{"id":16351,"date":"2016-02-01T11:33:38","date_gmt":"2016-02-01T09:33:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=16351"},"modified":"2018-01-10T11:54:07","modified_gmt":"2018-01-10T08:54:07","slug":"kil-tabletlerin-efendisi-ilk-arkeologumuz-hormuzd-rassam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/02\/01\/kil-tabletlerin-efendisi-ilk-arkeologumuz-hormuzd-rassam","title":{"rendered":"Kil tabletlerin efendisi:\u00a0\u0130lk arkeolo\u011fumuz Hormuzd Rassam"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bin y\u0131ld\u0131r ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu uygarl\u0131klar be\u015fi\u011fi co\u011frafyan\u0131n her bir santiminde ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6yk\u00fc bar\u0131nmakta. Bunlardan birinin sahibi de topra\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n insan\u0131 Hormuzd Rassam\u2019d\u0131r (1826-1910). <\/em>\u0130ki k\u00fclt\u00fcr aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015f bu garip insan, <\/em>ge\u00e7mi\u015fle gelece\u011fi kayna\u015ft\u0131ran b\u00fcy\u00fck arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rma ser\u00fcveninin m\u00fctevaz\u0131 emek\u00e7ilerinden biridir.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131 Say\u0131n Orhan Bursal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda Cumhuriyet Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi\u2019ni yaratanlara ithaf edilmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em>\u2019in Kas\u0131m 2015 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kapak dosyas\u0131n\u0131 G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 5. tabletine ait yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenen dizeler olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. Neredeyse d\u00f6rt bin y\u0131ll\u0131k destan\u0131n yaz\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan edebi dil, zengin hayal d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n evrensel \u00f6zelliklerini yans\u0131tan \u00f6yk\u00fcleri ile ger\u00e7ek bir ba\u015fyap\u0131t olan bu g\u00f6rkemli manzume daha uzun y\u0131llar k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131 derinden etkileyecek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6ksel dinlerin kutsal kitaplar\u0131na bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 anlatan tabletleri g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karan ki\u015finin Kuzey Irakl\u0131 bir Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu san\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7o\u011fumuz bilmiyordur. Hormuzd Rassam (Resim 1) 1826\u2019da, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7inde yer alan Musul\u2019un Dicle Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki bir semtinde do\u011far. Ailesi Keldani Katolik Kilisesine ba\u011fl\u0131 Asurilerdendir. \u0130ngiliz arkeolo\u011fu Austin Henry Layard\u2019\u0131n 1845\u2019de Britanya M\u00fczesi ad\u0131na Nimrud\u2019a (Musul\u2019un 30 kilometre g\u00fcneyindeki antik Asur kenti) kaz\u0131 yapmaya gelmesi Rassam\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

\u00c7aylak arkeolog<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaz\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli \u00f6denek (ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla resmi kaz\u0131 izni) o s\u0131rada Britanya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130stanbul Ba\u015fkonsolosu olan S\u00f6r Stratford Canning taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131r. Layard i\u015fini y\u00fcr\u00fctebilmek i\u00e7in b\u00f6lge insan\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u011funun fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda zek\u00e2 ve becerisiyle hemen fark edilen ki\u015fi Hormuzd Rassam\u2019d\u0131r ve bu yerel genci bir s\u00fcre sonra kendisine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olarak al\u0131r. Ona arkeolojik kaz\u0131 teknikleriyle ilgili baz\u0131 temel bilgileri \u00f6\u011fretir. Hatta 1847\u2019de birinci etap kaz\u0131lar\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 Rassam\u2019\u0131 Londra\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr ve Oxford\u2019da 18 ay e\u011fitim almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Layard ve Rassam, 1849-1851 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrecek ikinci etap kaz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in Nimrud ve Koyuncuk b\u00f6lgelerine geri d\u00f6nerler (Koyuncuk Yeni Asur Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Ninova yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki bir h\u00f6y\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ninova, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Musul\u2019un i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en Dicle Nehri\u2019nin do\u011fu yakas\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r). Fakat Layard\u2019\u0131n k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra politikaya at\u0131lmas\u0131yla kaz\u0131 i\u015fi Britanya\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u011fdat Konsolosu S\u00f6r Henry Rawlinson\u2019un \u00fczerine kal\u0131r. Rawlinson, antik Mezopotamya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir otorite olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Nimrud\u2019a \u00e7ok ender u\u011frayabilir. Bunun \u00fczerine Britanya M\u00fczesi 1852\u2019de kaz\u0131 i\u015fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in Rawlinson\u2019un ta\u015feronu olarak Rassam\u2019\u0131 i\u015fe al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Resim 2. Asur Kral\u0131n\u0131n aslan av\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren r\u00f6lyeften bir kesit.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

