{"id":16110,"date":"2016-03-01T12:22:29","date_gmt":"2016-03-01T10:22:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=16110"},"modified":"2018-01-08T12:28:41","modified_gmt":"2018-01-08T09:28:41","slug":"buyuk-osmanli-denizcisi-ve-haritacisi-piri-reis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/03\/01\/buyuk-osmanli-denizcisi-ve-haritacisi-piri-reis","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fcy\u00fck Osmanl\u0131 denizcisi ve haritac\u0131s\u0131:\u00a0Piri Reis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Piri Reis, sa\u011flam bir deniz kumandan\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, devrinin \u00f6nemli bir haritac\u0131s\u0131 ve denizci yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bitmeyen bir \u00f6\u011frenme arzusuna sahip ve a\u00e7\u0131k fikirli oldu\u011fundan, korsanl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerden Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131\u2019nda g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere dek g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini kaydetmi\u015f ve deniz haritalar\u0131 ile co\u011frafya hakk\u0131nda eline ge\u00e7en her eseri derinlemesine incelemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilere dayanarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserler ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 haritalar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Piri Reis\u2019in bize ula\u015fan eserleri, 1513 ve 1521 tarihli haritalar\u0131 ile bir seyir k\u0131lavuzu niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan \u201cKitab-\u0131 bahriye\u201dsidir. <\/em><\/p>\n

Sunu\u015f:<\/strong> Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak, b\u00fcy\u00fck Osmanl\u0131 denizcisi ve haritac\u0131s\u0131 Piri Reis\u2019i konu edinen bir \u00e7izgi roman yay\u0131mlad\u0131k. Enis Temizel\u2019in grafik roman\u0131, Piri Reis\u2019in, amcas\u0131 Kemal Reis ile birlikte, Katolik olmak istemedikleri i\u00e7in End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019te zul\u00fcm g\u00f6ren halk\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin emriyle \u0130spanya\u2019dan Kuzey Afrika ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yarak kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemini oda\u011f\u0131na al\u0131yor. Tarihi ger\u00e7eklerden yola \u00e7\u0131kmakla ve kimi bilimsel terimler ve kuramlara referanslar i\u00e7ermekle birlikte, yazar\u0131n\u0131n hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcyle fantastik boyutlar kazanan eserin, \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7 okurlar\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"
Enis Temizel\u2019in kaleminden Piri Reis -End\u00fcl\u00fcs Maceras\u0131, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ahmet Muhiddin Piri, yani Piri Reis (1465\/70, Gelibolu – 1554, Kahire), Osmanl\u0131 denizcisi ve haritac\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Amerika\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6steren d\u00fcnya haritalar\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya denizcili\u011finin ilk k\u0131lavuz kitab\u0131 olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye<\/em> adl\u0131 eseriyle tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Piri Reis\u2019in amcas\u0131 (kimi kaynaklara g\u00f6re day\u0131s\u0131) \u00fcnl\u00fc denizci Kemal Reis\u2019tir. Piri Reis Gelibolu\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Denizcili\u011fe Kemal Reis\u2019in yan\u0131nda ba\u015flar. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcne dek amcas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, Piri\u2019nin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ana hatlar\u0131 Kemal Reis\u2019in ya\u015fam\u0131yla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 1487-1493 aras\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019de birlikte korsanl\u0131k yapar; Sicilya, Korsika, Sardunya ve Fransa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ak\u0131nlara kat\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

