{"id":15905,"date":"2016-04-01T17:11:09","date_gmt":"2016-04-01T14:11:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=15905"},"modified":"2018-01-04T17:14:36","modified_gmt":"2018-01-04T14:14:36","slug":"gen-bencildirden-bugune-richard-dawkins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/04\/01\/gen-bencildirden-bugune-richard-dawkins","title":{"rendered":"\u201cGen Bencildir\u201dden bug\u00fcne Richard Dawkins"},"content":{"rendered":"

Richard Dawkins yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplar kadar haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 televizyon programlar\u0131yla da, bilimin, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin pop\u00fclerle\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunan; ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131mc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na da olsa evrimi savunan, alternatif t\u0131p y\u00f6ntemleri gibi bilimd\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131klarla m\u00fccadele eden bilimsel rasyonalist bir biliminsan\u0131. Ama son d\u00f6nemde kimi ele\u015ftiriler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131…<\/em><\/p>\n

Bilimsel rasyonalizmin kavgac\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fu Richard Dawkins, bu aralar zor g\u00fcnler ge\u00e7iriyor. Zoolog olarak ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kariyerine evrimsel biyolog olarak devam eden ve kariyerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 bilimin toplum taraf\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine kuran Dawkins\u2019in kitaplar\u0131, yaln\u0131z biyoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde de\u011fil, \u0130ngiliz dili ve edebiyat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde de okutuluyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"Dawkins\u2019in 1976\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan ilk kitab\u0131 Gen Bencildir<\/em>\u2019i (The Selfish Gene<\/em>) 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda biyoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6\u011frenciyken \u0130ngiliz K\u00fclt\u00fcr K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nden \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 al\u0131p okumu\u015ftum. Daha sonra T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye de \u00e7evrildi. Biyolojinin pop\u00fclerle\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131 olan kitap, DNA\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 y\u0131l sonra, gen klonlaman\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ve klonlanm\u0131\u015f genlerden protein eldesine yakla\u015f\u0131rken yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Pek \u00e7ok biliminsan\u0131 kitab\u0131 fazla deterministik ve indirgemeci buldu. \u00c7evresel fakt\u00f6rleri tam olarak g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, geni organizmadan tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir birimmi\u015f\u00e7esine ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ele\u015ftirilere maruz kald\u0131. Genin bencil olmas\u0131 bir metafordu elbette, ama \u00e7ok yak\u0131n \u00f6rneklerle de destekleniyordu. Canl\u0131 sistemler incelendi\u011finde hareketli genetik elementler olan transpozonlar ve retrovir\u00fcsler bencil genin en iyi \u00f6rnekleriydi.<\/p>\n

\u201cAkl\u0131n D\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130yi bir yazar olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra iyi bir hatip de olan Dawkins, son y\u0131llar\u0131n ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n s\u0131ralar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Hi\u00e7bir temelleri olmayan, tek ama\u00e7lar\u0131 evrim ger\u00e7e\u011fini reddetmek \u00fczerine kurulu olan ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131mc\u0131larla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcnazaralarda tek ba\u015f\u0131na dayan\u0131rken, her zaman evrimsel biyoloji birikiminden k\u00f6ken alan kuvvetli arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131yla onlar\u0131 alt etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok kitab\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, BBC i\u00e7in de pek \u00e7ok program haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Akl\u0131n D\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131<\/em> (Enemies of Reason)<\/em> adl\u0131 programda, son y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7evremizi saran, homeopatiden refleksolojiye kadar s\u00f6zde alternatif t\u0131p y\u00f6ntemlerinden, tarot kartlar\u0131na ve medyumlu\u011fa kadar giden \u015farlatanl\u0131klar\u0131 sorgulad\u0131. Dawkins\u2019e g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyaya bakman\u0131n iki \u015fekli vard\u0131: Biri din ve bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lar \u00fczerinden, di\u011feri ise g\u00f6zlem, deney, nedensellik ve ak\u0131lla. Program son derece ilgin\u00e7 ve etkileyici. Dawkins sakin bir bi\u00e7imde, bu bilimd\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten ki\u015filere insani sayg\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sorular y\u00f6nelterek, onlar\u0131 mahcup etmeden konu\u015fuyor, sorular soruyor ve kontroll\u00fc deneylerle yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n test edilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. San\u0131lan\u0131n aksine bu faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fcten insanlar\u0131n hepsi, \u201cyan cebime koy\u201d diyerek insanlar\u0131 kand\u0131rmay\u0131 hedeflemiyor. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu kendi problemlerini \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan zavall\u0131 insanlar. Homeopatide oldu\u011fu gibi bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da (t\u0131p) e\u011fitimli, iyi niyetli, bu bilimd\u0131\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerin i\u015fledi\u011fine inanan, ancak nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fine kendileri de \u015fa\u015f\u0131ran ki\u015filer. Bu karma\u015f\u0131k ve zavall\u0131 durumu \u00e7\u00f6zecek tek \u015fey, elbette tek yol g\u00f6sterici olan bilimin ele\u015ftirel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla kontroll\u00fc deneylere a\u00e7\u0131k olabilmeleri.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k Toplant\u0131lar\u0131\u2019nda \u201cakla s\u0131\u011fmayan\u201d durumlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bir biliminsan\u0131 olarak nedensellik \u00fczerine kurulu mant\u0131k sistemlerine al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olan ve \u00f6zellikle de biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n lateral (yanal) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi kullanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u00fczerinde duran Dawkins, son d\u00f6nemde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 mant\u0131\u011fa s\u0131\u011fmayacak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ve uygulamalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bunalmaya ve sabr\u0131n\u0131 yitirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Tanr\u0131 Yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131 (The God Delusion)<\/em> kitab\u0131yla birlikte, bilimsel rasyonalizmi ateizmle birle\u015ftirince, tart\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7ok sertle\u015fmekle kalmay\u0131p, Amerikal\u0131 baz\u0131 biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n da kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla Amerikan tarz\u0131 \u015fovlarla pop\u00fclerle\u015ftirilerek, adeta, evanjelist gelene\u011fin retori\u011fini kullanan bir antiteze d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k Toplant\u0131lar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (Reason Rally) ger\u00e7ek hedefi bu olmasa da, bana g\u00f6re, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi politize edip gruplara mal eden, adeta tak\u0131m tutmaya y\u00f6nelten bir eylem bi\u00e7imi. Bu durumda bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce temelli savunmalar yerini ki\u015filerle ve gruplarla m\u00fccadeleye b\u0131rak\u0131yor. Politize olan her ak\u0131m gibi, bu ak\u0131mda da kat\u0131l\u0131mda e\u015fitlik sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k Toplant\u0131lar\u0131, giderek T\u00fcrk televizyonlar\u0131nda s\u0131k rastlanan, her \u015feyi \u00e7ok iyi bilen (!) erkek uzmanlar\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na benzemeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Bildi\u011finiz gibi, bu programlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda elit erkeklerden muhafazak\u00e2r erkeklere giden 180 derecelik yelpazede cinsiyet\u00e7ilik ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir fark yok.<\/p>\n