26 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bu \u00e7aylak arkeolo\u011fun ilk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f, ustas\u0131 Layard\u2019\u0131n buldu\u011fu devasa ta\u015f duvar kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131 yerlerinden s\u00f6kerek Britanya M\u00fczesi\u2019ne g\u00f6ndermektir. Duvar r\u00f6lyeflerinde Asur Kral\u0131 Sanherib\u2019in (y\u00f6netimi M\u00d6 704-681) aslan avlama sahneleri b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici g\u00fczellikteki sanat eserleri olarak tasvir edilmektedir. (Resim 2) Bunlardan daha \u00f6nemlisi Ninova\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck Asur Kral\u0131 Asurbanipal\u2019in (y\u00f6netimi M\u00d6 668-630 ya da 627) Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak bilinen ve on binlerce kil tableti bar\u0131nd\u0131ran mek\u00e2n\u0131 g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r. Milattan \u00f6nce 7. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait metinleri i\u00e7eren bu zengin tablet koleksiyonu da Rassam taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda Britanya M\u00fczesi\u2019ne ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin genel ve yerel y\u00f6netimleri ve halk\u0131, topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan tarihi eserlerin Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde bir sak\u0131nca bulmaz iken (san\u0131r\u0131m b\u00fcy\u00fck arkeolo\u011fumuz ve m\u00fczecimiz Osman Hamdi Bey\u2019e kadar bu b\u00f6yle devam eder), bilginin hak etti\u011fi de\u011feri g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi ve tarih bilincinin geli\u015fmedi\u011fi topraklardaki insanl\u0131k miras\u0131n\u0131, bunlara de\u011fer veren bir \u00fclkeye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Rassam\u2019\u0131 su\u00e7lamak pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmasa gerek. O\u2019nun ke\u015ffetti\u011fi eserler aras\u0131nda \u0130\u015ftar (Bereket, A\u015fk ve Sava\u015f Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131) ve Nabu (Bilgelik ve Yazarl\u0131k Tanr\u0131s\u0131) Tap\u0131naklar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 heykeller, Koyuncuk h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Asurbanipal\u2019in avlanma ve piknik r\u00f6lyefleri ve heykeller ve daha niceleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Resim 3. George Smith<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tabletler okunuyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu projede \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Britanya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Rassam\u2019a Yemen ve Habe\u015fistan\u2019da kal\u0131c\u0131 bir diplomatik i\u015f \u00f6nerir. Asl\u0131nda bu teklif onun arkeoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na uzunca bir s\u00fcre ara vermesine yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Fakat 1872\u2019de Britanya M\u00fczesi uzmanlar\u0131ndan George Smith\u2019in (Resim 3), Rassam taraf\u0131ndan 1853\u2019te ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f kil tabletlerden birinde (G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 11. Tableti) Tevrat<\/em>\u2019taki Nuh Tufan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (B\u00fcy\u00fck Tufan) \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran kimi dizeleri \u00e7\u00f6zmesi Avrupa ve ABD\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131 yapar ve Asur kaz\u0131lar\u0131 konusu tekrar m\u00fczelerin g\u00fcndemine girer. (2)<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda yeri gelmi\u015fken Smith hakk\u0131nda biraz bilgi vermekte yarar var. Bu gen\u00e7, ayn\u0131 Rassam gibi, alayl\u0131 tak\u0131m\u0131ndan gelip arkeolojiye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f s\u0131radan bir ki\u015fidir. 1861\u2019de m\u00fczenin deposunda yer alan Asur tabletleri \u00fczerindeki \u00e7amur ve kirleri temizlemesi i\u00e7in hizmetli olarak i\u015fe al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat zamanla zek\u00e2, yetenek ve merak\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 okumay\u0131 s\u00f6ker. Tablet temizleyicisi olarak ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan on iki y\u0131l sonra bu kez Londra\u2019n\u0131n The Daily Telegraph<\/em> gazetesi George Smith\u2019i uzman asurolog olarak B\u00fcy\u00fck Tufan\u2019la ilgili kay\u0131p tabletleri bulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderecektir (\u0130ngiliz gazetelerinin daha o y\u0131llarda bizimkilerden farkl\u0131 bir yolda oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r). Fakat 1876\u2019da, Britanya M\u00fczesi ad\u0131na d\u00fczenledi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yolculukta, hen\u00fcz 36 ya\u015f\u0131nda dizanteriden ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirince i\u015f gene Rassam\u2019\u0131n eline kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rassam\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer kaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