1486\u2019da End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019te (\u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerini kapsar) M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetindeki son \u015fehir olan G\u0131rnata\u2019da (Granada\u2019da) katliama u\u011frayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Tunus, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden yard\u0131m isteyince, o y\u0131llarda deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sefere \u00e7\u0131kacak donanmas\u0131 bulunmayan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Kemal Reis\u2019i Osmanl\u0131 bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u0130spanya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderir. Bu sefere kat\u0131lan Piri Reis, amcas\u0131 ile birlikte M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta oldu\u011fu, Katolik olmayan End\u00fcl\u00fcs halk\u0131n\u0131 \u0130spanya\u2019dan Kuzey Afrika\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Venedik \u00fczerine sefer haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na giri\u015fen II. Beyaz\u0131t, Akdeniz\u2019de korsanl\u0131k yapan denizcileri Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Kemal Reis ve Piri Reis \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ya uyarak \u0130stanbul\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131karlar. Yolda, Malta Adas\u0131na bask\u0131n yap\u0131p h\u00e2kimini ele ge\u00e7irirler ve 1494\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da padi\u015fah\u0131n huzuruna \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131nda, Malta beyini ve di\u011fer ganimetleri padi\u015faha sunarlar. B\u00f6ylelikle Kemal Reis ve Piri Reis, donanman\u0131n resmi hizmetine girmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Piri Reis, Venediklilerle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen deniz h\u00e2kimiyeti m\u00fccadelesinde, Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131\u2019nda gemi komutan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev al\u0131r (1500-1502). Piri Reis\u2019in y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00a0ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sava\u015flar sonucunda Venedikliler bar\u0131\u015f istemek durumunda kal\u0131r ve iki devlet aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Piri Reis, 1495-1510 aras\u0131nda \u0130nebaht\u0131, Moton, Koron, Navarin, Midilli ve Rodos\u2019a y\u00f6nelik deniz seferlerinde g\u00f6rev al\u0131r. Akdeniz\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyirler s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerleri ve ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar\u0131, Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye<\/em>\u2019nin tasla\u011f\u0131 olarak kaydeder.<\/p>\n

1511\u2019de amcas\u0131n\u0131n bir deniz kazas\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Piri Reis Gelibolu\u2019ya yerle\u015fir. Bu s\u0131ralarda Barbaros Karde\u015flerin idaresi alt\u0131nda bulunan Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131\u2019nda halao\u011flu Muhiddin Reis ile baz\u0131 seferlere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ysa da, daha \u00e7ok Gelibolu\u2019da kal\u0131p haritalar\u0131 ve kitab\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 haritalardan ve kendi g\u00f6zlemlerinden yararlanarak 1513\u2019te ilk d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer. Bu haritay\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan, Kristof Kolomb\u2019un g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olan Amerika haritas\u0131ndaki bilgileri i\u00e7eriyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Barbaros Karde\u015fler y\u00f6netimindeki Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131, 1515\u2019de, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck deniz g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden birisidir ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019ya fetihlere giri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Piri Reis, Oru\u00e7 Reis\u2019in kaptanlar\u0131ndan birisi olarak, yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bekledikleri Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019e hediye sunmak \u00fczere g\u00f6nderildi\u011finde, Yavuz\u2019un yard\u0131m olarak verdi\u011fi iki sava\u015f gemisiyle geri d\u00f6ner. 1516-1517\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019a geldi\u011finde, tekrar resmi olarak Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hizmetine girer; Derya Beyi (deniz albay\u0131) r\u00fctbesini al\u0131r ve M\u0131s\u0131r seferine gemi komutan\u0131 olarak kat\u0131l\u0131r. Cafer Bey\u2019in kumandas\u0131 alt\u0131nda hareket eden donanma, \u0130skenderiye\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irir. Piri Reis, donanmadan ayr\u0131lan bir filoyla Kahire\u2019ye Nil Nehri\u2019nden gider ve b\u00f6ylece Nil Nehri\u2019nin de haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulur.<\/p>\n

