{"id":15762,"date":"2016-05-01T11:39:13","date_gmt":"2016-05-01T08:39:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=15762"},"modified":"2018-01-04T11:42:21","modified_gmt":"2018-01-04T08:42:21","slug":"cern-ve-buyuk-veri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/05\/01\/cern-ve-buyuk-veri","title":{"rendered":"CERN ve b\u00fcy\u00fck veri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tarihsel olarak mihenk ta\u015f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131rabilece\u011fimiz yenilikler bazen devrim bazense evrim nitelendirilmesi yap\u0131lan isimlerle an\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki \u00fc\u00e7 end\u00fcstriyel devrime ve son 3-4 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u015fekillenerek End\u00fcstri 4.0 ad\u0131n\u0131 alan en son d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131na bakarken genellikle \u00fcst\u00fcnde durmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir soru ise \u015fu: insanl\u0131k \u201cdevrim\u201d de\u011ferinde end\u00fcstriyel de\u011fi\u015fimler yaratabilecek bulu\u015flar yapmak i\u00e7in g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor, nokta at\u0131\u015f m\u0131? Bunun cevab\u0131n\u0131 asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok iyi biliyoruz ama kimi zaman hat\u0131rlamak i\u015fimize gelmiyor.<\/p>\n

Okumakta oldu\u011funuz yaz\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131 bu noktadan sonra End\u00fcstri 4.0 ifadesini hi\u00e7 kullanmamak, neye i\u015faret etti\u011finden, tan\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerinden s\u00f6z etmemek. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n yerine, ve de konuyu olduk\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015ftirerek, bir grup deneysel y\u00fcksek enerji fizik\u00e7isinin kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan ara\u00e7 ve y\u00f6ntemlerden s\u00f6z edilecek.<\/p>\n

\"\"Bir deney yapmak istiyorsunuz, maddenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in ve bunu yerel laboratuar\u0131n\u0131zda yapman\u0131z\u0131n imkan\u0131 yok \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc gereken altyap\u0131y\u0131 kurmak tek ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131za kolay de\u011fil; hatta ulusal bir program dahilinde bile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Bunun fark\u0131nda olarak ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerden biliminsanlar\u0131yla birlikte uluslararas\u0131 bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi kuruyorsunuz. Bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmenizi sa\u011flayacak bir \u00e7at\u0131ya da ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z var, \u015fansl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc CERN (Avrupa N\u00fckleer Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Te\u015fkilat\u0131) var; 1954\u2019te kurulmu\u015f, tam da bu ama\u00e7la. 80\u2019lerin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda yapmak istedi\u011finiz deneyin fikri olu\u015fmu\u015f olsun; CERN\u2019i, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 21. y\u00fczy\u0131la ta\u015f\u0131yacak proje. \u00d6nerilen projenin 90\u2019larda art\u0131k resmen kabul edildi\u011fini ve tasar\u0131m-\u00fcretim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oktan ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn; gerek ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan par\u00e7ac\u0131k \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131, gerekse \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131p kay\u0131t alt\u0131na alacak alg\u0131\u00e7 sistemlerinin. Fikrin ilk \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00e7eyrek as\u0131r sonra deney yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flas\u0131n ve daha \u00f6nce ula\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f enerjilerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen par\u00e7ac\u0131k \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda evrenin i\u015fleyi\u015fi ile ilgili yeni bilgilere ula\u015fal\u0131m. \u00d6yle ki, deney ba\u015flad\u0131ktan 2-3 sene sonra yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z yeni bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k ke\u015ffi o par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 yar\u0131m as\u0131r \u00f6nce \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kuramsal fizik\u00e7ilerin Nobel fizik \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc almalar\u0131na neden olsun. Deneyin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen son veri alma zaman\u0131 ise ~2035; yani yar\u0131m as\u0131rdan fazla bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten s\u00f6z ediyoruz. Tamam i\u015fte biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fi ne, ara\u015ft\u0131racak bulacak\u2026 Gelin \u015fimdi biraz da\u00a0 say\u0131larla konu\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z\u00fc edilen \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sa\u011flayan h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck Hadron \u00c7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 (LHC – Large Hadron Collider). \u00dczerinde d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck alg\u0131\u00e7 sistemi kurulu ve bunlardan ikisi genel ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck alg\u0131\u00e7 sistemleri. \u00c7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 alg\u0131\u00e7 sistemlerinden biri olan ATLAS\u2019\u0131 (A Troroidal LHC ApparatuS) daha yak\u0131ndan inceleyelim. Yerin yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 metre alt\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f, 45 metre uzunlu\u011funda 25 metre \u00e7ap\u0131nda silindirik bir yap\u0131, toplam k\u00fctlesi yakla\u015f\u0131k 7000 ton. Bu dev sistemde okunmas\u0131 gereken yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 milyon elektronik kanal var ve 3000 km\u2019den fazla kablo kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. LHC her 25 nanosaniyede (saniyenin milyarda birinde) ~15 proton \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131\u00e7 sistemimizin tam kalbinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor; ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle saniyede ~600 milyon \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma. Bu say\u0131 yak\u0131n gelecekte bir milyar\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kacak. ATLAS\u2019\u0131n bu \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalarla ilgili \u00f6nemli buldu\u011fu bilgiyi kaydetmesi gerekli. Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz 100 milyon elektronik kanal\u0131n hepsini dinleyip sadece \u00f6nemli bilginin bulundu\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 belirleyip kaydetti\u011fi durumda dahi veri hacmi saniyede 100.000 CD\u2019yi dolduracak b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte.<\/p>\n

Bu devasa alg\u0131\u00e7 sisteminin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yenilik\u00e7i y\u00f6ntemler geli\u015ftirmeniz gerekli, haz\u0131r sistemleri kullanman\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Alg\u0131\u00e7 Kontrol Sistemi (DCS – Detector Control System) bunlardan biri. Tetikleme ve Veri Toplama (TDAQ – Trigger and data Acquisition) sistemi ise bir di\u011feri. Bu entegre alg\u0131\u00e7 sisteminde yer alan onlarca farkl\u0131 karakterdeki her alt alg\u0131\u00e7 sisteminin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc ve veri toplanmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorsunuz. Bunu \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i olarak \u201canl\u0131k\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme ve m\u00fcdahaleler ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeli, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7evrimd\u0131\u015f\u0131 veri kalitesi kontrolleri yap\u0131p kurulan karar mekanizmalar\u0131 ile analiz edilecek veriyi belirlemeli ve kullan\u0131ma a\u00e7mal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. \u00c7evrimd\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler dahi en \u00e7ok 1-2 g\u00fcnde sonu\u00e7lanmal\u0131. \u0130\u015f burada bitmiyor, bu verinin kaydedilmesi, analiz i\u00e7in haz\u0131r hale getirilmesi ve i\u015fbirli\u011findeki b\u00fct\u00fcn fizik\u00e7ilerin eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli; bu ise sadece CERN kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

CERN 2002\u2019de d\u00fcnya genelindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck hesaplama merkezleriyle (computing centers) kafes hesaplama (grid computing) denilen bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi olu\u015fturdu. WLCG (Worldwide LHC Computing Grid) denilen bu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hesaplama altyap\u0131s\u0131 sayesinde LHC verisine yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 bin fizik\u00e7inin ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 eri\u015fimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. \u0130lk olarak 1999\u2019da ortaya at\u0131lan fikirlerden \u015fekillenmi\u015f olan Grid sistemi, 1989\u2019da CERN\u2019de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f olan WWW (World Wide Web) teknolojisinin \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur ve \u00e7ok a\u015famal\u0131 (tier) bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hesaplama yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. CERN Veri Merkezi (CERN-DC: CERN Data Center) 10 binden fazla sunucu \u00fczerindeki yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 bin i\u015flemci \u00e7ekirde\u011fine ve ~50 petabayt (peta = 1015<\/sup>) veri saklama imkan\u0131na sahiptir; sunucu tarlas\u0131 (server farm) yakla\u015f\u0131k 1500 m2<\/sup>\u2019lik bir alanda kuruludur. CERN-DC, LHC \u00fczerinde toplanan deneysel verinin Grid\u2019e g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi ilk temas noktas\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 Sadece CERN veri merkezinde her g\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k bir petabayt (200 bin DVD\u2019den daha fazla) veri i\u015flenmekte ve veri taban\u0131nda