{"id":15638,"date":"2016-05-01T12:27:32","date_gmt":"2016-05-01T09:27:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=15638"},"modified":"2018-01-03T12:50:46","modified_gmt":"2018-01-03T09:50:46","slug":"romaya-baskaldiranlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/05\/01\/romaya-baskaldiranlar","title":{"rendered":"Roma\u2019ya ba\u015fkald\u0131ranlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Grachus karde\u015flerin art arda gelen ayaklanmalar\u0131, Bergama\u2019da Aristonikos ayaklanmas\u0131, Sicilya k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131 ve \u00fcnl\u00fc Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun k\u00f6lecili\u011fe dayanan d\u00fczenini derinden sarst\u0131. Bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n hepsi yenilgiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131 ama gelece\u011fe b\u00fcy\u00fck bir miras b\u0131rakt\u0131. Roma\u2019y\u0131 sallayan ve devrimci bir hayaletin dola\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan e\u015fitlik\u00e7i hareketler, tarih i\u00e7indeki ser\u00fcvenine ara vermeden \u00f6nce Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya, ard\u0131ndan da kuzeye ve sonra daha do\u011fuya do\u011fru y\u00f6nelerek, tarihsel misyonunu devam ettirdi.<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 2. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren yo\u011fun bir de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, hem Do\u011fu seferlerini tamamlam\u0131\u015f hem de kuzey s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleterek g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015fti. D\u0131\u015f politika eski \u00f6nemini yitirmi\u015fti. \u0130\u00e7te yo\u011fun bir huzursuzluk ve siyasi hareketlilik s\u00f6z konusuydu. Muazzam miktarda bir zenginli\u011fin Roma\u2019ya akmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen halk ve s\u0131radan askerlerin durumunda yo\u011fun bir k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ekilebilen arazilerin gittik\u00e7e \u00e7orakla\u015fmas\u0131, yo\u011fun k\u00f6le eme\u011finin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan i\u015fsizli\u011fin daha da artmas\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak e\u011flence k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ahlaki \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme, halk i\u00e7inde alabildi\u011fine karamsar bir havan\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oluyordu.<\/p>\n

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As\u0131rlar boyu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc ve disiplinli yap\u0131s\u0131yla iftihar edilen Roma ordusunda \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme e\u011filimleri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Do\u011fu\u2019nun paha bi\u00e7ilmez zenginliklerine el koyan Romal\u0131 komutanlar, bu serveti ya e\u015fit olmayan bir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131yorlard\u0131, ya da hi\u00e7 da\u011f\u0131tmayarak i\u015fgal ettikleri b\u00f6lgelerin tepesine yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 getiriyorlard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ya\u011fma edilen servetin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tekelinde kal\u0131yordu. Bu durum, as\u0131rlar boyu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc ve disiplinli yap\u0131s\u0131yla iftihar edilen Roma ordusunun da moralini bozmu\u015f ve ordu i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmelere neden olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun asli unsurlar\u0131ndan olan Etr\u00fcskler de servet payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda dezavantajl\u0131 durumda olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirterek homurdanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Roma aristokrasisinin toplumsal sorunlara verece\u011fi herhangi bir yan\u0131t\u0131 yoktu. Aksine son y\u0131llarda ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fc\u00e7lenmekte olan yeni zenginleri ve pleblerin s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak senatoda yer alan reformcu g\u00fc\u00e7leri bask\u0131 ve denetim alt\u0131nda tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

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Senato\u2019da pleblerin temsilcisi trib\u00fcn Tiberius Grachus.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tiberius Grachus ayaklanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Roma devleti, M\u00d6 140-30 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanacak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplumsal karga\u015fal\u0131\u011fa haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z giriyordu. Devrim d\u00f6nemi olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu y\u0131llar, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu, temel ta\u015flar\u0131na kadar sarsacak bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Senato\u2019da pleblerin temsilcisi trib\u00fcn Tiberius Grachus, ayn\u0131 zamanda etkili bir h\u00fcmanist olan kay\u0131npederinin de deste\u011fini alarak, Roma\u2019n\u0131n tarihinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen yeni y\u00f6ntemlerle siyaseti devrimcile\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu ad\u0131mlar\u0131n Gracchus\u2019tan gelmesi bir tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Tiberius Gracchus\u2019un e\u011fitimi iki koldan ilerici-devrimci bir gelene\u011fe sahipti. Annesi Cornelia, erdemli Romal\u0131 kad\u0131n\u0131n timsali olarak \u00fcnlenmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u015f\u00f6hretli aristokrat komutanlardan Scipo Africanus\u2019un da k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131 ve ayr\u0131ca sahip oldu\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimiyle de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sayg\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Tiberius Gracchus e\u011fitimini annesinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve hem onun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimini edinmi\u015fti hem de adalet ve do\u011frulu\u011fun her \u015feyin \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutuldu\u011fu bir ailenin karakterini ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca Gracchus, Romal\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar i\u00e7inde sayg\u0131n bir yeri olan Stoac\u0131 Blossius gibi bir e\u011fitmen ve dan\u0131\u015fmana da sahipti. Bu yolla Gracchus hem Roma ve Hellen k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne, hem de iki uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n siyasi deneyimlerini sahipti. \u0130lerici fikirlerini bu sayede edinmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Gracchus\u2019un amac\u0131 asker-k\u00f6yl\u00fc birlikteli\u011fine dayanan ideal devleti in\u015fa etmekti. Bu amac\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman gizlemedi. Sava\u015flar nedeniyle ekilebilir arazilerin ve meralar\u0131n sahipsiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131na bizzat bir asker olarak tan\u0131k olmu\u015ftu. K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne sefalete s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesi ve kamu arazilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak baronlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan pervas\u0131zca gasp edilmesi Gracchus\u2019u \u00f6fkelendiriyordu. Ona g\u00f6re ya\u015fananlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri \u201cRomal\u0131lar\u0131n erdemine ve adaletine\u201d uymuyordu. Roma\u2019n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi topraklarda kurulan kolonilerin tamam\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftlik sahipleri ve eski komutanlar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Gracchus, tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprak reformunu hayata ge\u00e7irebilmek i\u00e7in M\u00d6 134 y\u0131l\u0131nda Senato\u2019ya, halk\u0131n temsilcisi olarak aday olmu\u015ftu. Halktan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir destek g\u00f6rerek co\u015fkuyla se\u00e7ildi. Se\u00e7ilir se\u00e7ilmez yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk i\u015f, toprak reformu hareketini ba\u015flatmak oldu. Bu yolla sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yoksulla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek niyetindeydi.<\/p>\n

Gracchus topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 sefaleti Senato \u00f6n\u00fcnde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu\u015fmada \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ifade etmi\u015fti:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130talya\u2019da ya\u015fayan her vah\u015fi hayvan\u0131n yatacak ve kafas\u0131n\u0131 sokacak bir ini var. Ancak \u0130talya i\u00e7in sava\u015fan ve bu u\u011furda can\u0131n\u0131 veren kahramanlar, soludu\u011fumuz hava ve g\u00fcne\u015ften ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015feye sahip de\u011filler. Evsiz ve yurtsuz bir \u015fekilde e\u015fleri ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n bir yerinden bir ba\u015fka yerine s\u00fcr\u00fcklenip duruyorlar. Onlar\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131rken, kutsal tap\u0131naklar\u0131, atalar\u0131n\u0131n mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve baba ocaklar\u0131n\u0131 savunduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden komutanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ktan yalan s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor ve onlar\u0131 aldat\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kahramanlardan hi\u00e7biri savunabilece\u011fi bir kutsal topra\u011fa ve baba oca\u011f\u0131na sahip de\u011fil. Onlar ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n serveti ve debdebe i\u00e7indeki hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak i\u00e7in sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyorlar. Bunlara \u2018d\u00fcnyan\u0131n efendileri\u2019 denmektedir, ger\u00e7ekte onlar\u0131n kafalar\u0131n\u0131 sokacak d\u00f6rt duvarlar\u0131 bile yoktur.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Tiberius Grachus sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yoksulla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek niyetindeydi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan sonra da \u201cherhangi bir komplo pe\u015finde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, herhangi bir ayaklanma planlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ama y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r uygulana gelen haks\u0131zl\u0131klara ve adaletsizliklere art\u0131k bir son verilmesi ve her Romal\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131 olan topraklara kavu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirterek, bundan b\u00f6yle hayat\u0131n\u0131 bu i\u015fe adayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu yasalar\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in elinden gelen her \u015feyi yasal yoldan yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Senato \u00f6ylesine sessizdi ki herkes \u015fa\u015f\u0131r\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 27 ya\u015f\u0131nda hen\u00fcz hayat\u0131n\u0131n bahar\u0131nda bir gen\u00e7, y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r yerle\u015fik hale gelmi\u015f adaletsiz ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczenine kafa tutuyordu.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Gracchus\u2019un konu\u015fmas\u0131 \u0130talya\u2019da muazzam bir etki yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131! Y\u0131llar\u0131n birikmi\u015f sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n bir anda dile gelmesi, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130talya\u2019da dalgalanma yaratm\u0131\u015f ve halk\u0131 aya\u011fa kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gracchus\u2019un konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden biri de onun b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130talyanlar\u0131 koruyan ve kollayan k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle bu k\u0131s\u0131m, Romal\u0131 aristokratlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir \u015feydir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130talya\u2019da Roma\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayanlar Romal\u0131lara e\u015fit de\u011fildir. Onlar Romal\u0131lar\u0131n antla\u015fmalar yoluyla haklar\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f \u201cfederal yolda\u015flar\u201d\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu arada \u015funu da belirtelim ki Gracchus tarihsel ve etkili bir konu\u015fma yapmakla birlikte gene de, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu kapsayacak k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir devrimden yana olmad\u0131. Esas olarak topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve sava\u015ftan yeni d\u00f6nen i\u015fsiz g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz askerlerin durumlar\u0131nda bir iyile\u015ftirme istiyordu. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6nce topraklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak baronlar\u0131n\u0131n elinde toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek gerekiyordu. Senato\u2019ya sundu\u011fu bir \u00f6nergeyle b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak baronlar\u0131n\u0131n sahip olacaklar\u0131 arazilerin \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen eski bir yasan\u0131n yeniden hayata ge\u00e7irilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ne var ki bu \u00e7aba bile senat\u00f6rlerin ve aristokratlar\u0131n tepkisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Aristokratlar\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131yla harekete ge\u00e7en ve Gracchus gibi E\u015f-Trib\u00fcn olan Marcus Octavius da \u00f6nerilen yasay\u0131 veto etti. Bunun \u00fczerine Gracchus, Roma tarihinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir y\u00f6ntemle E\u015f-Trib\u00fcn\u00fc bir halk oylamas\u0131yla g\u00f6revden ald\u0131rtm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Pleblerin uzun ve zorlu m\u00fccadeleleri sayesinde kazan\u0131lan Trib\u00fcn kurumu Roma yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re dokunulmazl\u0131k alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda bu dokunulmazl\u0131k sayesinde halk\u0131n temsilcileri, aristokratlar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan korunuyordu. Fakat Gracchus, devrimci bir y\u00f6ntemle ilk kez bir Trib\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak, yasalara devrimci bir i\u00e7erik kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylece y\u00fcz y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek olan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te hem siyasetin devrimcile\u015fmesinin hem de halk\u0131n politize edilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gracchus G\u00fcney \u0130talya ve \u0130spanya\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyahatler s\u0131ras\u0131nda verimli arazilerin toprak baronlar\u0131nca payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu topraklarda toplumun omurgas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve yoksullar\u0131n de\u011fil, bunlar\u0131n yerine bedavaya getirilen k\u00f6lelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015fti. Senato\u2019ya art arda sundu\u011fu yasalarla bu uygulamay\u0131 durdurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yeni yasaya g\u00f6re toprak sahipleri topraklar\u0131nda belirli bir say\u0131da \u00f6zg\u00fcr i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak zorundayd\u0131. Bu yenilik baronlar i\u00e7in k\u00e2rdan zarar etmek demekti. Ayr\u0131ca bir ba\u015fka yasaya g\u00f6re her aile babas\u0131, ancak 500 hektar topra\u011fa sahip olabilirdi. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda onlara iki o\u011ful daha hesaplanarak bir 500 hektarl\u0131k arazi daha hak tan\u0131nd\u0131. Kalan fazla topraklar hemen kolonilerdeki topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmak \u00fczere kamuya iade edilmeliydi.<\/p>\n