Piri Reis, \u0130skenderiye\u2019nin ele ge\u00e7irilmesinde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131larla padi\u015fah\u0131n \u00f6vg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kazan\u0131r ve sefer s\u0131ras\u0131nda haritas\u0131n\u0131 padi\u015faha sunar. Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131na bakm\u0131\u015f ve \u201cD\u00fcnya ne kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck…\u201d demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6nemi b\u00fcy\u00fck fetihler d\u00f6nemidir. Piri Reis, 1523\u2019deki Rodos seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda da Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131\u2019ndad\u0131r. 1524\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r seyrinde k\u0131lavuzlu\u011funu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadrazam Pargal\u0131 Damat \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n takdiri ve deste\u011fini kazan\u0131nca, 1525\u2019de g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye<\/em>\u2019sini \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Kanuni\u2019ye sunar. Piri Reis\u2019in 1526\u2019ya kadarki ya\u015fam\u0131 Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye<\/em>\u2019den izlenebilir. 1528\u2019de ise, ilkinden \u00e7ok daha yo\u011fun bir i\u00e7eri\u011fi olan ikinci d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer.<\/p>\n

1533\u2019de Barbaros Hayrettin Pa\u015fa, Kaptan-\u0131 Derya olunca, Derya Sancak Beyi (t\u00fcmamiral) unvan\u0131 olan Piri Reis, sonraki y\u0131llarda, g\u00fcney sular\u0131nda imparatorluk i\u00e7in g\u00f6rev yapmaya devam eder. Barbaros\u2019un 1546\u2019da \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r Kaptan-\u0131 Deryas\u0131 (Hint Denizleri Kaptanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da denilmektedir) olur. Piri Reis, 1551\u2019de S\u00fcvey\u015f Liman\u0131\u2019ndan denize a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Aden Liman\u0131 kalesini top\u00e7u birlikleriyle ku\u015fatmaya ald\u0131ktan sonra \u015fiddetli bir sald\u0131r\u0131yla fetheder. Buraya kara kuvvetleri b\u0131rakarak S\u00fcvey\u015f\u2019e d\u00f6ner. Bu hareketi M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Davud Pa\u015fa ve padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan takdir ve ihsanla kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r. Piri Reis Umman Denizi, K\u0131z\u0131l Deniz ve Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ndeki deniz g\u00f6revlerinde ya\u015flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1552\u2019de Umman ve Basra \u00fczerine 30 gemiyle \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferde, H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Kalesi\u2019ni ku\u015fat\u0131r. Portekizlilerden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hara\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131r ve donanmas\u0131yla Basra\u2019ya gelir. Tamire muhta\u00e7 donanmay\u0131 orada b\u0131rak\u0131p, ganimet y\u00fckl\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 gemiyle M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a d\u00f6ner. Gemilerden birisi yolda batar. Donanmay\u0131 Basra\u2019da b\u0131rakmas\u0131 kusur say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da hapsedilir. Basra Valisi Kubat Pa\u015fa\u2019ya ganimetten istedi\u011fi harac\u0131 vermemesi ve M\u0131s\u0131r Beylerbeyi Mehmet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n politik h\u0131rs\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden hakk\u0131nda padi\u015faha olumsuz rapor verilmi\u015ftir ve d\u00f6nemin padi\u015fah\u0131 Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n ferman\u0131 \u00fczerine 1554\u2019te boynu vurularak idam edilir. \u0130dam edildi\u011finde 80 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde olan Piri Reis\u2019in mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na devlet\u00e7e el konulur.<\/p>\n

Piri Reis\u2019in eserleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Piri Reis, sa\u011flam bir deniz kumandan\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, devrinin \u00f6nemli bir haritac\u0131s\u0131 ve denizci yazarlar\u0131ndan biridir. A\u00e7\u0131k fikirli ve bitmeyen bir \u00f6\u011frenme arzusuna sahip bir ki\u015fi oldu\u011fundan, korsanl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini kaydetmi\u015f ve deniz haritalar\u0131 ile co\u011frafya hakk\u0131nda eline ge\u00e7en her eseri derinlemesine incelemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilere dayanarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserler ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 haritalar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Piri Reis\u2019in bize ula\u015fan eserleri, haritalar\u0131 ile Kitab-\u0131 bahriye<\/em>\u2019sidir.<\/p>\n