Richard Dawkins\u2019in twitter\u2019da \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli konularda fazla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa yorumlar da pek \u00e7ok demokrat grubu rahats\u0131z etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131; \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ve Amerika\u2019da feminist gruplar art\u0131k Dawkins\u2019i protesto ediyor. Sosyal i\u00e7eri\u011fi olan \u00f6nermelerin d\u00fcz mant\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda veya lateral d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin sosyal konulara uygulanmas\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlar ya\u015fanabiliyor. Ya\u015fam bilimlerindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u015fekli her zaman toplumsal konulara uygulanam\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Burada biraz durup \u015funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekiyor: Evrimi baz\u0131 \u00e7evreler ne kadar belli bir ideolojinin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da, evrim kan\u0131tlar\u0131yla birlikte bilimsel bir ger\u00e7ektir ve bu bilimsel temel \u00fczerinden savunulur. Evrimi anlamadan biyolojiyi anlaman\u0131za ve anlatman\u0131za olanak yoktur. Evrim gibi fizi\u011fin, jeolojinin ve t\u00fcm bilimlerin tamam\u0131 mant\u0131k \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde savunulur. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bilimin kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7 gruplara, g\u00f6sterilere gerek duymaz. Bilim herkes i\u00e7indir, herkese ula\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r ve her biliminsan\u0131 kendi alan\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlatabilmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ben bilimsel rasyonalizmin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yolunda, medyan\u0131n etkin olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla gen\u00e7lere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilecek programlar\u0131, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n okullarda verecekleri seminerleri ve bilimin heyecan verici y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde anlat\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131, ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 daha hedefe ula\u015fabilir g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

Richard Dawkins\u2019in de BBC belgesellerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, insana sayg\u0131l\u0131 ve sakin bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla, bazen \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7 olsa da sabr\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ba\u015fararak, daha \u00e7ok ki\u015fiye ula\u015fabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Dawkins\u2019in kitaplar\u0131 geneti\u011fin, evrimin ve do\u011fa bilimlerinin harika \u00f6rneklerle a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 pop\u00fcler bilim kitaplar\u0131 olarak k\u00fct\u00fcphanemdeki yerini her zaman korumaya devam edecek.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Richard Dawkins yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplar kadar haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 televizyon programlar\u0131yla da, bilimin, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin pop\u00fclerle\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunan; ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131mc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na da olsa evrimi savunan, alternatif t\u0131p y\u00f6ntemleri gibi bilimd\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131klarla m\u00fccadele eden bilimsel rasyonalist bir biliminsan\u0131. Ama son d\u00f6nemde kimi ele\u015ftiriler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131… Bilimsel rasyonalizmin kavgac\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fu Richard Dawkins, bu aralar zor g\u00fcnler ge\u00e7iriyor. Zoolog olarak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":15906,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[183,1741,21,32],"tags":[197,1860,200,1700],"class_list":["post-15905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-146-sayi","category-bilimden-sanata","category-biyoloji","category-evrim","tag-biyoloji","tag-dawkins","tag-evrim","tag-populer-bilim"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t