Arazileri yok pahas\u0131na kapatan baronlar i\u00e7in bu tedbir bir kabustu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu bu arazilere b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu yasay\u0131 tozlu raflara kald\u0131rmay\u0131 uman Senato, uygulamay\u0131 denetlemek i\u00e7in bir komisyon belirlemi\u015f ve ba\u015f\u0131na da Gracchus\u2019u getirmi\u015fti. Fakat geli\u015fmeler Senato\u2019nun umdu\u011fu gibi y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcyordu. \u0130\u015fini ciddiyetle takip eden Gracchus, ard\u0131 ard\u0131na toprak baronlar\u0131n\u0131 sorguya al\u0131yordu. Bu y\u00f6ntemle de Senato\u2019nun y\u00fcr\u00fctme haklar\u0131n\u0131 elinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Halk i\u00e7inde ise heyecan doruktayd\u0131. Halk devrimcile\u015fmi\u015f ve gelece\u011fine el koymak konusunda istekli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. B\u00fcy\u00fck umutlar ye\u015fermi\u015f ve sokaklar co\u015fkulu kalabal\u0131klarla dolmu\u015ftu. Sokaktaki halk\u0131n devrimcile\u015fmesiyle alarm zilleri de \u00e7almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Senato ve aristokratlar bu gidi\u015fata bir son vermenin hesab\u0131n\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 bile.<\/p>\n

Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 Gracchus\u2019u yeniden se\u00e7tirmeyerek i\u015fini bitirmekti. Trib\u00fcnken ona dokunmak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir risk ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Bunun fark\u0131nda olan Gracchus da bir ad\u0131m daha ileri giderek yasalar\u0131 devrimci a\u00e7\u0131dan yorumlam\u0131\u015f ve yeni bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmek \u00fczere adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nas\u0131l olsa halk\u0131n deste\u011fi arkas\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Tiberius Grachus\u2019un ve taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini resmeden bir tablo (Vincenzo Camuccini).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fakat Senato halk\u0131n aktif siyasete kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bir ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durum addederek 133 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal\u201d ilan\u0131na karar vermi\u015fti. Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Senat\u00f6r Scipio Nasica\u2019n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir grup \u00e7apulcu ve asker kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 silahlanarak Gracchus\u2019un Kapitol\u2019de toplanan bir toplant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 basm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z yakalanan Gracchus ve taraftarlar\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildiler. Gracchus ve ba\u015f \u00f6\u011fretmeni Diophanes hemen orada \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler ve cesetleri de Tiber nehrine at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Di\u011fer dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Blossius ise mahkemeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Blossius mahkemede m\u00fckemmel bir konu\u015fma yaparak kendisini savundu. Mahkeme onu serbest b\u0131rakmak zorunda kald\u0131. Roma\u2019da daha fazla kalmayan Blossius\u2019u tarih, bir kez daha, ama bu kez Bergama\u2019daki \u00fcnl\u00fc Aristonikos ayaklanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yeniden kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131karacakt\u0131.[3]<\/a> Reform hareketi bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine de olsa kesintiye u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gaius Gracchus ayaklanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Roma halk\u0131n\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019daki m\u00fccadelesi sona erecek gibi de\u011fildi. Aradan on y\u0131l ge\u00e7tikten sonra bu kez bir ba\u015fka Gracchus, Tiberius\u2019un k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi siyaset sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kacak ve reform hareketini devralacakt\u0131. O da abisi gibi m\u00fckemmel bir e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gaius Gracchus\u2019un en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, halk\u0131n y\u00fcre\u011fine i\u015fleyen hitabet yetene\u011fiydi. \u00dcnl\u00fc filozof ve hatip Cicero bile onun gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en iyi hatip oldu\u011funu teslim etmi\u015ftir.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca abisinden \u00f6nemli bir fark\u0131 daha vard\u0131. Gaius tam bir politikac\u0131yd\u0131. Ba\u015f \u00e7eli\u015fmeyi iyi tespit ederek b\u00fct\u00fcn olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 bu alana seferber ediyordu. Gaius\u2019la birlikte siyasete dinamizm ve modern y\u00f6ntemler de girmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

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Gracchus karde\u015fler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Gaius\u2019un amac\u0131 kimsenin dokunmaya cesaret etmedi\u011fi anayasa sorununa el atmakt\u0131 ve toplumu demokratikle\u015ftirmekti. Hem aristokratlar\u0131n imtiyaz\u0131 olan kons\u00fcl kurumuna her h\u00fcr vatanda\u015f\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesini sa\u011flamak hem de devletin \u00f6zg\u00fcr yurtta\u015flara bir asgari gelir olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 yasala\u015ft\u0131rmak istiyordu.<\/p>\n

Gaius, bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yaratan tah\u0131l sorununa da el atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devletin d\u00fczenli olarak tah\u0131l sat\u0131n alarak silolar\u0131 dolu tutmak, b\u00f6ylece tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131yla ilgili spek\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek istiyordu. Ayr\u0131ca Roma halk\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan ula\u015f\u0131m ve yol g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sorununa da el atm\u0131\u015f; hem yollar in\u015fa etmi\u015f hem de halk\u0131n g\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7inde seyahat edebilmesi i\u00e7in kervansaraylar yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Gaius Gracchus\u2019un en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, halk\u0131n y\u00fcre\u011fine i\u015fleyen hitabet yetene\u011fiydi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Senato\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 arkas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama almay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Gaius, bir ad\u0131m daha atarak halk i\u00e7indeki deste\u011fini art\u0131rmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu: yeni zenginlerin ve ilerici servet sahiplerinin siyasete daha aktif kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n mahkeme j\u00fcrilerinde g\u00f6rev almalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ad\u0131mla senat\u00f6rlerin bir imtiyaz\u0131 olan bir ba\u015fka kurum daha toplumun geni\u015f kesimine a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oluyordu. Asl\u0131nda Gaius\u2019un amac\u0131 halktan ki\u015filerden olu\u015fan j\u00fcri \u00fcyelerine dayanarak i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f topraklardaki yolsuzluklar\u0131n \u00fczerine gitmek ve b\u00f6ylece kaynaklar\u0131n daha geni\u015f kesime da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu ad\u0131mlarla yetinmeyen Gaius farkl\u0131 bir giri\u015fimle, amfi tiyatro ve arenalarda aristokratlara ait \u015feref trib\u00fcnlerine halk\u0131n temsilcilerinin de oturmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak istiyordu.<\/p>\n

Toplam olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Gaius Gracchus k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r ele al\u0131nmayan toplumsal sorunlara el atm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lar da kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, toprak kiralar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, devlete ait hazine topraklar\u0131n\u0131n topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, aristokratlar\u0131n imtiyazlar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, yolsuzlukla su\u00e7lanan senat\u00f6rleri halktan temsilcilerin yarg\u0131layabilmesi, orta d\u00fczey \u015f\u00f6valyelerin konumunda iyile\u015ftirmelerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gibi ad\u0131mlar\u0131n hepsi birden Roma toplumu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir devrim niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yordu.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca Gracchus, asker ve \u015f\u00f6valyelerin durumunda da d\u00fczeltmeler sa\u011flayarak hem Roma ordusunun konumu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece aristokratlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015f hem de toplumsal deste\u011fini geni\u015fletmi\u015fti. Fakat Romal\u0131 aristokratlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu kadar devrim \u00e7ok fazlayd\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 devrim de tepki vermekte gecikmedi.<\/p>\n

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Gaius Gracchus, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n eline ge\u00e7memesi i\u00e7in sad\u0131k dostu ve k\u00f6lesi taraf\u0131ndan han\u00e7erlendi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Senato, t\u0131pk\u0131 Tiberius Gracchus olay\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi \u201cOla\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Hal Yasas\u0131\u201dna dayanarak bir komplo giri\u015fimi ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bir tutuklamayla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan Gaius Gracchus ve yanda\u015flar\u0131 da buna bir ayaklanmayla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdiler. M\u00d6. 121 y\u0131l\u0131nda Senato taraf\u0131ndan bozguna u\u011frayan Gaius Gracchus, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n eline ge\u00e7memek i\u00e7in sad\u0131k dostu ve k\u00f6lesi taraf\u0131ndan han\u00e7erlendi. \u00d6fkesini alamayan aristokratlar onun cesedini de abisine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gibi Tiber nehrine att\u0131lar. Bununla da yetinmeyen gericiler, bir s\u00fcrek av\u0131 ba\u015flatarak y\u00fczlerce devrimciyi katletmekle kalmad\u0131lar, Gracchus ailesi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere devrimci harekete kat\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn Romal\u0131 yurtta\u015flar\u0131n evlerini yerle bir ettiler.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bergama\u2019da Aristonikos ayaklanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Roma\u2019n\u0131n efendileri, \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki ayaklanma ve isyanlar\u0131 bast\u0131rmakta zorlan\u0131rken bir ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgede daha ba\u015flar\u0131 belaya girdi. Roma o g\u00fcne kadar esas olarak \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yabanc\u0131 ordularla \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, disiplinli ve modern ordusuyla bunun \u00fcstesinden gelmeyi hep bilmi\u015fti. Bu kez yoksullar\u0131n ve k\u00f6lelerin do\u011frudan kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir halk ayaklanmas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yayd\u0131. Bergama, Roma i\u00e7in yeni bir karga\u015fal\u0131k oda\u011f\u0131 olmaya adayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 132-129 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015f g\u00f6steren Bergama ayaklanmas\u0131 her \u015feyin \u00f6tesinde Roma\u2019ya yenilginin utanc\u0131n\u0131 da tatt\u0131racakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Bergama felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 akademileriyle de me\u015fhurdu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ve saray aristokratlar\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucunda \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan Bergama h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 III. Attalos vasiyetnamesinde, Bergama\u2019y\u0131 Roma\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyordu. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu bu sayede Bergama\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc alt\u0131n madenlerine kavu\u015fmay\u0131 umarken, Bergama aristokratlar\u0131 da \u00fclkede geli\u015fen ve tehlikeli bir hal alan karga\u015fal\u0131\u011fa hakim olmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki Attalos\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Roma\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 daha bekliyordu: Attalos\u2019un \u00fcvey karde\u015fi ve 2. Eumenes\u2019in bir k\u00f6leden do\u011fma gayr\u0131 me\u015fru o\u011flu Aristonikos.<\/p>\n