1513 tarihli ve Piri Reis\u2019in imzas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan harita, Kristof Kolomb\u2019un 1498\u2019de \u00e7izdi\u011fi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmayan bir haritan\u0131n kopyas\u0131d\u0131r. Piri Reis haritaya d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc notlardan birinde, Kolomb\u2019un haritas\u0131ndan yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydeder. Piri Reis bu haritay\u0131 1517\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019e sunmu\u015ftur. Haritan\u0131n asl\u0131n\u0131 deniz sava\u015flar\u0131ndan birinde ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu harita bir d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131 de\u011fildir, \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131 (\u0130spanya), Do\u011fu Afrika ve Atlas Okyanusu, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n o tarihte bilinen par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve Antil Adalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00a0Avrupa ve Afrika sahillerinin ve civardaki adalar\u0131n m\u00fckemmel bi\u00e7imde resmedilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, Piri Reis\u2019in en yeni Portekiz haritalar\u0131 ve ke\u015fiflerini de dikkatle takip etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Piri Reis\u2019in bu haritadan 15 y\u0131l sonras\u0131n\u0131n tarihini ta\u015f\u0131yan, 1528 tarihli bir haritas\u0131 daha vard\u0131r. Atlas Okyanusu\u2019nun kuzey k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131, Gr\u00f6nland\u2019dan Florida Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na kadar sahili i\u00e7eren bu harita, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesi olabilir. Buradaki adalar ve baz\u0131 sahiller, birinci haritaya nazaran daha do\u011fru \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. Anla\u015f\u0131lan Piri Reis haritalara ve co\u011frafyaya olan ilgisini hi\u00e7 yitirmemi\u015f, yeni Bat\u0131 haritalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli takip etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Piri Reis \u00f6nemli eseri Kitab-\u0131 bahriye<\/em>\u2019yi ise, 1521\u2019de yazm\u0131\u015f, 1525\u2019de geni\u015fleterek sadrazam \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Kanuni S\u00fcleyman\u2019a takdim etmi\u015ftir. Piri Reis ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn Ege ve Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6lgelerin \u015fehirleri, tarihi, co\u011frafi ve denizcilik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikleri ve ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgiler toplam\u0131\u015f, kendi g\u00f6zlemleri ve deneyimlerini de ekleyerek kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7in haritalar da \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. Kitab-\u0131 bahriye<\/em>, denizcilik i\u00e7in gerekli bilgileri i\u00e7erdi\u011finden, seyir k\u0131lavuzu niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Dr. Afet \u0130nan, Piri Reis\u2019in hayat\u0131 ve eserleri, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, 4. Bask\u0131 1992, 117 s. + belgeler ve foto\u011fraflar.<\/p>\n

– Fuad Ezg\u00fc, \u201cPiri Reis\u201d maddesi; \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 9. Cilt, Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Devlet Kitaplar\u0131, 2001, ss.561-565.<\/p>\n

– http:\/\/cihanhukumdari.istanbul.edu.tr\/Piri-Reis.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Piri Reis, sa\u011flam bir deniz kumandan\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, devrinin \u00f6nemli bir haritac\u0131s\u0131 ve denizci yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bitmeyen bir \u00f6\u011frenme arzusuna sahip ve a\u00e7\u0131k fikirli oldu\u011fundan, korsanl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerden Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131\u2019nda g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere dek g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini kaydetmi\u015f ve deniz haritalar\u0131 ile co\u011frafya hakk\u0131nda eline ge\u00e7en her eseri derinlemesine incelemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilere dayanarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserler ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":16111,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[182,222],"tags":[427,1612,1743,1891],"class_list":["post-16110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-145-sayi","category-tarih","tag-denizcilik","tag-osmanli","tag-osmanli-tarihi","tag-piri-reis"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t