{"id":15574,"date":"2016-06-01T16:21:54","date_gmt":"2016-06-01T13:21:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=15574"},"modified":"2018-01-02T16:24:38","modified_gmt":"2018-01-02T13:24:38","slug":"kotulugun-varligiyla-tanrinin-varligi-nasil-bagdastirilabilir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/06\/01\/kotulugun-varligiyla-tanrinin-varligi-nasil-bagdastirilabilir","title":{"rendered":"K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131l ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Wisconsin-Madison \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde felsefe profes\u00f6r\u00fc olan Steve Nadler\u2019in Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan <em>M\u00fcmk\u00fcn D\u00fcnyalar\u0131n En \u0130yisi <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Leibniz, Arnauld ve Malebranche aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en teodise <sup>(1)<\/sup> tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na odaklan\u0131yor. Tanr\u0131 her \u015feye g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten, her \u015feyi bilen ve m\u00fckemmel (en y\u00fcksek iyi) varl\u0131ksa, o halde bu d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck neden vard\u0131r? E\u011fer Tanr\u0131 her \u015feye g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten bir varl\u0131ksa, istemedi\u011fi bir \u015feyin (k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck) var olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr; e\u011fer k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Tanr\u0131 istediyse, Tanr\u0131 iyili\u011fi temsil edebilir mi?<\/p>\n<p>Leibniz bu sorunu, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonsuz say\u0131da olas\u0131 d\u00fcnyalar aras\u0131ndaki en m\u00fckemmel d\u00fcnya oldu\u011funu ve bu d\u00fcnyada zorunlu olarak k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe de yer oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Leibniz, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fckemmel d\u00fcnyan\u0131n, her \u015feyin g\u00fcll\u00fck g\u00fclistanl\u0131k oldu\u011fu bir d\u00fcnya de\u011fil, en optimum d\u00fcnya oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler; optimizmin ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131 bu optimumluktur. Burada optimumdan kas\u0131t, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn d\u00fcnyalar aras\u0131ndan en dengeli olan\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mektir. \u0130yili\u011fin, do\u011frulu\u011fun, g\u00fczelli\u011fin kendini ger\u00e7ek ve tam anlam\u0131yla g\u00f6sterebilmesi i\u00e7in, Tanr\u0131\u2019dan de\u011fil, insan\u0131n yetersiz alg\u0131 ve kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck, yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ve \u00e7irkinlik belirli oranda gereklidir.<\/p>\n<p>Teodise ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kayna\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na Leibniz\u2019in \u00e7evresinden Frans\u0131z filozoflar Antoine Arnaud ve Nicholas Malebranche da kat\u0131l\u0131r. Nadler\u2019in kitab\u0131 daha \u00e7ok bu \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn kendi aralar\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmaya odaklan\u0131yor. Malebranche\u2019a g\u00f6re k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck bir ger\u00e7ekliktir ve bizzat Tanr\u0131\u2019dan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r, zira filozofun aranedencili\u011fe (okasyonalizm) dayanan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re Tanr\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda etkin bir neden yoktur. Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya ise, en m\u00fckemmel d\u00fcnya de\u011fil, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fckemmelli\u011fini g\u00f6steren en sade yasalara dayan\u0131larak yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fcnyad\u0131r. Tanr\u0131 yaln\u0131zca genel iradeye g\u00f6re hareket etmekte ve istese engelleyebilece\u011fi tekil eylemlere m\u00fcdahale etmemektedir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle bir m\u00fcdahale, daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir yasa d\u00fczene\u011fi gerektirecek, bu da Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bilgeli\u011fini yans\u0131tan en sade ve optimum d\u00fcnya yaratma ilkesini engelleyecektir. Hem Leibniz\u2019e, hem de Malebranche\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan Arnauld ise, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n her tekil eylemde parma\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu, yaln\u0131z genel iradeye de\u011fil, tekil iradeye g\u00f6re de hareket etti\u011fini, ancak k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck diye bir \u015feyin yaln\u0131zca bizim i\u00e7in oldu\u011funu, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck resme\u201d bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck diye bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey isteyemeyece\u011fini savunur.