Aristonikos ayaklanmas\u0131, Helen ve Roma d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir saray darbesi de\u011fildi. Aristonikos, Bergama\u2019n\u0131n yasal varisi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, fakat ne aristokratlardan ne de ordudan destek g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Roma, Bergama soylular\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7oktan sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O da o d\u00f6neme dek hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir yola ba\u015fvurarak kendisiyle birlikte sava\u015fa kat\u0131lacak olan k\u00f6lelere \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini vaat etmi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece k\u00f6leleri yan\u0131na \u00e7ekmekle kalmad\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn ezilenlerini yan\u0131na \u00e7ekmeyi de ba\u015fard\u0131. Asl\u0131nda Aristonikos\u2019la birlikte hareket etmek k\u00f6lelerin de i\u015fine geliyordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Bergama\u2019yla birlikte onlar da Roma\u2019ya devredileceklerdi.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Bergama h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 III. Attalos vasiyetnamesinde, Bergama\u2019y\u0131 Roma\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015fti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bir y\u00fcz y\u0131ld\u0131r Roma vatanda\u015flar\u0131 ve askerleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen Do\u011fu k\u00f6kenli dini-ideolojik \u201csalg\u0131n\u201d, \u00f6zellikle Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerin yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7oktan etkilemi\u015fti. Roma\u2019n\u0131n pervas\u0131z ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fcttefik \u00fclkeyi Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 kampa itmi\u015fti. \u0130spanya, Kuzey Avrupa, Trakya ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu topraklar\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k ayaklanmalarla sars\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Roma\u2019n\u0131n dayan\u0131lmaz tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6ylesine a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 ki, bir\u00e7ok Do\u011fulu kavim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u201cAlt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u201d bu tahakk\u00fcmden kurtulmakla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015fti. Kayzer Agustus\u2019la ta\u00e7lanan Pax Romana\u2019n\u0131n ne t\u00fcrden bir bar\u0131\u015f getirdi\u011fi y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Roma\u2019n\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131 Apollon Do\u011fu\u2019nun bereket ve e\u015fitlik tanr\u0131s\u0131 Dynosios\u2019a bask\u0131n gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Roma art\u0131k iki alanda birden sava\u015fmak zorundayd\u0131. Hem i\u00e7teki reformcu hareketlerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmaktan dolay\u0131 evdeki huzur ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131, hem de \u201cm\u00fcttefiklerin\u201d isyan\u0131yla siyasi-ideolojik masumiyetini kaybetmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Britannica isyan\u0131n\u0131n lideri Calgacus, daha \u00f6nceden, Pax Romana\u2019n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ortaya koymu\u015ftu: \u201cD\u00fcnyay\u0131 kas\u0131p kavuran bu \u00e7apulculara kar\u015f\u0131 koyacak hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke ve hatta deniz de kalmay\u0131nca bu kez de yeni d\u00fc\u015fman icat ediyorlar. E\u011fer \u00fclke zenginse servetini \u00e7al\u0131yorlar, e\u011fer \u00fclke servet yoksunuysa bu kez de onu yenerek \u015fan ve \u015f\u00f6hretlerini ilan ediyorlar. Onlar\u0131 ne \u015fark ne de garp doyurabildi. Onlar hem serveti hem de yoksullu\u011fu ayn\u0131 anda arzuluyorlar. \u00c7apul etmek ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrmenin ad\u0131n\u0131 da egemenlik olarak koydular. E\u011fer yapra\u011f\u0131n bile k\u0131m\u0131ldamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6l yaratm\u0131\u015flarsa da onun ad\u0131na da bar\u0131\u015f diyorlar\u201d.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Ayaklanman\u0131n lideri Aristonikos\u2019u g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi san\u0131lan b\u00fcst.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ayaklanma ve isyanlar Roma\u2019da karamsar bir hava yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Art\u0131k ortal\u0131kta ahret g\u00fcnlerinin yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haber veren kehanetler dola\u015f\u0131yordu. Sanki Romal\u0131n\u0131n uyum ve bar\u0131\u015f tanr\u0131lar\u0131 Roma\u2019ya s\u0131rtlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdi. \u201cAlt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u201d hikayelerinde yeniden bir canlanma g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. \u201cAsya\u2019dan bir hakan\u0131n gelece\u011fine ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ak\u015fam edece\u011fine\u201d inan\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u201cDo\u011fudan gelecek olan b\u00fcy\u00fck hakan (rex magnus) zulme bir son verecek ve yoksullara yeniden e\u015fitlik ve adaleti sunacakt\u0131.\u201d[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu ideolojik atmosferde ba\u015flayan Aristonikos ayaklanmas\u0131 h\u0131zla y\u00fcz binleri kucaklayarak di\u011fer kom\u015fu \u00fclkelere de s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik i\u00e7in ayaklanma g\u00fcn\u00fcyd\u00fc ve Aristonikos\u2019un e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck vaadi kraliyete ait maden ocaklar\u0131 ve at\u00f6lyelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00f6le, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve zanaatkarlar aras\u0131nda h\u0131zla yay\u0131larak, y\u00fcz binlerce k\u00f6leyle birlikte on binlerce yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve zanaatkar\u0131 da sarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayaklanman\u0131n h\u0131zla y\u00fcz binleri kucaklamas\u0131 sosyal \u00fctopyalar\u0131n ezilenler i\u00e7inde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 taban\u0131n etkisini g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da ilgin\u00e7tir. Hatta Aristonikos toplum i\u00e7inde o kadar etkili oldu ki ticaretin p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz devam edebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel para bile bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkent Bergama ise k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in hemen karar alm\u0131\u015f ve k\u00f6lelerin durumunda bir iyile\u015ftirmeye gitmi\u015fti.[11]<\/a> Ayaklanman\u0131n lideri Aristonikos ve yanda\u015flar\u0131na halk, \u201cHeliopolit=G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi Yurtta\u015f\u0131\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 takm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Aristonikos, kuraca\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkenin ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cHeliopolis\u201d olarak ilan etmi\u015fti. Anla\u015f\u0131lan Jambulos\u2019un \u201cG\u00fcne\u015f Adalar\u0131\u201d \u00fctopyas\u0131, yani \u201cHeliopolis\u201d belleklerde h\u00e2l\u00e2 tazeydi.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Aristonikos\u2019un k\u00f6le ve yoksullar\u0131 yan\u0131na \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in hile yoluna sapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden yazarlar yan\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun en yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki insan, dostu ve dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131, Gracchus karde\u015flerden b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Tiberius\u2019un da en \u00f6nemli dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan ve birinci reform hareketinin kanla bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yakalanarak yarg\u0131lanan ve sonradan serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lan Kymeli Blossius\u2019tan ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fildi.[13]<\/a> Bir Stoa yanda\u015f\u0131 olarak bilinen Blossius d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc filozoflar\u0131ndan biriydi. Mahkemede parlak bir savunma yapmas\u0131 \u00fczerine sal\u0131verilmi\u015f ve sonra da Bergama\u2019ya gelerek Aristonikos\u2019la birle\u015fmi\u015fti.[14]<\/a> Hatta kimi tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re eylem adam\u0131 Aristonikos\u2019u ayaklanmaya siyasi kuramc\u0131 Blossius te\u015fvik etmi\u015fti.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca bu ayaklanman\u0131n Bergama\u2019da olmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildi. Bergama, Makedonya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte M\u00d6. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren etki alan\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm Ege b\u00f6lgesine kadar geni\u015fletmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda siyasi istikrar kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamda -heykelcilik, mimari ve bilimin her alan\u0131nda- b\u00fcy\u00fck bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015fti.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bergama sadece \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u00fct\u00fcphanesiyle de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 akademileriyle de me\u015fhurdu. D\u00f6nemin moda ak\u0131m\u0131 olan ve \u201cseman\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki insanlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fini\u201d savunan Stoac\u0131 filozoflar\u0131n u\u011frak yerlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda Bergama ve Rodos geliyordu.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bir s\u00fcredir Romal\u0131 sayg\u0131n aileler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimlerini Do\u011fu k\u00f6kenli filozoflara ve e\u011fitmenlere teslim ediyorlard\u0131. E\u011fitmenlerin isimleri ne kadar me\u015fhursa, Romal\u0131 aile de sosyeteden o kadar sayg\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bir moda halini alan bu durum, asl\u0131nda patlamaya haz\u0131r bir barut f\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131ran Roma \u00fczerinde bir k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m etkisi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kral III. Attalos da istek \u00fczerine s\u0131k s\u0131k Roma\u2019ya filozof ve gramercilerini g\u00f6nderiyordu.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

Aristonikos ayaklanmas\u0131, hem Gracchus reform hareketinin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hareketli devrimci y\u0131llara, hem de Sicilya\u2019daki birinci b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131na denk gelmi\u015fti. Sicilya ayaklanmas\u0131yla Bergama ayaklanmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda organik bir ba\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair herhangi bir bilgi bulunmuyor, ancak Gracchus hareketiyle Aristonikos ayaklanmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir sempatinin ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmenin oldu\u011fu kesin. En az\u0131ndan Blossius\u2019un, s\u00f6z konusu iki hareket aras\u0131nda bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc rol\u00fc oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
Aristonikos ticaretin p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz devam edebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel para bile bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan Roma \u015fimdi de g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc Bergama\u2019ya dikmi\u015fti. Bu yolla hem Anadolu\u2019nun ele ge\u00e7irilmesi kolayla\u015facak, hem de Bergama\u2019n\u0131n paha bi\u00e7ilmez k\u00fclt\u00fcr hazinesi ve alt\u0131n yataklar\u0131 ya\u011fma edilebilecekti. Bu bak\u0131mdan uzun s\u00fcredir Roma\u2019n\u0131n bir uydusu haline gelen Bergama\u2019n\u0131n kral\u0131 III. Attalos\u2019un -ki kay\u0131tlar onun son y\u0131llarda ak\u0131l sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyorlar- vasiyeti yoluyla Roma devletine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmaz bir f\u0131rsatt\u0131. Halk ise bask\u0131c\u0131 ve despot rejimden b\u0131km\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131. III. Attalos\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc halk i\u00e7in de yeni f\u0131rsatlar do\u011furmu\u015ftu. Bu nedenle Aristonikos\u2019un ayaklanma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 bir anda yank\u0131 bulmu\u015f ve Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 koyacak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ordu kurulabilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda h\u0131zla yay\u0131lan isyan, \u00f6yle bir hal ald\u0131 ki b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lge krall\u0131klar\u0131nda da \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131namayan bir k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131na neden oldu. Daha 15 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Andrikos\u2019un \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131yla Roma\u2019n\u0131n bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 vermi\u015f olan Makedon halk\u0131 yeniden Aristonikos\u2019a destek vermek i\u00e7in ayaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kapadokya\u2019dan Pontus\u2019a kadar uzanan bir hatta krallar\u0131n tahtlar\u0131 sallan\u0131yordu. Heliopolitlerin yakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ate\u015fi, y\u0131llar sonra bile zar zor s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclebildi.<\/p>\n

Ard\u0131 ard\u0131na ba\u015far\u0131 kazanan Aristonikos\u2019un isyanc\u0131lar ordusu, M\u00d6 130 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kons\u00fcl Craccus Mucianus\u2019un komutas\u0131ndaki Roma ordusunu feci bir bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131. Kons\u00fcl\u00fcn kendisi de sava\u015fta esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, kafas\u0131 kesilerek idam edildi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Roma ordusunu g\u00f6steren bir r\u00f6lyef.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fakat birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Roma b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgelerden \u00e7ekti\u011fi birlikleriyle olu\u015fturdu\u011fu devasa bir orduyla sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti. Aristonikos Roma\u2019n\u0131n bu azg\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyacak g\u00fc\u00e7te de\u011fildi ve sald\u0131r\u0131 Bergamal\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir felaket oldu. Zul\u00fcm \u00fcst\u00fcne zul\u00fcm uygulayan Roma ordusu isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 teker teker k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130syanc\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131lan kentlerden alabilmek i\u00e7in i\u00e7me sular\u0131na zehir bile kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Nitekim Aristonikos, 130 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hezimet ya\u015fad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn Manisa\u2019n\u0131n kuzey ucunda, K\u0131rka\u011fa\u00e7-Gelenbe yolu \u00fczerinde ve K\u0131rka\u011fa\u00e7\u2019\u0131n 10 km do\u011fusunda bulunan Siledik K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yerinde bulunan y\u00fcksek bir tepeye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131ysa da yakaland\u0131 ve zincirlenerek Roma\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Uzun s\u00fcre Roma zindanlar\u0131nda i\u015fkencelere u\u011frayan Aristonikos M\u00d6 129 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Senato\u2019nun karar\u0131yla bo\u011fduruldu. Arkada\u015f\u0131 ve siyasi dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Blossius ise can\u0131na k\u0131yarak ya\u015fam\u0131na son verdi.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sicilya k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Roma\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u201cCato Yasaklar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, toplumun kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulundu\u011fu tehlikenin boyutunu g\u00f6stermesi ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u201ciyi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden korumay\u0131\u201d ama\u00e7lamas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu yasalara dayan\u0131larak M\u00d6 186 y\u0131l\u0131nda zararl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler bar\u0131nd\u0131ran kitaplar yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Babil\u2019in G\u00fcne\u015f ve Y\u0131ld\u0131z tanr\u0131s\u0131 Malakbel\u2019e inanan gezgin vaizler, kahinler, falc\u0131lar ve \u201cbak\u0131c\u0131lar\u201d Roma d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Fakat bu yasaklar\u0131n ama\u00e7lanan etkiyi g\u00f6sterdikleri s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle k\u00f6leler aras\u0131nda h\u0131zla yay\u0131lan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya, Suriye ve Ortado\u011fu kaynakl\u0131 din ve inan\u00e7lar, Roma ile Do\u011fu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alabildi\u011fine \u015fiddetlendirmi\u015fti. \u00d6zellikle \u015earap Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Bacchus ve Bereket Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Kibele, uzun bir s\u00fcredir \u0130talya\u2019da Roma\u2019n\u0131n tanr\u0131lar\u0131yla rekabet i\u00e7indeydi ve kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevzileri g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok say\u0131da suna\u011fa sahipti.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu\u2019nun dinsel motifleriyle bezenmi\u015f y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda k\u00f6leleri etkilemekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda tacirler, \u00e7er\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6le sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda da kayda de\u011fer bir taraftar kitlesi yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6yle ki M\u00d6 100\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Bereket Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Kibele ve G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Makabel, k\u00f6leler aras\u0131nda bir kral kadar etkiliydi.<\/p>\n

