{"id":15895,"date":"2016-04-01T16:54:07","date_gmt":"2016-04-01T13:54:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=15895"},"modified":"2018-01-04T17:10:33","modified_gmt":"2018-01-04T14:10:33","slug":"tur-koruma-stratejileri-ve-genetik-cesitlilik-yesil-agackakan-ve-orman-agackakani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/04\/01\/tur-koruma-stratejileri-ve-genetik-cesitlilik-yesil-agackakan-ve-orman-agackakani","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcr koruma stratejileri ve genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik:\u00a0Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan ve orman a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131ya konu olan iki farkl\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7kakan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn evrimsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fi hakk\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fumuz hikaye, herhangi bir t\u00fcre ait genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, koruma stratejilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde ne derece \u00f6nemli olabilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitlilik ve de\u011fi\u015fkenlik biyolojinin en \u00f6nemli konular\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck oranda insan kaynakl\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen alt\u0131nc\u0131 yok olu\u015f hadisesi, k\u00fcresel biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik \u00fczerinde geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7acak potansiyel bir tehdit durumunda. Biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fimizi alt\u0131nc\u0131 yok olu\u015ftan nas\u0131l koruyabiliriz? Bu, yan\u0131t\u0131 zor bir soru olarak alg\u0131lanabilir. Ancak, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktam\u0131z biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin birinci basama\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik olursa, bu soruya karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ktan uzak, yal\u0131n ve mant\u0131kl\u0131 yan\u0131tlar bulmak da olas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6yleyse genetik \u00e7e\u015fitli\u011fe odaklanmam\u0131z biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi anlamam\u0131za ne \u015fekilde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak?<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 1. Filoco\u011frafya farkl\u0131 disiplinler aras\u0131nda kritik bir ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131d\u0131r. (Avise 2000\u2019den de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Koruma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli basama\u011f\u0131n\u0131, genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik odakl\u0131 planlamalar olu\u015fturmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcr i\u00e7i genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik, bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, pop\u00fclasyon i\u00e7indeki ve pop\u00fclasyonlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00fcreme birlikteli\u011finden etkilenir. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 20 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde n\u00f6tral belirte\u00e7lere dayal\u0131 genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik deseni ile co\u011frafya aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri konu alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, molek\u00fcler biyoco\u011frafya ya da filoco\u011frafya olarak bilinen bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekti. Multidisipliner bir alan olan bu bilim dal\u0131, mikro ve makro evrimsel bilim dallar\u0131ndan bilgi al\u0131r ve bu bilim dallar\u0131 aras\u0131nda adeta bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc meydana getirir. (\u015eekil 1) K\u0131saca, filoco\u011frafya yak\u0131n ili\u015fkili t\u00fcrler aras\u0131ndaki ve\/veya t\u00fcr i\u00e7indeki genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen evrimsel, istatistiksel ve matematiksel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/p>\n

Yayg\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ve herhangi bir koruma kriterine sahip olmayan t\u00fcrlerin konu al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 filoco\u011frafi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, tehlike alt\u0131nda olmayan bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fcn, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenleri sergiledi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur (bkz. Perkta\u015f ve ark. 2011, Perkta\u015f ve Quintero 2013, Perkta\u015f ve ark. 2015). S\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik deseni ortaya koymak, yeni bir t\u00fcr bulmu\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na heyecan verici bir durum olabilir. B\u00f6yle bir sonu\u00e7, dikkat \u00e7ekilmesi ve kesinlikle korunmas\u0131 gereken, evrimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan anlaml\u0131 birimler ya da t\u00fcr i\u00e7i \u00f6ncelikli pop\u00fclasyonlar anlam\u0131na gelebilir.<\/p>\n

Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Palearktik B\u00f6lge (1) i\u00e7inde da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren ku\u015f t\u00fcrlerinin genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin belirlenmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bu t\u00fcrlere ait ilgi \u00e7ekici filoco\u011frafi \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri ortaya koyarken, t\u00fcr i\u00e7indeki s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenlerine de dikkat \u00e7ektiler.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 2. Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131n (Picus viridis) da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131 i\u00e7indeki altt\u00fcrlerin hipotetik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131. T\u00fcr\u00fcn filoco\u011frafi \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bu altt\u00fcrlerin ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (bkz. Pons et al. 2011, Perkta\u015f et al. 2011)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan (Picus viridis) Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131nda, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren bir t\u00fcr kompleksidir. Yani, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde morfolojik varyasyon g\u00f6steren pop\u00fclasyonlara ya da bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle bir\u00e7ok altt\u00fcre (2) sahiptir. (\u015eekil 2) Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan genellikle ormanlara ya da a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f alanlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan bu t\u00fcr, Bat\u0131 Palearktik B\u00f6lge i\u00e7indeki koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6ncelikli t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda yer almazken, IUCN K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Liste kriterlerine g\u00f6re \u201cAsgari Endi\u015fe\u201d (LC – Least Concern) stat\u00fcs\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir. T\u00fcr\u00fcn Bat\u0131 Palearktik B\u00f6lge boyunca pop\u00fclasyon b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 350.000 ila 1.700.000 \u00e7ift aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yayg\u0131n olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde pop\u00fclasyon b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn habitat kayb\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. (Tucker ve Evans 1997) Bu t\u00fcr kompleksi \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz filoco\u011frafi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile, t\u00fcr\u00fcn, n\u00f6tral oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fimiz gen b\u00f6lgelerinden birine odaklanarak, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenlerine sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdik. (Perkta\u015f ve ark. 2011) Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan, IUCN kriterleri kapsam\u0131nda her ne kadar asgari endi\u015fe d\u00fczeyinde de\u011ferlendirilen t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda yer alsa da, baz\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncelikli olarak korunmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fi bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonucunda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131za g\u00f6re, ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131n \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131, t\u00fcr\u00fcn Avrupa, Rusya ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131ndan tamam\u0131yla farkl\u0131 bir genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenine ve farkl\u0131la\u015fma oran\u0131na sahip. Bu sonu\u00e7 molek\u00fcler saat yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla birle\u015ftirildi\u011finde, iki grubun yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ortak atalar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ve iki farkl\u0131 evrimsel soy hatt\u0131 olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonucu, \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki pop\u00fclasyonun ayr\u0131 bir t\u00fcr stat\u00fcs\u00fcne y\u00fckseltilmesini de sa\u011flad\u0131 (\u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131, Picus sharpei). \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcr\u00fcn Avrupa, Rusya ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131na odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise, Bat\u0131 Palearktik B\u00f6lge s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \u0131l\u0131man ku\u015fakta yer alan pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n, kuzey enlemlerdeki pop\u00fclasyonlara g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek bir genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe sahip oldu\u011funu ortaya koyduk. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu sonu\u00e7lar, ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131n \u0131l\u0131man ku\u015fak i\u00e7indeki pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi co\u011frafyalar\u0131n (\u0130talya, Balkanlar ve Anadolu), bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn g\u00fcncel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin kaynak pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren co\u011frafyalar oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu. Buna g\u00f6re Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney enlemleri, Anadolu ve Kafkaslar\u2019\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu pop\u00fclasyonlar, ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131n genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli pop\u00fclasyonlard\u0131r ancak, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyi ve Rusya\u2019daki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe sahip pop\u00fclasyonlar bu durumun aksine daha az \u00f6neme sahiplerdir.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 3. Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131n (Picus viridis) \u0130ran pop\u00fclasyonunun genetik farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131. Mesafe yoluyla izolasyon modeli (isolation-by-distance), i\u00e7i bo\u015f beyaz dairelerle g\u00f6sterilen \u0130ran pop\u00fclasyonunun Avrupa\u2019daki di\u011fer pop\u00fclasyonlara genetik mesafe a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a uzak oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n dikkat \u00e7ekici sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de, \u0130ran\u2019da tamam\u0131yla farkl\u0131 bir genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenine sahip, yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan pop\u00fclasyonun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesiydi. Daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6z etti\u011fim gibi bu durum, adeta farkl\u0131 bir t\u00fcr tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f olmak gibi olduk\u00e7a heyecan verici bir bulguydu. Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131n \u0130ran pop\u00fclasyonu, genetik farkl\u0131la\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Avrupa, Rusya ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019daki akrabalar\u0131ndan anlaml\u0131 bir d\u00fczeyde ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (\u015eekil 3) T\u00fcr kompleksi i\u00e7indeki bu pop\u00fclasyonun korunmas\u0131, t\u00fcr i\u00e7indeki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve \u0130ran\u2019daki biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin korunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemliydi.<\/p>\n