saniyede 6000 de\u011fi\u015fiklik ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Grid sisteminde ise g\u00fcnde iki milyondan fazla hesaplama i\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u0131rak\u0131n \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bilimsel ke\u015fifleri, bu ke\u015fiflerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 altyap\u0131 ve y\u00f6ntemlerin geli\u015fimi bile hayat\u0131m\u0131zda hi\u00e7 hayal edemeyece\u011fimiz yenilikler yarat\u0131yor. Yukar\u0131da CERN\u2019de 1989\u2019da ke\u015ffedildi\u011fine de\u011finilen ve bug\u00fcn hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 halini alm\u0131\u015f olan WWW sistemi bug\u00fcnler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek mi tasarland\u0131? Hay\u0131r, farkl\u0131 yerlerdeki biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rma ihtiyac\u0131ndan do\u011fdu. Peki ya dokunmatik ekran, ne zaman ve nerede ke\u015ffedildi dersiniz? Bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tabletler ya da ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar i\u00e7in mi ihtiya\u00e7 duyduk? Hay\u0131r, ilk olarak CERN h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 birimlerinden biri olan SPS\u2019in (S\u00fcper Proton Sinkrotron) kontrol panelleri i\u00e7in 1973\u2019te icat edildi. Yine ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, CERN SPS\u2019nin kontrol panelleri i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilen bir di\u011fer icat olan ve avu\u00e7 i\u00e7i ile idare edilen top \u015feklindeki iz s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc cihaz\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi 1980\u2019lerde geli\u015ftirilen bilgisayar faresinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi ile ayn\u0131; tesad\u00fcfe bak\u0131n!<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi, birisi b\u00fcy\u00fck veriden, nesneler internetinden ya da her \u015feyin internetinden mi s\u00f6z ediyor? 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son 10 y\u0131l\u0131nda biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 sayesinde icat edilen WWW ve \u015fekillenen Grid sistemini unutmay\u0131n. Hemen ard\u0131ndan, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda, LHC deneylerinde yer alan fizik\u00e7ilerin veri i\u015fleyebilmeleri i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f olan ve d\u00fcnya geneline da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir hesaplama sitemi olan WLCG kafes yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tekrar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. B\u00f6ylece end\u00fcstrinin evrildi\u011fi yeni yap\u0131n\u0131n ne sayede m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu daha kolay g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Prof. Dr. Serkant Ali \u00c7etin,
\nProf. Dr. Sedat \u00d6l\u00e7er,
\nDo\u00e7. Dr. A. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Toy<\/strong>
\n\u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi, M\u00fchendislik ve Do\u011fa Bilimleri Fak\u00fcltesi<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– http:\/\/home.cern\/<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/wlcg.web.cern.ch\/<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/home.cern\/topics\/large-hadron-collider<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/atlas.ch\/<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1248908<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tarihsel olarak mihenk ta\u015f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131rabilece\u011fimiz yenilikler bazen devrim bazense evrim nitelendirilmesi yap\u0131lan isimlerle an\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki \u00fc\u00e7 end\u00fcstriyel devrime ve son 3-4 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u015fekillenerek End\u00fcstri 4.0 ad\u0131n\u0131 alan en son d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131na bakarken genellikle \u00fcst\u00fcnde durmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir soru ise \u015fu: insanl\u0131k \u201cdevrim\u201d de\u011ferinde end\u00fcstriyel de\u011fi\u015fimler yaratabilecek bulu\u015flar yapmak i\u00e7in g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor, nokta at\u0131\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":15764,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[184,26,535],"tags":[1836,265,288,638],"class_list":["post-15762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-147-sayi","category-fizik","category-forum","tag-buyuk-veri","tag-cern","tag-fizik","tag-madde"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15762","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/429"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15762"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15762\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15764"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15762"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15762"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15762"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}