Hatta Romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, yeni bir biny\u0131la girerken gelece\u011fi g\u00f6rmenin, astrolojinin ve falc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n art\u0131k senat\u00f6rleri ve aristokratlar\u0131 da etkisi alt\u0131na alarak Roma\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel ideolojik-dini otoritesini sarst\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyorlar. \u00d6yle ki art\u0131k her sava\u015ftan \u00f6nce kahine (orakel) dan\u0131\u015fmak bir gelenek haline gelmi\u015fti. Bu ideolojik iklimde kadercilik, Roma\u2019da alabildi\u011fine yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011fal olarak bu durumu kendi lehlerine kullanan Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 kavimler de, ayaklanmalar\u0131na ve direni\u015flerine dini-inan\u00e7 k\u00f6kenli motifler y\u00fckl\u00fcyorlard\u0131.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

Roma halk\u0131n\u0131n dilinde kimi zaman Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 kahramanlar\u0131n efsaneleri dola\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Halk onlara haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ve zulme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden g\u00f6kten inmi\u015f tanr\u0131lar olarak tapard\u0131. Hatta son d\u00f6nemlerde ordunun moralini bozan ve kendine olan g\u00fcvenini sarsan askeri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n nedenleri de bunlarla gerek\u00e7elendirilirdi. Roma tarih\u00e7ileri, M\u00d6 134 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130spanya\u2019daki ayaklanmay\u0131 bast\u0131rmakta zorlanan Roma ordusu i\u00e7inde kuvvetli bir Khaldea etkisinin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, askerler i\u00e7inde falc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve gizemli kurban adama adetlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ederler.<\/p>\n

\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n tah\u0131l ve sulu otlak b\u00f6lgesi olarak da bilinen Sicilya\u2019da otuz y\u0131l arayla iki kez ayaklanan k\u00f6leler, toplumsal sistemde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe neden olmamakla birlikte, \u00fclkenin otoriter yap\u0131s\u0131nda gedikler a\u00e7t\u0131lar, Roma\u2019n\u0131n kendine olan g\u00fcvenini b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle sarst\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Romal\u0131lar k\u00f6lecili\u011fi d\u00f6nemin \u00fcretim faaliyetinin esas unsuru haline getirdiler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

K\u00f6lecilik d\u00f6neminin \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00f6ken itibariyle Afrika ve Asya\u2019da ba\u015flayan k\u00f6lecilik, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n uygarl\u0131k d\u00f6nemine ge\u00e7i\u015finin simgesiydi. K\u00f6lecilik, sava\u015f esirlerinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi yerine onlar\u0131n hayatlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 nedeniyle insanl\u0131k tarihinde ilerici bir ad\u0131md\u0131. Ne var ki meta \u00fcretiminin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131 ve yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00f6nce Yunanistan\u2019da sonra da Roma\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir geli\u015fme kaydetti ve \u00fcretimdeki yayg\u0131n i\u015flevi nedeniyle de tarihsel bir anlam kazand\u0131. K\u00f6lecilik, bir kurum olarak Roma\u2019yla birlikte doru\u011funa ula\u015ft\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Akdeniz havzas\u0131na yay\u0131larak, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Maden i\u015fletmelerinde ve topra\u011f\u0131n i\u015flenmesinde de\u011ferlendirilen k\u00f6lecilik, dolayl\u0131 olarak siyaset ve felsefede de bir s\u0131\u00e7ray\u0131\u015fa neden olmu\u015ftu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00f6lelikle birlikte i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece kafa ile kol eme\u011finin kesin ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flanabilmi\u015fti. Bunun sonucu ise, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f ve kesimin do\u011fmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Platon\u2019la birlikte y\u00fckselen idealist-nesnel felsefe, el eme\u011fini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layarak hem k\u00f6leci d\u00f6nemin ideolojik gerek\u00e7esini yaratm\u0131\u015f, hem de felsefi anlamda tarihsel i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirmi\u015fti. Bu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede devrimdi, yani soyutlama yetene\u011finde bir s\u0131\u00e7ramayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Romal\u0131 hatip Cicero, ideolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan k\u00f6lecili\u011fi gerek\u00e7elendirmi\u015fti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Platon ve daha sonra Aristoteles ve ard\u0131ndan da Romal\u0131 hatip Cicero, ideolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan k\u00f6lecili\u011fi gerek\u00e7elendirerek, hem d\u00f6nemin hakim \u00fcretim tarz\u0131 olan k\u00f6lecili\u011fi siyasi olarak aklad\u0131lar, hem de felsefede soyutlamay\u0131 te\u015fvik ederek, idealizmi kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirdiler. Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da devrimci bir rol oynayan s\u00f6z konusu idealist ak\u0131m, ne var ki ancak Yeni\u00e7a\u011f\u2019la birlikte k\u0131smen materyalistlerce, esas olarak da Marx taraf\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131labildi.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lecili\u011fin k\u00f6keni<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00f6lecilik esas olarak i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f olmak \u00fczere iki kaynaktan besleniyordu. Askeri demokrasiyle y\u00f6netilen kavimler, d\u0131\u015fta ya\u011fma, i\u00e7te ise \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131 ve ticaretin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla birlikte palazlanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bunun do\u011fal sonucu tap\u0131nak rahiplerinin-kahinlerin, y\u00f6neticilerin ve ordu komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n imtiyazl\u0131 hale gelerek topraklar\u0131 ve zenginlikleri ele ge\u00e7irmesi oldu. \u00c7e\u015fitli nedenlerle (\u00f6l\u00fcm, bor\u00e7lanma, askerlik nedeniyle topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyememe) topraklar\u0131 ellerinden al\u0131nan ve bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lan yurtta\u015flar, bor\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6nce kendi emeklerini sunuyorlar (angarya) ya da \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6lecilere sat\u0131yorlard\u0131. K\u00f6lecilikte \u00f6ncelikle bu y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n de\u011fildi. Bu nedenle hakim \u00fcretim tarz\u0131 olamad\u0131. Kentle\u015fme d\u00fczeyi ve \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri bunu zorunlu da k\u0131lm\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi bu d\u00f6nemde k\u00f6lelerle k\u00f6le sahipleri aras\u0131nda de\u011fil, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle, kamu topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u011fmalayarak palazlanan aristokratlar aras\u0131nda cereyan ediyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci \u00f6nemli kaynak ise fetihlerdi. K\u00f6lecilik \u00f6nce Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan da Akdeniz ve Ortado\u011fu uygarl\u0131klar\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 hale geldi. Bu miras\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019dan devralan Helenler ise k\u00f6lecili\u011fi k\u0131smen geli\u015ftirerek, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde daha s\u0131k kullan\u0131r hale gelmi\u015flerdi. Fakat Romal\u0131lar k\u00f6lecili\u011fi, d\u00f6nemin \u00fcretim faaliyetinin esas unsuru haline getirerek, tarihsel bir misyon y\u00fcklediler ve kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirdiler. Yaln\u0131z kurum olarak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda felsefi ve siyasi gerek\u00e7eleriyle de birlikte. Fetihlerle yarat\u0131lan k\u00f6lecili\u011fi belirleyen esas \u00f6zellikse ku\u015fkusuz, h\u0131zla artan \u015fehirle\u015fme ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fen ticaret ve tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimdir. \u015eehirle\u015fme nedeniyle tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimden kopan y\u00fcz binlerin doyurulma zorunlulu\u011fu ancak kal\u0131c\u0131 ve yayg\u0131n bir tar\u0131m \u00fcretimiyle giderilebilmi\u015ftir. Bu ise o d\u00f6nemde ancak yayg\u0131n bir k\u00f6le eme\u011fini devreye sokarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilirdi.<\/p>\n

Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra G\u00fcney \u0130talya\u2019dan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn kom\u015fu kavimleri fetihler yoluyla kendisine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun ifadesi de Roma\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, vergiye ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu \u201cm\u00fcttefik yolda\u015flar\u201dd\u0131. M\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ba\u015fvurulan fetihlerse bir anlamda di\u011fer halklar\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olay\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc komutan ve devlet adam\u0131 Sezar\u2019\u0131n 20 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde toplam bir milyon insan\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftirdi\u011fi bilinirse, anla\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

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Roma\u2019da bir k\u00f6le pazar\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131 k\u00f6lecilik, bir kurum olarak Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019yla birlikte doru\u011funa ula\u015ft\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan da k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesi olan birinci d\u00f6nem esas olarak kapand\u0131 ve bunun yerini ikinci d\u00f6nem, yani yabanc\u0131 halklar\u0131n k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesi uygulamas\u0131 ald\u0131. K\u0131sacas\u0131 birinci d\u00f6nem kapan\u0131rken, ayn\u0131 zamanda yerli k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle yabanc\u0131 uyruklu k\u00f6leler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fme de derinle\u015fmi\u015f oldu. Bu nedenle Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun temelini sarsan \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131, yerle\u015fik k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle birle\u015femedi ve daha ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa mahkum oldu.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lelerin toplumsal i\u015flevi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lk ba\u015flarda evlerde ve b\u00fcrokraside de\u011ferlendirilen k\u00f6le eme\u011fi, yeni \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde h\u0131zla artm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6nce tar\u0131m ve madencili\u011fin geli\u015fmesiyle, sonra \u015fehirle\u015fmenin h\u0131z kazanmas\u0131yla toplumsal bir karakter kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Romal\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015fme ve y\u00fckselme d\u00f6nemlerinde k\u00f6le eme\u011fi, \u00f6nce \u00e7iftliklerde ve arazilerde de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f, ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesiyle birlikte maden ocaklar\u0131nda, at\u00f6lyelerde, ev hizmetlerinde, e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimde, b\u00fcrokraside ve nitekim son y\u0131llarda gladyat\u00f6r d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015flerinde de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lecilikle Akdeniz havzas\u0131 da canlanm\u0131\u015f, bu sayede b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli k\u00f6le pazarlar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. K\u00f6le pazarlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemlileri K\u0131br\u0131s, Atina, Chios, Efesus ve Delos adas\u0131nda olanlard\u0131. K\u00f6leler yetenek, bedensel geli\u015fim ve ya\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re fiyatland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Fetih sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en k\u00e2rl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 ku\u015fkusuz, esir al\u0131nan k\u00f6lelerin say\u0131 ve niteli\u011fiydi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u011fmada elde edilen ganimet \u00e7o\u011fu kez devlet kasas\u0131na aktar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. K\u00f6leler ise \u201cg\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fe \u00e7evrilerek\u201d komutan ve askerlerin ceplerini \u015fi\u015firirdi. Bu nedenle son y\u00fczy\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan fetih sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli itici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc esir k\u00f6leler olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k s\u0131k Sicilya\u2019da ba\u015f g\u00f6stermesinin nedeni tamamen b\u00f6lgenin yap\u0131s\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131yordu. Birincisi Sicilya, \u0130talya\u2019dan Akdeniz\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131lan koridorun \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu, yani bir y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ticaret kap\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130kincisi, Sicilya, \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli tah\u0131l ambarlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda geliyordu. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, hem \u015farab\u0131 ve \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcyle hem de zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131yla me\u015fhurdu. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n son y\u0131llarda h\u0131z kazanan yap\u0131la\u015fma faaliyetlerinin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan mermer yataklar\u0131na sahipti. Helen d\u00f6neminde kurulan kolonilerin ke\u015ffettikleri ilk \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Sirak\u00fcza\u2019n\u0131n mermer ocaklar\u0131 geliyordu.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131 Sicilya, co\u011frafi-ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle k\u00f6le yata\u011f\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti. Gene bu nedenle, M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n merkezi haline gelmi\u015fti. \u00d6nceki ayaklanmalar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 ve k\u0131smi alanlar i\u00e7inde s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015fken, M\u00d6 136 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek geni\u015flemi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Tarihte \u00f6nemli bir etkisi bulunan Eunus ve Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri, son y\u0131llarda Sicilya\u2019daki \u00e7iftliklerde ve maden ocaklar\u0131nda ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeden gelmi\u015f olan (Trakya ve Ortado\u011fu k\u00f6kenli) k\u00f6lelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Birinci Sicilya k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n lideri Eunus\u2019un heykeli.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Birinci Sicilya ayaklanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayaklanmalar\u0131n ilki M\u00d6 136 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 ve d\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Tarihsel kaynaklara g\u00f6re \u00f6nce 400 ki\u015fi kendi aralar\u0131nda birle\u015fmi\u015f ve \u201cTanr\u0131dan\u201d ayaklanma i\u00e7in icazet istemi\u015flerdi. Tanr\u0131 ise el\u00e7isi (Eunus) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ayaklanmaya cevaz vermi\u015fti. Henna \u015fehrinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toprak sahibinin evinde falc\u0131l\u0131k yapan Eunus, Sicilya\u2019daki \u00e7iftlik ve madenlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan k\u00f6leleri ayakland\u0131rarak, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde 40 bin k\u00f6leyi saflar\u0131na kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayaklanma h\u0131zla yay\u0131larak b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgeyi etkisi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Eunus ayaklanman\u0131n lideri ve dinsel simgesiydi. Kimdi bu Eunus? Suriye k\u00f6kenli bir kahin olan Eunus, ayaklanma i\u00e7in tanr\u0131 Atargatis\u2019den icazet ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kendisinin de onun bir arac\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu ilan ediyordu.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tarih\u00e7iler Eunus\u2019un (merhametli demek), ayaklanmadan \u00f6nce falc\u0131l\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kehanette bulundu\u011funu, bu \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131 aristokratlar\u0131n g\u00f6zdesi oldu\u011funu, herkesin fal bakt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ona ba\u015fvurdu\u011funu belirtiyorlar. Hatta kehanetlerinden birinde kendisinin bir ayaklanmayla Roma\u2019y\u0131 y\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yerine kendi krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan edece\u011fini bile s\u00f6yledi\u011fini belirtiyorlar. Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ise Kilikyal\u0131 k\u00f6le Kleon\u2019du.<\/p>\n

