{"id":16292,"date":"2016-02-01T16:38:46","date_gmt":"2016-02-01T14:38:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=16292"},"modified":"2018-01-11T16:00:30","modified_gmt":"2018-01-11T13:00:30","slug":"yasam-agacinin-uc-degil-iki-koku-var","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/02\/01\/yasam-agacinin-uc-degil-iki-koku-var","title":{"rendered":"Ya\u015fam a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil, iki k\u00f6k\u00fc var"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gezegenimiz \u00fczerinde filizlenen t\u00fcm ya\u015fam formlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ana ya\u015fam grubundan k\u00f6ken alm\u0131yorlar; sadece iki temel ya\u015fam grubu var: arke ve ger\u00e7ek bakteriler. \u0130nsan\u0131n da i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u00f6karyotlar asl\u0131nda arkeler i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir yan dal. <\/em><\/p>\n

H\u00fccrenin canl\u0131n\u0131n \u201cyap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu \u015feklindeki kabul olduk\u00e7a eskiye dayan\u0131r ve bu kabul\u00fcn kat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 -h\u00fccrebiliminin bu tan\u0131msal i\u00e7eri\u011finin, h\u00fccreyi ve t\u00fcm bile\u015fenlerini evrim bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile anlamland\u0131rmay\u0131 geciktirdi\u011fi- 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk on y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar devam eder. H\u00fccrenin bu t\u00fcm \u201cmakinemsi kusursuzlu\u011fu\u201d, geli\u015fimin \u00e7e\u015fitlenme hiyerar\u015fisinde, Adolf Portmann\u2019\u0131n da vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi1<\/sup>, bir t\u00fcr \u00f6ncesiz ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6nc\u00fcl oldu\u011fu yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da temelidir.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, yine 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerinde ba\u015flayan bir u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 dahilinde, h\u00fccrenin pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bile\u015fenli yap\u0131s\u0131; onun kusursuz i\u015fleyen bir makine tabiat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi olarak de\u011fil de, her bir farkl\u0131 bile\u015fenin ayr\u0131 bir tarihsel varl\u0131k olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, evrimsel olarak h\u00fccre \u015feklinde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz bir b\u00fct\u00fcnde nihayete erdi\u011fi tarihsel bir durum \u015feklinde de\u011ferlendirilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015fte g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn endosimbiyotik h\u00fccre teorisi, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bu u\u011fra\u015f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcz\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bilgisini i\u00e7eren evrensel bir a\u00e7\u0131klama bi\u00e7imidir.<\/p>\n

Genel haliyle endosimbiyotik teori, h\u00fccrenin farkl\u0131 k\u00f6kenlerden gelen, \u00f6zellikle mitokondri ve plastid organellerinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki bakteri formlar\u0131ndan k\u00f6ken alm\u0131\u015f bile\u015fenlerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ifade eder. Ve bug\u00fcn art\u0131k h\u00fccrenin ad\u0131na canl\u0131 denen kusursuz bir makinenin en muazzam yap\u0131sal temel ta\u015f\u0131 olmay\u0131p, endosimbiyoz ile, evrimsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fin ak\u0131l almaz derinlikteki farkl\u0131 canl\u0131 formlar\u0131n\u0131n kesintili bir araya geli\u015fleriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131radan bir olgudur.<\/p>\n