Orman a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dikkat \u00e7ekece\u011fim di\u011fer bir a\u011fa\u00e7kakan t\u00fcr\u00fc de b\u00fcy\u00fck orman a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131d\u0131r. (Dendrocopus major) Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakana k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir co\u011frafya boyunca da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren kozmopolit bir t\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131, Kuzey Afrika ile birlikte Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fusuna geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyay\u0131 i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde t\u00fcm Avrasya ve Japonya olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. (\u015eekil 4) Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck orman a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131 da bir t\u00fcr kompleksidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu t\u00fcr i\u00e7in de d\u0131\u015f morfolojik \u00f6zelliklerine dayan\u0131larak bir \u00e7ok altt\u00fcr tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genel olarak ormanlarda ya\u015far. Bat\u0131 Palearktik B\u00f6lge i\u00e7indeki \u00f6ncelikli t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda yer almayan bu t\u00fcr de IUCN K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Liste kriterlerine g\u00f6re ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakanla benzer \u015fekilde \u201cAsgari Endi\u015fe\u201d stat\u00fcs\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Orman a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda (bkz. Perkta\u015f ve Quintero 2013), b\u00fcy\u00fck orman a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131, son buzul maksimumun (bundan yakla\u015f\u0131k 17.000 – 25.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesindeki zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nem) ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olan s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 takiben olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde yeniden \u015fekillendirdi\u011fini ortaya koyduk. Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi n\u00f6tral oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fimiz gen b\u00f6lgelerinden birine odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, t\u00fcr\u00fcn da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde Bat\u0131 Palearktik B\u00f6lge\u2019nin g\u00fcneyindeki \u0131l\u0131man ku\u015fakta yer alan pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de t\u00fcr kompleksi i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenleri ile farkl\u0131la\u015fma \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi oldu. Ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi, bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn de \u0130ran pop\u00fclasyonu farkl\u0131 bir t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u015faret edecek derecede farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenine sahipti. \u00c7in ve Japonya pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131nda da genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan durum benzerdi.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 4. B\u00fcy\u00fck orman a\u011fa\u00e7kakan\u0131n\u0131n (Dendrocopos major) da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu yaz\u0131ya konu olan iki farkl\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7kakan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn evrimsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fi hakk\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fum hikaye \u00f6zetleri, herhangi bir t\u00fcre ait genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, koruma stratejilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde ne derece \u00f6nemli olabilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. T\u00fcr i\u00e7inde ya da yak\u0131n ili\u015fkili t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda koruma \u00f6nceli\u011fi y\u00fcksek gruplara ait genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin n\u00f6tral genetik belirte\u00e7ler yard\u0131m\u0131yla belirlenmesi ve co\u011frafi perspektifle de\u011ferlendirilmesi, bug\u00fcn pop\u00fclasyon de\u011ferlerini bilemedi\u011fimiz ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck pop\u00fclasyon b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri nedeniyle nadir olan bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fcn da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesine, bu t\u00fcrler hakk\u0131nda do\u011fru koruma stratejilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesine ve bu t\u00fcrlerin d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n

Not<\/strong>: Makalenin redaksiyon s\u00fcrecindeki yard\u0131m ve katk\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in At\u0131l Bar\u0131\u015f Albayrak\u2019a i\u00e7tenlikle te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Palearktik B\u00f6lge b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedeniyle ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa, Kuzey Afrika, Arap yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyi ve ortas\u0131, Asya\u2019n\u0131n Ural Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na kadar olan bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi Palearktik B\u00f6lge\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta ve Bat\u0131 Palearktik B\u00f6lge olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2) Altt\u00fcr, biyolojik s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmada t\u00fcr alt\u0131 taksonomik kategori olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Kural olarak altt\u00fcr kavram\u0131, co\u011frafi izolasyona maruz kalm\u0131\u015f bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn belli \u00f6zellikler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131la\u015fma g\u00f6steren pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ki altt\u00fcr bir araya geldiklerinde \u00fcreme birlikteli\u011fi olu\u015ftursalar da co\u011frafi izolasyona maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in aralar\u0131ndaki gen ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kural olarak iki altt\u00fcr ayn\u0131 co\u011frafi alanda bulunamaz.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Avise J. C. 2000. Phylogeography: the history and formation of species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.<\/p>\n

– Perktas U., Quintero E. 2013. A wide geographical survey of mitochondrial DNA variation in the great spotted woodpecker complex, Dendrocopos major (Aves: Picidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 108: 173-188. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2012.02003.x<\/p>\n

– Perktas U., Barrowclough, G. F., Groth J. G. (2011). Phylogeography and species limits in the green woodpecker complex (Aves: Picidae): multiple Pleistocene refugia and range expansion across Europe and the Near East. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 104: 710-723. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2011.01750.x<\/p>\n

– Perktas U., G\u00fcr H, Sa\u011flam \u0130. K., Quintero E. 2015. Climate-driven range shifts and demographic events over the history of Kruper’s Nuthatch Sitta krueperi. Bird Study. 62: 14-28. DOI: 10.1080\/00063657.2014.977220<\/p>\n

– Pons J. M., Olioso G., Cruaud C., Fuchs J. 2011. Phylogeography of the Eurasian green woodpecker (Picus viridis). Journal of Biogeography. 38: 311\u2013325.<\/p>\n

– Tucker G. M., Evans M. I. 1997. Habitats for birds in Europe: a conservation strategy for wider environment. BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series no. 6). Cambridge, UK.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131ya konu olan iki farkl\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7kakan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn evrimsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fi hakk\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fumuz hikaye, herhangi bir t\u00fcre ait genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik desenini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, koruma stratejilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde ne derece \u00f6nemli olabilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. \u00c7e\u015fitlilik ve de\u011fi\u015fkenlik biyolojinin en \u00f6nemli konular\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck oranda insan kaynakl\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen alt\u0131nc\u0131 yok olu\u015f hadisesi, k\u00fcresel biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik \u00fczerinde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":680,"featured_media":15900,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[183,21,32],"tags":[197,1746,200,661,1660],"class_list":["post-15895","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-146-sayi","category-biyoloji","category-evrim","tag-biyoloji","tag-cesitlilik","tag-evrim","tag-kuslar","tag-turler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t