Merkezi Henna kenti olan ayaklanmaya Yunanistan ve Orta \u0130talya\u2019dan da kat\u0131l\u0131mlar olmu\u015ftu. Dirayetli ve \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc bir yetene\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu belirtilen Eunus, karizmatik ki\u015fili\u011fiyle insanlar\u0131 pe\u015finden s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015fti. Kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgede krall\u0131k kuran Eunus\u2019un \u00f6nemli kararlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k hava toplant\u0131lar\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor. Bu arada k\u00f6leleri hitabetiyle co\u015fturan Eunus, \u00fczerlerine s\u00fcr\u00fclen Roma ordusunu, ard\u0131 ard\u0131na iki kez bozguna u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerini ve k\u00f6le t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131 hedef alan k\u00f6leler, yoksullara ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahiplerine sald\u0131rmamaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. K\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilen k\u00f6yl\u00fcler de toprak taleplerini duvarlara, s\u00fctun ve mezar an\u0131tlar\u0131na yaz\u0131lar yazarak duyuruyorlard\u0131. Bir zamanlar Tiberius Gracchus da Roma\u2019daki reform hareketinin gerek\u00e7elerini a\u00e7\u0131klarken \u201ck\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, k\u00f6le i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yo\u011fun olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesiyle kenara itildiklerini ve b\u00f6ylece hem k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin sefalete s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcklerini hem de k\u00f6lelerin ayakland\u0131klar\u0131nda tehlikeli bir durum yaratacaklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d belirtmi\u015fti. Geli\u015fmeler tam da onun dedi\u011fi gibi bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Roma\u2019n\u0131n efendilerine k\u00f6k s\u00f6kt\u00fcren k\u00f6leler, \u00f6yle etkili oldular ki, Makedonya, Ege B\u00f6lgesi, Delos adas\u0131 ve Yunanistan\u2019daki Laurion maden ocaklar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00f6lelere de ilham verdileri. Her yer k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131yla \u00e7alkalan\u0131yordu. Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n co\u011frafi yap\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle ayaklanma haberi h\u0131zla b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgeye yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00f6nemin bir numaral\u0131 olay\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti. Ne var ki k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l aradan sonra M\u00d6 132 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kons\u00fcl Rupilius taraf\u0131ndan kesin bir yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci Sicilya ayaklanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck ayaklanma ise hemen o y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. M\u00d6 104 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Triokal\u0131 k\u00f6leler aras\u0131nda ba\u015f g\u00f6steren ayaklanmaya bu kez Salvius \u00f6nderlik ediyordu. Birinci ayaklanmada oldu\u011fu gibi Salvius da bir kahindi. Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Athenion da Babil inan\u00e7 ve mitolojisine inan\u0131yordu. O da birinci ayaklanmada g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi kendisini kral ilan etmi\u015fti. Bu ayaklanma da Orta \u0130talya ve Yunanistan k\u00f6lelerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck destek g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Otuz y\u0131l aradan sonra ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ikinci bir ayaklanman\u0131n ba\u015f g\u00f6stermesi, k\u00f6lelik d\u00fczeninin kronik sorunlar\u0131na i\u015faret ediyordu. K\u00f6leci d\u00fczen, Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr halk\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretimden kopararak i\u015flevsizle\u015ftirmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda yozla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 da. Bu ise toplumsal \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeyi derinle\u015ftirerek toplumsal dura\u011fanla\u015fmaya neden oluyordu.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nedeni bunlar\u0131n spontane hareketler olmas\u0131 ve k\u00f6lelere soyut bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck vaat edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Daha do\u011frusu bu hareketlerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni, \u00fcretim faaliyeti i\u00e7indeki yerli halkla ba\u011f kuramamalar\u0131nda ve i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 toplumsal d\u00fczene ili\u015fkin herhangi bir programa sahip olmamalar\u0131nda yat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme denk gelen \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli ayaklanma da (Bergama ve Sicilya) g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, k\u00f6leci \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine dayanan sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131yla derin bir krizin i\u00e7inde bulunuyordu. Bu ayaklanmalar bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte 50 y\u0131l sonra gelecek olan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck ayaklanma, Roma\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n giderek s\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kesin kan\u0131t\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs ayaklanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uzun bir s\u00fcredir hem \u0130talya\u2019daki i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, hem de Roma ile di\u011fer halklar aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren sava\u015flar, \u00f6ncelikli olarak ideolojik alanda veriliyordu. Kahinlik ve fal bak\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 o derece yayg\u0131n hale gelmi\u015fti ki sava\u015f\u0131n her iki taraf\u0131 da, neredeyse sava\u015f\u0131n gelece\u011fini falc\u0131lar\u0131n ve kahinlerin iradesine terk etmi\u015flerdi. Sava\u015f \u00f6nce ideolojik cephede kazan\u0131l\u0131yordu, bir y\u00f6n\u00fcyle sonucu da \u201csava\u015flar\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131\u201d belirliyordu.<\/p>\n

Roma tarihine ait belgeler ve \u00f6zellikle de M\u00d6 son y\u00fcz y\u0131l ve sonraki d\u00f6neme ait tan\u0131k ifadeleri ve devlet kay\u0131tlar\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131z fal\u0131na ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ve \u201cdo\u011fa \u00fcst\u00fc g\u00f6stergelerin\u201d anlamland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla dolu. \u0130\u015faretleri anlamland\u0131rma ve \u201ckahine\u201d dan\u0131\u015fma gelene\u011fi \u00f6yle bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki kahine ba\u015fvurmadan sava\u015f ilan etmek imkans\u0131z hale gelmi\u015fti. Senato bu kay\u0131tlar\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak tutarak, bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u201ckehanet y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131\u201d fihristi olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Fakat ne hikmetse Spartak\u00fcs ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 70\u2019li y\u0131llara ait kay\u0131tlar ortadan kaybolmu\u015ftu.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
Roma\u2019da gladyat\u00f6rler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Eski \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en sars\u0131c\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de en \u00e7ok bilinen k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131 ku\u015fkusuz Spartak\u00fcs ayaklanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle s\u00f6z konusu ayaklanma hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli kay\u0131tlar ve tan\u0131kl\u0131klar vard\u0131r ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da incelemenin konusu olmu\u015ftur. M\u00d6 74-71 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu temelden sarsan ayaklanman\u0131n efsanevi liderinin Trakyal\u0131 aristokrat bir aileden gelen bir gladyat\u00f6r oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm k\u00f6lelerini pe\u015finden s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen ve onlar\u0131n umut \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Spartak\u00fcs, ayaklanmadan sonra da tarihin en \u00e7ok bilinen ismi olmu\u015ftu. \u0130sim ve konu \u00f6ylesine pop\u00fclerdir ki Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u2019dan sonra da eli kalem tutan herkes bir \u015fekilde ona ait bir inceleme yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halk aras\u0131nda ise bir efsanedir ve Prometheus\u2019la bir tutulmu\u015ftur. Spartak\u00fcs \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra da etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc ve devrimci hareketlerin ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmaya devam etti.<\/p>\n

Kimdi Spartak\u00fcs? Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u2019a ait tarihsel olaylar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 s\u00f6ylenceler ve mitolojiler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Mitolojilerin kahramanlar\u0131 ise ya tanr\u0131lar ya da tanr\u0131 kat\u0131na y\u00fckselmi\u015f yar\u0131 insan-tanr\u0131lard\u0131. Bunu biz Promete\u2019nin ate\u015fi \u00e7almas\u0131ndan, Anteus\u2019un toprak anadan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ten, A\u015fil\u2019in en zay\u0131f noktas\u0131 olan topu\u011fundan, Herk\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn her \u015feye meydan okuyan g\u00fcc\u00fcnden ve di\u011fer sava\u015f ve a\u015fk tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kerametlerinden biliyoruz.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Denis Foyatier taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Spartak\u00fcs heykeli.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bizi mitolojiye kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. \u201cSpartal\u0131lar\u201d\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan s\u00f6ylenceye g\u00f6re Kadmos[26]<\/a>, tanr\u0131 Ares\u2019e adanm\u0131\u015f bir kayna\u011f\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, sonradan Theben olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Kadmaia ad\u0131nda bir yerle\u015fim yeri in\u015fa etmi\u015f. Ne var ki Kadmaial\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, kayna\u011f\u0131 koruyan ejderha taraf\u0131ndan yenirlermi\u015f. Bunun \u00fczerine Kadmos ejderhay\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve di\u015flerini de Tanr\u0131\u00e7a Atena\u2019n\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine topra\u011fa ekmi\u015f. Bu di\u015flerden de korkusuz sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar olarak bilinen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kuvetli Spartal\u0131lar g\u00f6vermi\u015f.[27]<\/a> Spartal\u0131, Yunancada ekilmi\u015f demektir. Sonradan Kadmos\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden Spartal\u0131lar ise, onu en sonunda b\u00f6lgeden atmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Fakat baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerse Trakya\u2019da bir Spartolos veya Spartakos kentinin var oldu\u011funu belirtmektedirler. Ancak en eski kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re Spartikos ad\u0131nda biri Milet\u2019te yurtta\u015fl\u0131k belgesi alm\u0131\u015f. K\u0131sacas\u0131 Spartak\u00fcs ad\u0131n\u0131n, co\u011frafyayla ili\u015fkilendirilen bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Trakyal\u0131 olarak da an\u0131lan Spartal\u0131lar, M\u00d6. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgede etkili olduklar\u0131 gibi K\u0131r\u0131m yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda da koloniler kurmu\u015flar.[28]<\/a> Hem mitolojik s\u00f6ylenceler, hem de tarihsel kay\u0131tlar, Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn Trakya\u2019dan geldi\u011fini ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir halk\u0131n \u00fcst d\u00fczey bir komutan\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun fetih giri\u015fimlerine ba\u015far\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 koyan Trakyal\u0131lar, M\u00d6 140\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00f6nce ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelmi\u015fler, sonraki y\u0131llarda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kaybederek esir d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fler. Tarih\u00e7i Appian da Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn M\u00d6 80\u2019li y\u0131llarda esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 70\u2019li y\u0131llar, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun b\u00fct\u00fcn cephelerde birden sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131. Pontus kral\u0131 Mithridates\u2019in te\u015fvikiyle ayaklanan Trakyal\u0131, Egeli ve Kuzey Avrupal\u0131 halklarla \u0130spanyollar ayn\u0131 anda Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131rd\u0131lar ve Roma ordusunun \u00fc\u00e7 cephede birden sava\u015fmas\u0131na neden oldular. Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 dize getirmi\u015f olmakla birlikte Roma, uzun bir s\u00fcre kahramanca sava\u015fan Trakyal\u0131larla u\u011fra\u015fmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn de bu \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131\u201dnda esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahmin ediliyor. \u00dcst\u00fcn bir zek\u00e2ya sahip olan ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 \u00f6zellikleriyle dikkat \u00e7eken Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn, Capua\u2019daki gladyat\u00f6r okuluna sat\u0131larak orada geli\u015fmi\u015f bir d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f e\u011fitimi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor.<\/p>\n