<\/p>\n<p><em>M\u00fcmk\u00fcn D\u00fcnyalar\u0131n En \u0130yisi<\/em>, burada ana hatlar\u0131yla ifade edilen farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda hangi ba\u011flamlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla anlat\u0131yor. Teodise ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck problemi konusunda kitab\u0131n tarihsel anlamda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cm\u00fcmk\u00fcn d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n en iyisi\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6nce Gazz\u00e2l\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan dile getirildi\u011fini, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck sorunun da teolojik bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u0130bn-i Sina ve \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd gibi filozoflarca detayl\u0131 ve orijinal bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmiyor.<sup>(2) <\/sup>Yine ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, \u00f6rne\u011fin Schelling\u2019in <em>\u0130nsan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00d6z\u00fc \u00dczerine<\/em> adl\u0131 metninde teodise ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck konusuna getirdi\u011fi radikal yenilik\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden ya da \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck kuramlar\u0131ndan da s\u00f6z edilmiyor. Bu nedenle kitap, Tanr\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck konusu \u00fczerine detayl\u0131 bir tarihsel bilgi edinmek isteyenleri tatmin etmeyebilir. \u00d6te yandan yazar, ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki hararetli felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 son derece canl\u0131 ve ak\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00fcslupla anlat\u0131yor, kitab\u0131n arka kapa\u011f\u0131ndaki \u201croman tad\u0131nda\u201d deyi\u015finin hakk\u0131n\u0131 veriyor. Ayr\u0131ca kitap, felsefe ve teolojik bir problemin filozoflar ve teologlarca nas\u0131l ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal etkileri de belgeliyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131nda da Tanr\u0131 ve din ba\u011flam\u0131nda k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck probleminin filozoflar ve teologlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yeniden kamusal alanda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar gerekli oldu\u011funu herhalde s\u00f6ylemeye gerek yok. B\u00f6yle bir tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nemini ve etkilerini g\u00f6rmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da faydal\u0131 bir kitap <em>M\u00fcmk\u00fcn D\u00fcnyalar\u0131n En \u0130yisi.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; M\u00fcmk\u00fcn D\u00fcnyalar\u0131n En \u0130yisi, Steven Nadler, 2010, \u0130ng. \u00c7ev. Abdullah Y\u0131lmaz, Alfa Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2016, 370 s.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) Yunancada Tanr\u0131 ve adalet-hak anlam\u0131na gelen <em>theo<\/em> ve <em>dike <\/em>s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin birle\u015fiminden olu\u015fan ve d\u00fcnyadaki k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Tanr\u0131\u2019yla olan ili\u015fkisini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan teodise kavram\u0131n\u0131 ilk olarak Leibniz pop\u00fclerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma sanat\u0131\u201d olarak da nitelendirilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>2) Bu konuyla ilgili detayl\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. Prof. Necip Taylan\u2019\u0131n <em>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihinde Tanr\u0131 Sorunu<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131, Mahya Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2015.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wisconsin-Madison \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde felsefe profes\u00f6r\u00fc olan Steve Nadler\u2019in Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan M\u00fcmk\u00fcn D\u00fcnyalar\u0131n En \u0130yisi adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Leibniz, Arnauld ve Malebranche aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en teodise (1) tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na odaklan\u0131yor. Tanr\u0131 her \u015feye g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten, her \u015feyi bilen ve m\u00fckemmel (en y\u00fcksek iyi) varl\u0131ksa, o halde bu d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck neden vard\u0131r? E\u011fer Tanr\u0131 her \u015feye [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":670,"featured_media":15575,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[185,224,221,513],"tags":[237,1808,612],"class_list":["post-15574","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-148-sayi","category-din-ve-dinler-tarihi","category-felsefe","category-kitapcil","tag-felsefe","tag-kotuluk","tag-tanri"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15574","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/670"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15574"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15574\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15575"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15574"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15574"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15574"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}