Endosimbiyotik teori neden gecikti? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, endosimbiyotik k\u00f6keni rutin bir ger\u00e7eklik haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren muazzam bilgi birikiminin, son bir ka\u00e7 on y\u0131l\u0131n yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylememiz gerekir. Evrimsel biyolojinin temel k\u0131r\u0131lma anlar\u0131na, yani \u201cModern Sentez\u201de ve \u00f6ncesindeki evrimsel genetik-mekanistik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n olgunla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk bir ka\u00e7 on y\u0131l\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, endosimbiyotik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n o g\u00fcn bile son derece g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na en ufak bir at\u0131f bile bulunmamaktad\u0131r, evrimsel biyolojinin y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n tekrar ve kati \u015fekilde parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu devasa total sentez y\u0131llar\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, Modern Sentez\u2019in t\u00fcm cepheleriyle yerinden ve zaman\u0131ndan \u00f6zetlendi\u011fi, Julian Huxley\u2019in ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 Evolution: The Modern Synthesis<\/em> (Evrim: Modern Sentez)2<\/sup>, endosimbiyotik ili\u015fki ile evrimle\u015fme yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 s\u00f6z etmemektedir. Oysa Rus botanik\u00e7i Mereschkowsky daha 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda plastidlerin siyanobakteri k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.3<\/sup> 1927\u2019de K\u0131ta Amerika\u2019s\u0131nda Ivan Wallin mitokondrinin bakteri k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fundan dem vurup endosimbiyotik ili\u015fkilenmenin t\u00fcr ve t\u00fcr \u00fcst\u00fc ya\u015fam kategorilerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karacak denli b\u00fcy\u00fck evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimlerin kayna\u011f\u0131 olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu.4<\/sup> Ama hepsinden de \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 olan\u0131, Rus biyolog Boris Mikhaylovich Kozo-Polyansky\u2019nin 1924 tarihli ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ufka sahip kitab\u0131nda dile gelen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriydi: Kozo-Polyanski h\u00fccrenin hemen t\u00fcm bile\u015fenlerinin farkl\u0131 canl\u0131 formlar\u0131n\u0131n ili\u015fkilenmelerinin tarihsel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu ve kitab\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00e7er\u00e7evesi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz endosimbiyotik teorisinin bulgular\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda da o g\u00fcnden m\u00fcjdelemektedir.5<\/sup><\/p>\n

Peki, g\u00f6zlemsel ve deneysel bulgular\u0131n ifade etti\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n s\u0131cak entelekt\u00fcel tart\u0131\u015fmalarla tahkim edildi\u011fi Modern Sentez y\u0131llar\u0131nda endosimbiyoz ile evrimle\u015fme neden g\u00fcndemin tamamen d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Muhtemelen, Kuhnvari bir k\u0131r\u0131lman\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin evrimsel biyolojisinde endosimbiyozisin tart\u0131\u015fma gelene\u011finden itilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 yani endosimbiyozun, evrimsel genetik a\u00e7\u0131dan (biyolojik \u00f6zellik de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fi = Mendel tipi genetik ili\u015fkisi; gen ve genotip s\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n evrimin nesneleri oldu\u011fu istatistiksel de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcreci olarak) evrimle\u015fmenin kuramsal in\u015fas\u0131nda zaten yerinin hi\u00e7 bulunmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer -ikincil- neden ise, \u00f6zellikle Rus biyologlar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n Almanca ya da Rus\u00e7a olmas\u0131; konuya ili\u015fkin bilgi dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel olarak Anglo-Sakson yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n tekelinde bulunmas\u0131; bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, bilimin iddia edilen evrenselli\u011finin aksine i\u015fleyen ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 da sosyolojisinin en temel \u00f6zelli\u011fini olu\u015fturan asl\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr cemaat icras\u0131 olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131yla, endosimbiyotik teorinin tarihi, olduk\u00e7a \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lma noktalar\u0131n\u0131n ve bu k\u0131r\u0131lma noktalar\u0131ndaki diren\u00e7 ve geli\u015fmelerin ortaya koydu\u011fu geni\u015f bir entelekt\u00fcel ifade sahas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tarihi daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 irdelemek olduk\u00e7a bilgilendirici olmakla birlikte, bu yaz\u0131da payla\u015fmak istedi\u011fim, kuram\u0131n iskeletini olu\u015fturan \u00e7izgilerin \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7meden, do\u011frudan olgular \u00fczerinde durmak; bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, son bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131lda elde edilen son derece heyecan verici bulgular \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n evrimsel ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair evrimsel zaman\u0131n \u00e7ok gerisinden gelen izlerin genom d\u00fczeyinde s\u00f6ylediklerini aktarmak.<\/p>\n

Klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f: \u00fc\u00e7 ana ya\u015fam formu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Endosimbiyotik teori \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen canl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6ken ili\u015fkisi, b\u00fcy\u00fck canl\u0131 \u00e2lemleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, ortak ata temelinde ayr\u0131mla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7 ana grup \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tan\u0131mlanmaktayd\u0131. Bu ortak atal\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 grup: 1) \u0130nsan, mantar, tek-h\u00fccreli paramecium, \u00e7am a\u011fac\u0131 ve meyve sine\u011fi gibi, h\u00fccredeki genetik materyali yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen bir k\u0131l\u0131f i\u00e7inde, kromozom ad\u0131 verilen yap\u0131sal a\u00e7\u0131dan belirgin birimler halinde organize olmu\u015f tek h\u00fccreli ve \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u00f6karyotlar<\/strong>; 2) E.coli<\/em> gibi, hastal\u0131k yapan ya da yapmayan, genetik materyal organizasyonu, h\u00fccreyi \u00e7evreleyen k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n molek\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi daha nice a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7eren ve sadece tek h\u00fccreli halleri bulunan ger\u00e7ek bakteriler<\/strong>; 3) Ve nihayetinde, ger\u00e7ek bakterilere genetik materyal organizasyonu d\u00fczeyinde benzemekle birlikte, h\u00fccre duvar\u0131n\u0131n molek\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131 ve metabolik reaksiyonlar\u0131ndaki temel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ile onlardan hayli ayr\u0131k olan, \u00f6zellikle ne bir ger\u00e7ek bakteri ne de \u00f6karyot i\u00e7in uzun s\u00fcreli ya\u015fam\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilkin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131ran y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k, tuzluluk ve asitlik ortamlar\u0131nda ya\u015fabilen ve pek \u00e7ok adaptasyonu b\u00f6yle bir ya\u015fam\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan tek h\u00fccreli arkeler<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7: yerk\u00fcre \u00fczerindeki ya\u015fam\u0131n iki farkl\u0131 ama prokaryotik olan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n -\u00fcyelerinden biri bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131n yazar\u0131 da olan- t\u00fcrlerinden bir tanesinin i\u015fi, bir \u00e7e\u015fit tarihsel ki\u015filik bozuklu\u011fu nedeniyle, kendisini canl\u0131lar \u00e2leminin ba\u015f tac\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye vard\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6karyotik \u00e2lemin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015fli\u011fi. Yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm genom d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ncesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, \u00f6rne\u011fin ribosomal DNA kullan\u0131larak olu\u015fturulan ya\u015fam a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda, arkeler bariz \u015fekilde \u00f6karyotlara yak\u0131n olmakla birlikte, k\u00f6k\u00fcnde hipotetik bir ortak atan\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00fc\u00e7 ana grup, kabul edilegelen \u00fc\u00e7 ana ya\u015fam formu olmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 de\u011fil iki ana ya\u015fam grubu var: Arkeler ve ger\u00e7ek bakteriler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Endosimbiyotik teorinin standart formu ise, ortak k\u00f6kenden bu \u00fc\u00e7 kollu ayr\u0131mla\u015fmaya -hakl\u0131 olarak- vurgu yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n, arke ve \u00f6karyot simbiyozlu\u011funun olu\u015fu sonras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek bakterilerin simbiyoza kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131yla mitokondri ve plastidlerin olu\u015ftu\u011fu karma\u015f\u0131k s\u00fcrece ili\u015fkindir. Bununla birlikte, endosimbiyotik kuram bir yana, son bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131lda her \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck gruptan pek \u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fcn genomlar\u0131n\u0131n taranmas\u0131 sonucunda ise olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 ve heyecan verici bir noktaya var\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunuluyor. Genomlar\u0131n tamam\u0131ndaki genetik de\u011fi\u015fim bilgisini yorumlaman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi istatistiksel sofistikelik, hipotetik bir ortak atadan ayr\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 daldan filizlenen ya\u015fam a\u011fac\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc radikal bir de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fratm\u0131\u015fa benziyor.6<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bu bulgular \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hemen belirtelim: gezegenimiz \u00fczerinde filizlenen t\u00fcm ya\u015fam formlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ana ya\u015fam grubundan k\u00f6ken alm\u0131yorlar; sadece iki temel ya\u015fam grubu bulunuyor, arke ve ger\u00e7ek bakteriler olarak!<\/p>\n