Ayaklanman\u0131n nedenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Roma\u2019n\u0131n birka\u00e7 cephede birden sava\u015f i\u00e7inde bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilen Spartak\u00fcs, Capua\u2019daki gladyat\u00f6r okulunu ele ge\u00e7irerek M\u00d6 74 y\u0131l\u0131nda isyan ate\u015fini yakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 70 civar\u0131nda gladyat\u00f6r\u00fc de yan\u0131na alarak Vesuv Da\u011f\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan efsanevi lider, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde on binlerce ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan bir ordu yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayaklan\u0131n nedenlerine ili\u015fkin elle tutulur somut bir kay\u0131t bulunmuyor. Ancak Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun her taraf\u0131nda birden sava\u015f\u0131n patlak vermesi, \u00fclkede a\u00e7l\u0131k ve sefaletin had safhaya varmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftu. Hem \u201ctah\u0131l ambar\u0131\u201d olarak bilinen Sicilya\u2019daki darbo\u011faz hem de \u00fclkenin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerindeki tah\u0131l depolar\u0131n\u0131n Senato karar\u0131yla denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, halka da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan tah\u0131l miktar\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe neden olmu\u015ftu. Bu k\u0131tl\u0131k en \u00e7ok k\u00f6leler taraf\u0131ndan hissediliyordu. Her ne kadar gladyat\u00f6r d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcleri di\u011fer k\u00f6lelerden fakl\u0131 bir muameleye tabi tutulsalar da, sonu\u00e7ta onlar da bu k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hissetmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Vesuv\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Spartak\u00fcs, \u00f6nceleri Roma taraf\u0131ndan pek ciddiye al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O da bu s\u00fcreyi dinlenmek ve plan yapmak i\u00e7in de\u011ferlendirmi\u015fti. Bu arada \u00fclkede ba\u015f g\u00f6steren bir ba\u015fka k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n liderleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapan Spartak\u00fcs onlar\u0131 saflar\u0131na kazanmay\u0131 bilmi\u015fti. \u0130lkbahar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte \u00e7evre illere sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen k\u00f6le ordusu, saflar\u0131na h\u0131zla yeni k\u00f6leler ve lumpenle\u015fmi\u015f yerli k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri katarak b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

En sonunda bir silah deposunu ele ge\u00e7iren Spartak\u00fcs, art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131ktan sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine karar verdi. Ard\u0131 ard\u0131na zayiat veren Roma birlikleri, k\u00f6le ordusunun g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini ve b\u00fct\u00fcn G\u00fcney ve Orta \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 etkisi alt\u0131na almas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyememi\u015fti. Hatta deneyimli komutan Clodius\u2019un k\u0131skaca alma giri\u015fimini de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fratan Spartak\u00fcs, arkadan dolanarak Roma ordusunu bozguna u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7lenen ve \u00fcnlenen Spartak\u00fcs\u2019e her yerden ak\u0131n ak\u0131n k\u00f6leler ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da olmasa da yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcler geliyordu. Hatta tarih\u00e7i Appian Roma birliklerinden de saf de\u011fi\u015ftirenlerin oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ayaklanman\u0131n seyri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayaklanman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen ard\u0131 ard\u0131na Roma\u2019n\u0131n askeri mevzilerini ele ge\u00e7iren Spartak\u00fcs, art\u0131k y\u00fcz binlerin umut \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Gladyat\u00f6rlerin y\u00f6netti\u011fi sava\u015flar\u0131n, daha do\u011frusu Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn y\u00f6netti\u011fi ayaklanman\u0131n di\u011fer ayaklanmalardan daha sert ve \u00e7etin ilerlemesinin esas nedeni, bunlar\u0131n di\u011fer k\u00f6leler kadar d\u00fczene ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc gladyat\u00f6rlerin di\u011fer k\u00f6lelere oranla kaybedecekleri hi\u00e7bir \u015feyleri yoktu. Bir gladyat\u00f6r\u00fcn hayat\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde sonunda d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f arenas\u0131nda bitmektedir. Bu bak\u0131mdan Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131, Roma\u2019n\u0131n o g\u00fcne kadar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en deh\u015fetli ayaklanmalardan biri olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Bu ayaklanman\u0131n di\u011fer ayaklanmalardan iki \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hemen dikkat \u00e7ekiyor: Birincisi ayaklanma, Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn komutas\u0131nda bir askeri taktik sava\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Onun komutas\u0131nda k\u00f6leler \u00fcst \u00fcste ba\u015far\u0131lar kazand\u0131lar ve \u00f6nemli bir hata yapmad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u0130kincisi ise Spartak\u00fcs ellerine ge\u00e7irdikleri ganimetleri e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde payla\u015fmay\u0131 ilke edinmi\u015fti. Buna benzer bir uygulama ne Roma ordusunda ne de daha \u00f6nceki ayaklanmalarda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Romal\u0131 komutanlar ganimetin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kendileri i\u00e7in al\u0131koyar, di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ise e\u015fit olmayan bir \u015fekilde alt komutanlara ve piyadelere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131rlard\u0131.[30]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca Spartak\u00fcs, ayaklanma d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde yeni bir kural daha getirmi\u015fti; halk i\u00e7indeki desteklerini art\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in ya\u011fmay\u0131 kesinlikle yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bununla da kalmam\u0131\u015f cephe gerisini sa\u011flama almak i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00f6lelere i\u015flerini b\u0131rakmamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlemi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece ordusunun ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 buralardan temin edebiliyordu.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan k\u00f6lelerin alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi pahal\u0131 ganimetlere sahip olmalar\u0131 da kesinlikle yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu t\u00fcrden ganimetler sat\u0131larak, ordunun giderleri kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yordu. Bu da e\u015fitlik\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin k\u00f6leler aras\u0131nda ne kadar yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ilgin\u00e7tir. En az\u0131ndan k\u00f6leler, s\u00f6ylenceler yoluyla Jambulos\u2019un G\u00fcne\u015f Adas\u0131<\/em> eserinden veya Bergama\u2019daki \u201cG\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi\u201d ayaklanmas\u0131ndan haberdard\u0131lar.[32]<\/a><\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn askeri yetene\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 di\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131ran bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellik, ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren planl\u0131 bir ayaklanma olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayaklanman\u0131n her a\u015famas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Marx\u2019\u0131n ifadesiyle, s\u00f6z konusu ayaklanman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131, Spartak\u00fcs gibi yetenekli bir \u201cgeneral\u201d taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmesidir.<\/p>\n

Ayaklanman\u0131n birinci y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lar kazanan ve dinlenmeye \u00e7ekilen k\u00f6lelerin askeri e\u011fitimine de \u00f6nem veren Spartak\u00fcs, onlar\u0131 gelecek sava\u015flar i\u00e7in e\u011fitimden ge\u00e7irmekle kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda ileriki y\u0131llarda de\u011ferlendirebilece\u011fi sa\u011flam bir y\u00f6netim kadrosu da olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

Bu arada isyana kat\u0131lmak isteyenlerin \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Spartak\u00fcs yeterli derecede levaz\u0131ma sahip olabilmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6lelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131na lojistik destek amac\u0131yla tarlalarda, \u00e7iftliklerde ve at\u00f6lyelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca kat\u0131l\u0131m konusunda da se\u00e7ici davranm\u0131\u015f ve her isteyeni saflar\u0131na almayarak, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama vurucu bir kuvvet yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu sayede hem disiplinli bir ordu yaratm\u0131\u015f hem de \u00e7ok say\u0131da silah, ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7 temin edebilmi\u015fti. Birinci muharebede Clodius taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Romal\u0131 birliklerin bozguna u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Spartak\u00fcs, ordusuna hareket kabiliyeti sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcvari birlikleri kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015fti. Piyadeleri ise a\u011f\u0131r ve hafif olmak \u00fczere ikiye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ordunun silah ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan demirci at\u00f6lyeleri in\u015fa ettirerek k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, m\u0131zrak, kalkan ve z\u0131rh \u00fcretimini s\u00fcrekli hale getirmi\u015fti.[33]<\/a><\/p>\n

Halkla diyalogun d\u00fczg\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in de tedbirler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00f6nemin tarih\u00e7ileri Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn halktan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemenin \u00fccretini \u00f6dedi\u011fini ve askerlerin halka zarar vermesi durumunda cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 sapt\u0131yorlar.[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130syan ordusunda b\u00f6l\u00fcnme<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ilk y\u0131l kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar, G\u00fcney \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde de k\u00f6le isyanlar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftu. \u00d6zellikle Germen k\u00f6kenli k\u00f6lelerin ayaklanmas\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcn G\u00fcney \u0130talya, Roma\u2019n\u0131n denetiminden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Roma Senatosu\u2019nun beklentisi, bu iki asi kuvvetin bulu\u015fma an\u0131nda birbiriyle sava\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeydi. Ne var ki Roma\u2019n\u0131n beklentisi bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Germenleri y\u00f6neten Krixus (Crixus), Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn emrine girerek, komutan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olmay\u0131 kabul etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

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At\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015fen Spartak\u00fcs \u00e7ok say\u0131da d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 son ana kadar sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, bizzat Romal\u0131 komutanlar\u0131n ifadelerine g\u00f6re \u201ckahramanca d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ferek\u201d can vermi\u015fti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fakat ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n artmas\u0131yla b\u00f6l\u00fcnme emareleri de g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcme, ayn\u0131 zamanda strateji ve takti\u011fin de de\u011fi\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftu. Spartak\u00fcs gibi Trakya\u2019dan ve Balkanlardan gelen k\u00f6leler ve sonradan orduya eklenen K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya ve Suriyeliler, yukar\u0131 \u0130talya\u2019ya do\u011fru ilerlemeyi ve oradan da Alp Da\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerinden memleketlerine d\u00f6nmeyi planl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Anla\u015f\u0131lan geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde memleketlerinde uyum sa\u011flayabilecekleri bir toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emindiler.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n

Krixus \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Kelt k\u00f6kenlilerse kopup geldikleri b\u00f6lgelere geri d\u00f6nmenin anlams\u0131z oldu\u011funu ve \u0130talya\u2019da kalarak kal\u0131c\u0131 bir yurt yaratmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u00f6neri ayaklanmaya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0130talyan k\u00f6kenli k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve proleterler taraf\u0131ndan da desteklenmi\u015fti, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar\u0131n gidecek ba\u015fka bir memleketleri yoktu.[36]<\/a> Anla\u015f\u0131lan Keltler, Roma\u2019n\u0131n tahribat\u0131ndan sonra geri d\u00f6nebilecekleri bir memleketlerinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler ve \u00f6zellikle eski\u00e7a\u011f uzman\u0131 Mommsen, bu ayr\u0131\u015fmaya neden olan bir ba\u015fka unsurun da gladyat\u00f6r d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015flerindeki Kelt-Trakya kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n psikolojik etkisi oldu\u011fu belirtiyor. Bir d\u00f6nem Roma\u2019da en heyecan verici d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015flerin Cermen k\u00f6kenlilerle Trakya k\u00f6kenliler aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fler oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. Anla\u015f\u0131lan bu gelenek iki kesim aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yabanc\u0131la\u015fmaya neden olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7ta Krixus\u2019un \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Cermen k\u00f6kenliler g\u00fcneyde kalarak kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yolunu se\u00e7erken, Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc destekleyen ana grup kuzeye do\u011fru yol alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Spart\u00fck\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi grubun \u00fcstlendi\u011fi en b\u00fcy\u00fck risk, alay\u0131n Roma yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mek zorunda kalmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu onlar i\u00e7in vuru\u015farak Alplere y\u00f6nelmek demekti ve bu nedenle de riskliydi.<\/p>\n

Her m\u00fcdahalesinde yenilgiye u\u011frayan Roma birlikleri, art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131ktan sava\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f, yaln\u0131z Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc izlemekle yetinmekteydi. Bu arada Senato da \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm birlikler i\u00e7in \u201cgeri d\u00f6n\u201d emri \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylece hem Trakya\u2019dan hem de \u0130spanya\u2019dan gelecek olan ordular beklenmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Spartak\u00fcs ise istifini bozmadan Kuzey \u0130talya\u2019ya do\u011fru yol almaya devam etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

