahlar\u0131n susmas\u0131 \u00f6n ko\u015fulunu koydu. IRA ise, Thatcher\u2019in samimiyetine g\u00fcvenmedi\u011fini belirterek, ses getiren eylemlerine devam etti. Bu eylemler aras\u0131nda, Kraliyet ailesinden Prens Philip\u2019in amcas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, Londra\u2019daki Downing Street\u2019te bulunan Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Ofisi\u2019nin bombalanmas\u0131, \u0130ngiliz istihbarat birimi M16\u2019n\u0131n binas\u0131na roket ile sald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bar\u0131\u015fa at\u0131lan ad\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thatcher\u2019\u0131n yerine 1990\u2019da Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k koltu\u011funa oturan John Major, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan taraflara g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131. Bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ya uyan IRA 1994\u2019te ate\u015fkes ilan etti, ancak Sinn Fein\u2019le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmemesi \u00fczerine ate\u015fkes ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 geri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere ile IRA\u2019n\u0131n aras\u0131nda devam eden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin sona ermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 1997 y\u0131l\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan biri oldu. 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k koltu\u011funa oturan Tony Blair, \u00f6nceki h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin aksine Sinn-Fein lideri Gerry Adams\u2019la g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve IRA\u2019n\u0131n yasal kolunu bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecine dahil etti.<\/p>\n

ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Bill Clinton\u2019\u0131n arabuluculuk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonucunda, 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da bulunan t\u00fcm \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin silah b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7eren Kutsal Cuma (Good Friday) Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Anla\u015fma Kuzey \u0130rlanda ve \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde referanduma sunuldu, Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da y\u00fczde 71, \u0130rlanda\u2019da ise y\u00fczde 94 ile kabul edildi.<\/p>\n

Anla\u015fman\u0131n ana hatlar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n

– T\u00fcm silahl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctler iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde silah b\u0131rakacak.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Silah b\u0131rakan \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc \u00fcyeleri iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Kuzey \u0130rlanda Parlamentosu tekrar a\u00e7\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u0130ngiltere, Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da bulunan askerlerini \u00e7ekecek.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin anayasas\u0131ndan Kuzey \u0130rlanda \u00fczerinde hak iddia eden maddeler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n

– \u0130rlanda Cumhuriyeti ve Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n birle\u015fmesi her iki toplumun ortak iradesi ile<\/p>\n

ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilecek.<\/p>\n

Kutsal Cuma Anla\u015fmas\u0131, 1969 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri 3700\u2019den fazla insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne 30 binden fazla insan\u0131n yaralanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bir s\u00fcrecin sona yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fareti oldu. Anla\u015fma sonucunda IRA\u2019dan ayr\u0131lan baz\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct mensuplar\u0131 Real IRA ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiler ve Omagh\u2019ta bombalama eylemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler. Ancak bar\u0131\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcnde irade bildirmi\u015f halk\u0131n tepkisi \u00fczerine bu \u00f6rg\u00fct de ate\u015fkes ilan etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kutsal Cuma Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Sinn-Fein, IRA\u2019n\u0131n May\u0131s 2000\u2019de silahlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ekim 2001\u2019de IRA silahs\u0131zland\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. 20 Temmuz 2005\u2019te IRA, silahlar\u0131 tamamen b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Sinn-Fein lideri Gerry Adams.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Radikal<\/em> gazetesi muhabiri Ezgi Ba\u015faran\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yle\u015fide Sinn-Fein lideri Gerry Adams \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti:<\/p>\n

\u201cSinn Fein olarak biz askeri bir zaferin s\u00f6z konusu olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyorduk. Bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a 1970\u2019lerden itibaren s\u00f6ylememe ra\u011fmen IRA\u2019y\u0131 silah\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir se\u00e7enek oldu\u011funa inand\u0131rmak zaman ald\u0131. Askeri bir k\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm vard\u0131, yani ne IRA \u0130ngiliz ordusunu ne de \u0130ngiliz ordusu IRA\u2019y\u0131 yenebiliyordu. Sava\u015f sonsuza kadar s\u00fcrebilirdi. Sava\u015f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlikelerinden biri sava\u015fanlar\u0131n anl\u0131k eylemlere tak\u0131lmas\u0131, bir ad\u0131m geri \u00e7ekilmeyip b\u00fcy\u00fck resmi g\u00f6rememesidir. \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti tam olarak bunu yap\u0131yordu. Sinn Fein\u2019in bar\u0131\u015f stratejisi; \u0130rlanda devleti, John Hume, ABD\u2019deki \u0130rlandal\u0131lar ve Beyaz Saray\u2019\u0131 yek v\u00fccut haline getirmekti. Bunu ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda IRA\u2019y\u0131 silah b\u0131rakmak konusunda ikna edebildik. Silah b\u0131rakmadan sonra politik krizin kilidi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Denis O\u2019Hearn, New York Eyalet \u00dcniversitesi (University of New York – Binghamton) Sosyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde profes\u00f6rd\u00fcr ve \u201cHi\u00e7 bitmeyecek \u015fark\u0131: Bobby Sands, Bir Nesli Ayakland\u0131ran \u0130rlandal\u0131 A\u00e7l\u0131k Grevcisi\u201d (Nothing But an Unfinished Song: Bobby Sands, The Irish Hunger Striker Who Ignited a Generation) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 Bobby Sands biyografisinin yazar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2) http:\/\/www.bianet.org\/bianet\/dunya\/141851-aclik-grevi-irlanda-deneyimi<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n

– <\/u>http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/turkce\/haberler\/2013\/01\/130115_peace_process_8.shtml<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/www.cnnturk.com\/2010\/turkiye\/11\/03\/ira.terorunu.bitiren.gerry.adams.anlatti\/595198.0<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/northern_ireland\/2132219.stm<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/april\/10\/newsid_2453000\/2453183.stm<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/www.biography.com\/people\/bobby-sands-20941955#activism<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/www.radikal.com.tr\/yorum\/kuzey_irlandada_siddet_sorunu_nasil_cozuldu-1125062<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuzey_%C4%B0rlanda<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%B0rlanda<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kutsal Cuma Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (1998), 1969 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri 3700\u2019den fazla insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne 30 binden fazla insan\u0131n yaralanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bir s\u00fcrecin sona yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fareti oldu. Anla\u015fma sonucunda IRA\u2019dan ayr\u0131lan baz\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct mensuplar\u0131 Real IRA ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiler ve Omagh\u2019ta bombalama eylemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler. Ancak bar\u0131\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcnde irade bildirmi\u015f halk\u0131n tepkisi \u00fczerine bu \u00f6rg\u00fct de ate\u015fkes ilan etti\u011fini […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":907,"featured_media":15323,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[186,28,29],"tags":[1770,1769,1773,1772,1771],"class_list":["post-15322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-149-sayi","category-sosyal-bilimler","category-toplum","tag-ira","tag-irlanda","tag-sinn-fein","tag-toplumsal-hareketler","tag-ulusal-hareketler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t