\u00d6nceki \u00fc\u00e7 ana gruplu ya\u015fam a\u011fac\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc temelden de\u011fi\u015ftiren genom d\u00fczeyli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7 \u00f6zetle \u015f\u00f6yle: Hem protein (amino asit) \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi hem de ribosomal DNA \u00e7e\u015fitli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u00f6karyotlar\u0131n asl\u0131nda arkeler i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir yan dal oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.7<\/sup> Ger\u00e7ek bakteriler ise ayr\u0131 bir grup olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini koruyor. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, insan dahil t\u00fcm \u00f6karyotlar\u0131n k\u00f6keni arkede yat\u0131yor ve b\u00f6ylece gezegen \u00fczerindeki ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi, ya\u015fam\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan pek \u00e7ok biyokimyasal, fizyolojik \u00f6zellik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sadece iki farkl\u0131 kol ile temsil ediliyor. \u00d6karyotlar\u0131n son 2 milyar y\u0131ll\u0131k evrimi, onlar\u0131 \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli hayata ge\u00e7i\u015flerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi olan \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir h\u00fccresel organsal ve morfolojik de\u011fi\u015fimlere ve \u00e7e\u015fitlenmeye u\u011fratmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fim ve yenilikler k\u00fcmesi temel itibar\u0131yla iki ana tema \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitlemelerden \u00f6te de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Bu son d\u00f6nem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ko\u015fut ilerleyen ve evrimsel tarihin \u00e7ok derinlerindeki ilkin \u00f6karyotlar\u0131n arkelerin kolu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne destek sa\u011flayan di\u011fer heyecan verici \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar grubu ise \u00f6karyot genomlar\u0131ndaki arke ve ger\u00e7ek bakteri genetik izlerinin niteli\u011fi ve \u00f6nem dereceleri \u00fczerine odaklanm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan genomuna bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz, \u00f6rne\u011fin, arke k\u00f6kenli genler nelerdir? Tipik \u00f6karyotik hayat\u0131n son 2 milyar y\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan genetik yenilikleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, insan ya da herhangi bir \u00f6karyot genomundaki arke ve ger\u00e7ek bakteri genlerinin ifade dereceleri ve yayg\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimle bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015flikleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan durum nedir? \u00d6karyotlardaki hangi prokaryot genetik miras\u0131 daha hayatidir, protein sentezi arkeye enerji metabolizmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ek bakteriye mi \u00e7eker? Bu ve benzeri sorular\u0131n yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 gelecek ayki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Adolf Portmann, New Paths in Biology<\/em>, Harper and Row, 1964.<\/p>\n

2) Julian Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis<\/em>, Harper and Brothers, 1943.<\/p>\n

3) William Martin ve Klaus V. Kowallik, Annotated English translation of Mereschkowsky\u2019s 1905 paper \u2018Uber Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche \u2019. Eur<\/em>. J<\/em>. Phycol<\/em>,1999, 34: 287\u2013295<\/p>\n

4) Ivan Wallin, Symbionticism And the Origin of Species<\/em>, Williams and Wilkins, 1927.<\/p>\n

5) Boris Mikhaylovich Kozo-Polyanski, Symbiogenesis: A new principle of evolution<\/em>, Harvard University Press, 2010 (1924 tarihli Rus\u00e7a asl\u0131ndan Victor Fet taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00e7eviri).<\/p>\n

6) Tom A. Williams, Peter G. Foster, Cymon J. Cox ve T. Martin Embley, An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life, Nature<\/em>, 2013, 504: 231-236.<\/p>\n

7) Lionel Guy, Jimmy H. Saw ve Thijs J.G. Ettema, Archaeal legacy of Eukaryotes: A phylogenomic perspective, Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol<\/em>., 2014; 6:a016022.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gezegenimiz \u00fczerinde filizlenen t\u00fcm ya\u015fam formlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ana ya\u015fam grubundan k\u00f6ken alm\u0131yorlar; sadece iki temel ya\u015fam grubu var: arke ve ger\u00e7ek bakteriler. \u0130nsan\u0131n da i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u00f6karyotlar asl\u0131nda arkeler i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir yan dal. H\u00fccrenin canl\u0131n\u0131n \u201cyap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu \u015feklindeki kabul olduk\u00e7a eskiye dayan\u0131r ve bu kabul\u00fcn kat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 -h\u00fccrebiliminin bu tan\u0131msal i\u00e7eri\u011finin, h\u00fccreyi ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":16294,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[181,1475,21,32],"tags":[1912,200,306,1911,1913],"class_list":["post-16292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-144-sayi","category-bilim-ve-tarih","category-biyoloji","category-evrim","tag-endosimbiyotik","tag-evrim","tag-hucre","tag-yasam-agaci","tag-yasam-formlari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t