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Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Senato\u2019nun g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi Romal\u0131 komutan Crassus\u2019un b\u00fcst\u00fc (Louvre M\u00fczesi).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130syan\u0131n sonu <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu arada \u0130spanya\u2019da konu\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olan Roma ordusu da d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00f6nce g\u00fcneydeki Krixus komutas\u0131ndaki Cermen kuvvetlerini yenilgiye u\u011fratm\u0131\u015f, ard\u0131ndan da kuzeye do\u011fru ilerleyerek, Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Spartak\u00fcs ise d\u00e2hi taktiklerle kons\u00fcllerin komutas\u0131ndaki her iki orduyu da ard\u0131 ard\u0131na bozguna u\u011fratarak, bu kez y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc Roma\u2019ya \u00e7evirmi\u015fti. Peki kuzeye do\u011fru ilerlemesi beklenen k\u00f6le ordusu, planda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yaparak neden Roma \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc? Bunun nedenine ili\u015fkin ikna edici hi\u00e7bir kay\u0131t bulunmuyor. Fakat baz\u0131 tahminler yap\u0131labiliyor. Kimi tarih\u00e7iler Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn zafer sarho\u015flu\u011funa kap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederken, kimileri de Alp Da\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7i\u015fin olanakl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu nedenle de ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131n, Sicilya \u00fczerinden planland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n

Sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7 de Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn kuzeyden kurtulu\u015fun olanakl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, \u0130talyan \u00e7izmesinin g\u00fcney ucundan gemilerle ka\u00e7\u0131rmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrt\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki Spartak\u00fcs\u2019le ili\u015fkide olan korsanlar, yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalara uymayarak onlar\u0131 ortal\u0131kta b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn planlar\u0131 b\u00f6ylece a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu arada Senato\u2019nun g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi komutan Crassus Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc izlemi\u015f ve onu Brutium\u2019da \u00e7embere alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Roma birliklerinin tamam\u0131 gelmeden sald\u0131rmaya cesaret edemeyen Crassus, k\u00f6le ordusunu \u00e7embere almakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgeyi sur ve hendeklerle donatarak, Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 engellemi\u015fti. Spartak\u00fcs hi\u00e7bir \u015fans\u0131n\u0131n kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlay\u0131nca kahramanca bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatarak \u00e7emberi yarmay\u0131 planlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Spartak\u00fcs taraftarlar\u0131 Roma yolu boyunca \u00e7arm\u0131ha gerildiler (Fedor Bronnikov\u2019un tablosu)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fakat bu harekat, hi\u00e7bir sonu\u00e7 vermedi\u011fi gibi, Spartak\u00fcs ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n da sonunu getirdi. 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pompeyi\u2019de bulunan bir duvar resmi, Roma tarih\u00e7ilerinin sava\u015f\u0131n son anlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin verdikleri bilgileri kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. Bu bilgilere g\u00f6re ordunun en \u00f6n saflar\u0131nda yer alan Spartak\u00fcs kahramanca sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, fakat Pompeili Felix ad\u0131nda bir Roma askerinin m\u0131zrakla arkadan sald\u0131rmas\u0131 sonucu baca\u011f\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. At\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015fen Spartak\u00fcs \u00e7ok say\u0131da d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 son ana kadar sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, bizzat Romal\u0131 komutanlar\u0131n ifadelerine g\u00f6re \u201ckahramanca d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ferek\u201d can vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle son bulmayan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesi, 20 y\u0131l kadar devam etmi\u015f ve s\u00fcrekli yeni ayaklanmalarla Spartak\u00fcs efsanesini diri tutmu\u015ftu. Bu arada sava\u015fta esir d\u00fc\u015fmeyen k\u00f6lelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da\u011flara \u00e7ekilmi\u015flerdi. Esir al\u0131nan 6 bin k\u00f6le Brutium\u2019dan Capua\u2019ya kadar yol kenar\u0131nda \u00e7arm\u0131\u011fa gerilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanan k\u00f6leler bu sava\u015fla bir kez daha yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve tarihsel kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re, 120 bin k\u00f6le can vermi\u015fti. Fakat hem sava\u015ftan canl\u0131 kurtulan k\u00f6leler, hem de daha \u00f6nceden Spartak\u00fcs\u2019ten ayr\u0131lan birlikler yeniden bulu\u015fmu\u015f ve G\u00fcney \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 M\u00d6 61 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Roma kons\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fcnl\u00fc bir hatip de olan Cicero, 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Verres\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015fhur konu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n birinde hem G\u00fcney \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n hem de Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n uzun bir s\u00fcre daha k\u00f6le sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerine dayanarak anlatt\u0131ktan sonra Senato\u2019nun bu soruna kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmesi gerekti\u011fini belirtiyor.[37]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca Romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i ve yazar Sueton da eserinde, Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn k\u00f6le birliklerine ili\u015fkin \u015fu bilgileri veriyor: \u201cMakedonya b\u00f6lgesini y\u00f6netmekle g\u00f6revlendirilen Agustus\u2019un babas\u0131 Gaius Octavius, Senato\u2019nun \u00f6zel emriyle Thurii b\u00f6lgesindeki Spartak\u00fcs ve Catilina taraftarlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan k\u00f6le birliklerini kesin olarak imha etti.\u201d[38]<\/a> Roma\u2019da cumhuriyete son vererek, Sezarl\u0131k d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatan Agustus\u2019un babas\u0131 Gaius Octavius, k\u00f6leleri hedef alan askeri seferini M\u00d6 63 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Verilen bilgilere bak\u0131l\u0131rsa k\u00f6lelerin etkisi 20 y\u0131l daha s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bu bilgileri kan\u0131tlayan ba\u015fka olgular da bulunuyor. Spartak\u00fcs\u2019e ait birliklerin, ilk sar\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 yer olan Vesus\u2019ta, \u0130talya sahillerinde ter\u00f6r estiren korsanlarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 ve sonra da bu ili\u015fkiyi M\u00d6 40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar devam ettirerek G\u00fcney \u0130talya sahillerini etkileri alt\u0131nda tuttuklar\u0131 belirtiliyor.[39]<\/a><\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131yla k\u00f6leler tarihsel bir rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdi, fakat ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131lar. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmalar\u0131 toplumsal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri nedeniyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Ancak Roma tarihiyle ilgili eserler kaleme alan Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn tarih\u00e7ileri, istisnas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131ndan ve toplum \u00fczerinde b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiden s\u00f6z etmektedirler. Bu bile Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131n\u0131n tarihte oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fcn ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bu etkinin MS 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda dahi devam etti\u011fini tarihsel kay\u0131tlardan anl\u0131yoruz. Hatta Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u00fcr\u00fctmek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 4 \u00f6nemli sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ralayan tarih\u00e7i Amplius, Spartak\u00fcs ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 ikinci s\u0131raya yerle\u015ftirmektedir.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

Senato\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131klamada bulunan sava\u015f komutanlar\u0131 ve tarih\u00e7iler Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc \u201cinsanc\u0131l, c\u00f6mert ve cesur\u201d olarak tasvir etmektedirler. Hatta tarih\u00e7i Plinius\u2019a g\u00f6re Spartak\u00fcs, \u201cdisiplinsiz k\u00f6leleri dizginlemi\u015f ve halka zarar verenleri de cezaland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6lelerin lideri, adaleti ve \u00f6zverisiyle sayg\u0131 uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve birliklerine ait askerlerin alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fe sahip olmalar\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d. Appian ise Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn \u201cel konulan ganimeti askerleri aras\u0131nda e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde payla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 servet biriktirmeyi engellemenin \u00f6tesinde, tacirlere alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle i\u015f yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 da yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d belirtiyor.[41]<\/a><\/p>\n

Daha sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda da k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131na rastlan\u0131yor, ancak Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131yla k\u00f6leler, Roma tarihindeki son \u015fanslar\u0131n\u0131 da kaybetmi\u015flerdi. Ancak bu ayaklanmalar bo\u015fa gitmemi\u015f, y\u0131k\u0131lmaz san\u0131lan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun temellerini sarsmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, k\u00f6le eme\u011fi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f sistemin ne kadar zay\u0131f bir temel \u00fczerinde in\u015fa edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6\u011fretici olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan ayaklanmalar, \u00f6zellikle Cesar d\u00f6nemindekiler a\u00e7\u0131ktan, k\u00f6le i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcyle ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalara neden olmu\u015ftu. Gracchus karde\u015flerden sonra da s\u0131k s\u0131k dile gelen reform talepleri, k\u00f6yl\u00fc sorununu s\u00fcrekli g\u00fcndemde tutmaya devam etmi\u015fti. K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn ihmal edilmesinin ne kadar tehlikeli bir ortam yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden reformcular, hem toplumun k\u00f6le eme\u011fine olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na, hem de toplumun \u00fcretimden koparak yozla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015flerdi. Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan Senato, bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine de olsa, \u0130talyan ekonomisinin yoksul ve az toprakl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclere dayanarak yeniden in\u015fa edilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli kararlar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[42]<\/a><\/p>\n

Fakat Roma\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6lelere dayanan \u00fcretim faaliyetinin ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin t\u00fcmden \u00e7\u00f6kmesi ve ortadan kalkmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kuzeyden gelen barbar ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n beklemesi gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Bulgaristan\u2019daki Spartak\u00fcs heykeli.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Spartak\u00fcs ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n yenilgiye u\u011framas\u0131yla Roma\u2019daki ezilenlerin m\u00fccadelesi son bulmad\u0131, ancak sadece k\u00f6lelere dayanan ayaklanmalar\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7 vermeyece\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc her tarihsel ayaklanma, y\u0131kman\u0131n yan\u0131nda in\u015fa etmeyi de becerebilmeliydi. \u0130n\u015fa etmekse toplumsal \u00fcretimin in\u015fas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. \u00dcretimin s\u00fcrmesini ve geli\u015fmesini hedeflemeyen hi\u00e7bir toplumsal hareketin ba\u015far\u0131 \u015fans\u0131 yoktu. Spartak\u00fcs ise ayaklanmayla \u00fcretimi in\u015fa etmeyi, yani toplumu yeniden \u00fcretim ekseninde \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeyi hedeflemedi; sadece k\u00f6leleri \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirerek\u201d \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 planlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu hareketin Roma halk\u0131yla birle\u015fememesi nedeniyle, kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yaratmas\u0131 olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Ancak halk aras\u0131nda e\u015fitlik\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin ve \u00f6zlemlerin canl\u0131 kalmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayarak, \u201cAlt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u201da olan \u00f6zlemi diri tuttu.<\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs\u2019den sonra da Saturius\u2019un devrimci \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, Glaucia ve gen\u00e7 Livius Drusus\u2019un egemenlere kafa tutu\u015fu, Roma\u2019ya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 halklar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadeleleri, Cesar\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ya\u015fanan karga\u015fa ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u201csars\u0131lmaz kalelerine\u201d etkili vuru\u015flar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve d\u00fczenin ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yerinden oynatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama en \u00f6nemlisi ezilen s\u0131n\u0131f ve halklar\u0131n Roma\u2019ya kafa tutan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131, b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ate\u015fi diri tutmu\u015f, gelece\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fck umut dolu d\u00fc\u015flerini canl\u0131 tutarak tarihsel i\u015flevini yerine getirmi\u015fti.[43]<\/a><\/p>\n

Plutarkos\u2019un, Lukianos\u2019un, Ksenofon\u2019un, Aristophanes\u2019in, Livius\u2019un, Ovidius\u2019un ve di\u011fer yazarlar\u0131n ifade ettikleri e\u015fitlik\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, bununla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f, o \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ve daha sonraki \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n edebi eserlerine \u00f6zelliklere de trajedilerine, komedyalar\u0131n, roman ve kahramanl\u0131k s\u00f6ylencelerine esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131.[44]<\/a><\/p>\n

Roma\u2019y\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem sallayan ve devrimci bir hayaletin dola\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan e\u015fitlik\u00e7i ak\u0131mlar ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, tarih i\u00e7indeki ser\u00fcvenine hi\u00e7 ara vermeden \u00f6nce Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya, ard\u0131ndan da kuzeye ve sonra daha do\u011fuya do\u011fru y\u00f6nelerek, tarihsel misyonunu devam ettirdi.<\/p>\n

Bu ser\u00fcven ise ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n konusudur.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> von Rimscha, Hans, Die Gracchen, Charakterbild einer Revolution und Ihrer Gestalten, Winkler Verlag, M\u00fcnchen, 1947, s.113-114.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Christ , Krise und Untergang der r\u00f6mischen Republik,<\/em> s.117 vd.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Druman, Die Arbeiter und Communisten<\/em>, s.245 vd.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Bengston, R\u00f6mische Geschichte<\/em>, s.150.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Bengston, R\u00f6mische Geschichte<\/em>, s.155 vd.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Christ, Krise und Untergang der R\u00f6m. Republik<\/em>, s.134 vd.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Christ, Krise und Untergang der R\u00f6m. Republik<\/em>, s.56 vd.; W\u00f6rterbuch der Geschichte<\/em>, Pahl-Rugenstein V., K\u00f6ln, 1984, s.76; Umar, Bilge, T\u00fcrkiye Halk\u0131n\u0131n \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f Tarihi<\/em>, c.II., Sergi Yay., s.153 vd.;<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> G\u00fcnther-M\u00fcller, Das Goldene Zeitalter,<\/em> s.108.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> G\u00fcnther-M\u00fcller, Age<\/em>, s.144.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> G\u00fcnther, Der Aufstand des Spartakus<\/em>, s.96.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> G\u00fcnther, Age<\/em>, s.77.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> G\u00fcnther- M\u00fcller, Das Goldene Zeitalter<\/em>, s.88 vd.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> G\u00fcnther-M\u00fcller, ayn\u0131 yerde.<\/em><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Druman, Die Arbeiter und Communisten<\/em>, s.245.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Umar, T\u00fcrkiye Halk\u0131n\u0131n \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f Tarihi<\/em>, s.154.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> A. W. Mischulin, Spartakus -Abriss der Geschichte der grossen Sklavenaufstandes<\/em>, VWV Ver., Berlin, 1952, s.41-42.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Druman, Die Arbeiter und Communisten<\/em>, s.243.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Druman, Die Arbeiter und Communisten,<\/em> s.242-245.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Mischulin, Spartakus<\/em>, s.41.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> G\u00fcnther\/M\u00fcller, Das Goldene Zeitalter<\/em>, s.137.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Umar, T\u00fcrkiye Halk\u0131n\u0131n \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f Tarihi<\/em>, s.155.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> R. G\u00fcnther-M\u00fcller, Das Goldene Zeitalter<\/em>, s.123 vd.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Raith, Werner, Spartakus-Wie Sklaven und Unfeie den r\u00f6m. B\u00fcrgern das F\u00fcrchten beibrachten<\/em>, Wagenbach V., Berlin, 1983, s.43.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Bartel-Fricke, W\u00f6rterbuch der Geschichte<\/em>, s.180 vd.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> G\u00fcnther-M\u00fcller, Das Goldene Zeitalter<\/em>, s.156 vd.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Kadmos,\u00a0Yunan mitolojisine g\u00f6re Thebai\u2019nin kurucusu; Zeus\u2019un sevgilisi olan Semele\u2019nin babas\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131nsa karde\u015fidir. Aslen Fenikeli bir prenstir.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Flaum-David, Enzyklopaedie der Mythologie<\/em>, s.44-45.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Mischulin, Spartakus<\/em>, s.54.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Mischulin, Spartakus,<\/em> s.59.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Raith, Spartakus-Wie Sklaven und Unfeie,<\/em> s.106-109<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> Raith, Age,<\/em> s.107.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> G\u00fcnther-M\u00fcller, Das Goldene Zeitalter<\/em>, s.169.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> Mischulin, Spartakus<\/em>, s.64-65.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> Mischulin, Age<\/em>., s.72.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Mischulin, Spartakus<\/em>., s.71.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a>Mischulin, Spartakus<\/em>, s.72.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> Cicero, Meister Reden<\/em>, dtv Klassik, M\u00fcnchen 1987.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> Sueton, Leben der Caesaren<\/em>, B\u00fcchergilde Gutenberg, Frankfurt 1955, s.86.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> Mischulin, Spartakus<\/em>, s.93.<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> Mischulin, Age<\/em>, s.103.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> Mischulin, Age<\/em>, s.104.<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a> Raith, Spartakus<\/em>, s.135\/6.<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a> Druman, Die Arbeiter und Communisten<\/em>, s.317 vd.<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a>Druman, Age<\/em>, s.129 vd.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki Makalenin Kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Afanesyew, Alexander, Russische Volksmaerchen<\/em>, Insel V., Frankfurt, 1990.<\/p>\n

– Aristophanes, Lystara<\/em>, MEB, Ankara, 1935.<\/p>\n

– Aristoteles, Politika<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Mete Tun\u00e7ay, Remzi Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, 1993.<\/p>\n

– Bartel, Horst, W\u00f6rterbuch der Geschichte<\/em>, Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag, K\u00f6ln, 1984.<\/p>\n

– Bernal, Martin, Kara Atena<\/em>, Kaynak Yay., \u0130stanbul, 1998.<\/p>\n

– Berve, Helmut, Eski\u00e7a\u011f Tarihine Dair Alt\u0131 Konferans, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Ed. Fak. Konferanslar\u0131<\/em>, Yenilik Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1958.<\/p>\n

– Bibby, Geoffrey, Dilmun, Die Entdeckung der aeltesten Hochkultur<\/em>, Rowohlt Verlag, Dortmund, 1973.<\/p>\n

– Bloch, Ernst, Freiheit und Ordnung, Abriss der Sozialutopien<\/em>, Reclam, Leipzig, 1959.<\/p>\n

– Campbell, Joseph, Bat\u0131 Mitolojisi<\/em>, \u0130mge Yay.,\u0130stanbul 1995<\/p>\n

– Chinesische Sagen und Geschichten<\/em>, Reklam Verlag, Leipzig, 1991;<\/p>\n

– Christ, Carl, Krise und Untergang der r\u00f6mischen Republik<\/em>, WBG, Darmstadt, 1979.<\/p>\n

– Cicero, Meister Reden<\/em>, dtv Klassik, M\u00fcnchen 1987.<\/p>\n

– Demandt, Alexander, Der Idealstaat -die politischen Theorien der Antike<\/em>, K\u00f6ln, 1993.<\/p>\n

– Diodorus Siculus, Griechische Weltges<\/em>chichte, Bibliothek der Griechischen Literatur<\/em>, Bd. I-IV, Hiersemann Verlag, Stuttgart, 1993.<\/p>\n

– Diodorus Siculus, Historische Bibliothek<\/em>, Buch XXXV, Verlag der T. B. Mezler’scher Buchhandlung, 1840, Stuttgart.<\/p>\n

– Droz, Jacques, Geschichte des Sozialismus<\/em>, Bd.I, Ulstein Verlag, Frankfurt, 1974.<\/p>\n

– Druman, W. K. August, Die Arbeiter und Communisten in Griechenland und Rom<\/em>, K\u00f6nigsberg, 1860.<\/p>\n

– Flaum, E, Enzyklopedie der Mythologie der Griechen und R\u00f6mer<\/em>, Ath. V., Essen, yay\u0131m tarihi belli de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

– Fricke, Dieter, Bengston, Hermann, R\u00f6mische Geschichte<\/em>, C.H. Beck Verlag, 8. Bask\u0131, M\u00fcnchen, 2001.<\/p>\n

– F\u00fcrstauer, J., Sittengeschichte des Alten Orients<\/em>, Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg 1969.<\/p>\n

– Geschichte der Philosophie<\/em>, Bd. I, VEB Ver., Berlin, 1960.<\/p>\n

– G\u00fcnther, Rigobert, Das Goldene Zeitalter<\/em>, Kohlhammer V., Leipzig, 1988.<\/p>\n

– G\u00fcnther, Rigobert, Der Aufstand des Spartakus<\/em>,<\/p>\n

– G\u00fcnther, Rigobert, Der Klassencharakter der soz. Utopie im 2. und 1. Jh. V.u. Z, im Sozial\u00f6konomische Venhaeltnisse im Alten Orient und im klassischen Altertum<\/em>, Akademi Verlag, Berlin, 1961.<\/p>\n

– Herodot, Historien<\/em>, Kr\u00f6ner Ver., Stuttgart, 1971.<\/p>\n

– Homeros, Ilias<\/em> I, Volksverlag, Weimar, 1963.<\/p>\n

– Johanna, F\u00fcrstauer, Sittengeschichte des Alten Orients<\/em>, Rowohlt V., Hamburg 1969.<\/p>\n

– Kautsky, Karl, Vorlaeufer des neuen Sozialismus, Band I, Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1947.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes, Eski ve Yeni Ahit<\/em>, Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes \u015eirketi, \u0130stanbul, 1993.<\/p>\n

– Kramer, S. Noah, S\u00fcmerler -Tarihleri, K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ve Karakterleri<\/em>, \u00c7ev. \u00d6zcan Buze, Kabalc\u0131 Kitabevi, Istanbul, 2002.<\/p>\n

– Kramer, Samuel Noah, Tarih S\u00fcmer\u2019de Ba\u015flar<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Kaan \u0130ren, Kabalc\u0131 Yay., \u0130stanbul 1992.<\/p>\n

– Li-Gi, Das Buch der Riten, Sitten und Braeuche<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Richard Wilhelm, 3. Bask\u0131, Eugen Diederichs Verlag, M\u00fcnchen, 1997.<\/p>\n

– Lukianos, Se\u00e7me Yaz\u0131lar<\/em> I, H\u00fcrriyet Yay., \u0130stanbul, 1976.<\/p>\n

– Mader<\/em>, Ludwig (Hrsg.), Griechische Sagen<\/em>, Artemis v., Z\u00fcrich, 1963.<\/p>\n

– Me-Ti, Solidaritaet und allgemeine Menschenliebe<\/em>, Eugen Diederichs Verlag, K\u00f6ln, 1975.<\/p>\n

– Mischulin<\/em>, A. W., Spartakus -Abriss der Geschichte der grossen Sklavenaufstandes<\/em>, VWV Ver., Berlin, 1952,<\/p>\n

– Mischulin<\/em>, A.W., Geschichte des Altertums<\/em>, Volk und Wissen Verlag, Leipzig, 1958<\/p>\n

– Neus\u00fcss<\/em>, Arnhelm (Hrsg), Utopie, Begriff und Phaenomen des Utopischen, <\/em>Campus Verlag, Frankfurt, 1986.<\/p>\n

– O\u011fuz<\/em>, Burhan, T\u00fcrk Halk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve Hareketlerinin \u0130deolojik K\u00f6kenleri<\/em>, Simurg Yay., \u0130stanbul, 1997.<\/p>\n

– Pandy<\/em>, David, Enzyklopaedie der Mythologie<\/em>, Essen, Athenaion Verlag, Essen, 1995.<\/p>\n

– Phillips<\/em>, E., Visionen und Utopie<\/em>, Eco Verlag, K\u00f6ln 1999.<\/p>\n

– Platon, Devlet<\/em>, \u00c7ev. I\u015f\u0131k Soner, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2006.<\/p>\n

– Platon, Kritas \u2013Timaeos,<\/em> Bd. 5, Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg, 1986.<\/p>\n

– Platon, Nomoi<\/em>, Bd. 6, Rowohlt Ver., Hamburg, 1986.<\/p>\n

– Platon, Phaidon<\/em>, Bd. 3, Rowohlt Ver., Hamburg 1986.<\/p>\n

– P\u00f6hlmann, Robert, Geschichte des antiken Sozialismus und Kommunismus<\/em>, Bd. II., C. H. Beck’sche Ver., M\u00fcnchen, 1901.<\/p>\n

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– Raith, Werner, Spartakus-Wie Sklaven und Unfeie den r\u00f6m. B\u00fcrgern das F\u00fcrchten beibrachten, Wagenbach V., Berlin, 1983.<\/p>\n

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– Usta, Sad\u0131k, T\u00fcrk \u00dctopyalar\u0131-Tanzimat\u2019tan Cumhuriyet\u2019e \u00dctopya ve Devrim<\/em>, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2014.<\/p>\n

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– V\u00f6lker, Herrscher und Propheten<\/em>, Das Beste Verlag, Z\u00fcrich-Suttgart, 1979.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Grachus karde\u015flerin art arda gelen ayaklanmalar\u0131, Bergama\u2019da Aristonikos ayaklanmas\u0131, Sicilya k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131 ve \u00fcnl\u00fc Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun k\u00f6lecili\u011fe dayanan d\u00fczenini derinden sarst\u0131. Bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n hepsi yenilgiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131 ama gelece\u011fe b\u00fcy\u00fck bir miras b\u0131rakt\u0131. Roma\u2019y\u0131 sallayan ve devrimci bir hayaletin dola\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan e\u015fitlik\u00e7i hareketler, tarih i\u00e7indeki ser\u00fcvenine ara vermeden \u00f6nce Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya, ard\u0131ndan da kuzeye ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":681,"featured_media":15639,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[184,1464,222,29],"tags":[1822,1696,1824,885,1496,1823],"class_list":["post-15638","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-147-sayi","category-dosya","category-tarih","category-toplum","tag-ayaklanma","tag-isyan","tag-koleler","tag-roma","tag-sinif-mucadelesi","tag-spartakus"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t