1877\u2019de Britanya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin resmi g\u00f6rev mektubuyla \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelen Rassam oradaki Britanya Konsolosu\u2019ndan fazla bir yak\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6remedi\u011finden kaz\u0131lara ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ba\u015fvurur ama gereken izni alamaz. Fakat bir y\u0131l sonra yani 1877\u2019de bir mucize olur ve eski ustas\u0131 ve yak\u0131n dostu S\u00f6r Henry Layard \u0130stanbul\u2019a Britanya El\u00e7isi olarak atan\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck u\u011fra\u015ftan sonra Layard Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminden d\u00f6rt y\u0131l ge\u00e7erli bir kaz\u0131 izni al\u0131r. Hatta ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kendisi \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle dile getirir: \u201cK\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n tapusunu \u00fczerimize ge\u00e7irmek bile bu izni almaktan daha g\u00fc\u00e7 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n

Bu sorun a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Rassam\u2019\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck arkeoloji maceras\u0131 ba\u015flar. Bu kez ilgi alan\u0131n\u0131 Musul\u2019un 400 kilometre g\u00fcneyinde yer alan Ba\u011fdat dolay\u0131ndaki Babil uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ait h\u00f6y\u00fcklere kadar geni\u015fletir, hatta Van G\u00f6l\u00fc yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda dahi kaz\u0131 yapar. Onun taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p m\u00fczeye g\u00f6nderilen Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131na ait silindir ve tablet say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 50 bin dolay\u0131nda oldu\u011fu san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kaba bir hesapla Britanya M\u00fczesi\u2019nin sahip oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeye ait toplam tabletin \u00fc\u00e7te birinden fazlas\u0131 Rassam taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Resim 4. Dicle Nehri\u2019nde tarihi eserlerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan sal.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bat\u0131\u2019da da Do\u011fu\u2019da da ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f vatanda\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00fczelerin ve arkeologlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihi eser ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan malzeme sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Hatta son \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenen tabletlerin de Kuzey Irak\u2019taki S\u00fcleymaniye M\u00fczesi y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan 2011\u2019de, \u201ckimli\u011fi bilinen\u201d ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131lardan sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. (3) H\u0131rs\u0131zlar ellerindekilere par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na fiyat bi\u00e7tikleri i\u00e7in, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman, sa\u011flam tabletleri k\u0131r\u0131p birka\u00e7 par\u00e7a halinde satmaktad\u0131rlar. M\u00fczelerdeki bir\u00e7ok tabletin ciddi zarar g\u00f6rmesinde bu cehalet ve a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 vard\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda antik Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131na ait h\u00f6y\u00fckleri kazan bat\u0131l\u0131 arkeologlar i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Avrupa m\u00fczelerine ta\u015f\u0131makt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kaz\u0131lar\u0131n masraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla bu m\u00fczeler kar\u015f\u0131lard\u0131 ve tek istedikleri tarihi eserleri kendi koleksiyonlar\u0131na katmakt\u0131. Nehir ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7 ise sallard\u0131. (Resim 4) Kimi zaman y\u00fck\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck limanlara ula\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in para yeterli gelmedi\u011finde ta\u015f\u0131nan eserler sal sahibi taraf\u0131ndan Dicle Nehri\u2019ne d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu yolla kaybedilen de\u011ferlerin boyutu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Rassam 1882\u2019de art\u0131k kaz\u0131 i\u015fini b\u0131rak\u0131r ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Brighton kentinde ailesiyle birlikte yerle\u015fik bir ya\u015fama ge\u00e7er. \u00c7ok sayg\u0131n bilim kurumlar\u0131ndan Kraliyet Co\u011frafya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019na \u00fcye se\u00e7ilir ve \u00e7e\u015fitli onur \u00f6d\u00fclleri al\u0131r ama bir Ortado\u011fulu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir zaman Britanya\u2019n\u0131n elit bilimcileri aras\u0131na giremez. Zaten H\u0131ristiyan oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131\u2019da da ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan muzdariptir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7abalarla Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6rkemli eserlerden kimilerini Britanya M\u00fczesi\u2019nin ka\u015farlanm\u0131\u015f uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n sahiplenmesi onu derinden \u00fczer. \u00d6rne\u011fin S\u00f6r Henry Rawlinson Asurbanipal\u2019in Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffi onurunu sahiplenmeye kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve Rassam\u2019\u0131 sadece \u201ckaz\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00e2hyas\u0131\u201d olarak kabul etti\u011fini dahi yazar. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k S\u00f6r Henry Layard onu Britanya arkeolojisine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131n hakk\u0131 yenilmi\u015f \u00e7ok d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir insan olarak tan\u0131mlayacakt\u0131r. Rassam\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yeterli bilimsel makale yay\u0131mlamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n da g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmesinde pay\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Resim 5. Rassam ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tarih yeniden yaz\u0131l\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hormuzd Rassam\u2019\u0131n Asur ve Babil uygarl\u0131klar\u0131na ait buldu\u011fu sanat eseri de\u011ferindeki tarihi kal\u0131t, ger\u00e7ek sanat\u0131n ilk Antik Yunan\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na kendini inand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f Avrupa toplumunda epey bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Benzer bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 antik M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 her \u015feyin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na koyan akademisyenler de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Asur, Akad, Elam, Babil, S\u00fcmer vb. somutla\u015fan Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihimize b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve renk katarak mevcut paradigma da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fime yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Musevilik en eski tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 dinlerden biridir ve Mezopotamya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda etkilenmi\u015ftir. Ondan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k ise bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zelli\u011fini Musevilikten alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck dinin k\u00f6klerinin antik Mezopotamya\u2019da oldu\u011fu art\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn iyi bilinen bir ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Gelecek ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu ili\u015fkiyi daha da belirgin bir \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131karacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bin y\u0131ld\u0131r ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu uygarl\u0131klar be\u015fi\u011fi co\u011frafyan\u0131n her bir santiminde ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6yk\u00fc bar\u0131nmakta. Bunlardan birinin sahibi de topra\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n insan\u0131 Hormuzd Rassam\u2019d\u0131r. \u0130ki k\u00fclt\u00fcr aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015f bu garip insan, ge\u00e7mi\u015fle gelece\u011fi kayna\u015ft\u0131ran b\u00fcy\u00fck arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rma ser\u00fcveninin m\u00fctevaz\u0131 emek\u00e7ilerinden biri olarak 1910\u2019da ya\u015famdan ayr\u0131l\u0131r. (Resim 5)<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Hormuzd-Rassam<\/p>\n

2) http:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/ane\/chad\/chad.htm<\/p>\n

3) http:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/epic-of-gilgamesh-new-verses-discovered-worlds-oldest-story-180956844\/?no-ist<\/p>\n

4) Reade J., (1993). Hormuzd Rassam and His Discoveries. Iraq, 55: s.39-62.<\/p>\n

5) J. L. M.,(1911). Obituary: Hormuzd Rassam. The Geographical Journal, 37 (1): s.100-102.<\/p>\n

6) Gadd C. J., (1953). Assyrian Antiquities, 1825-56. The British Museum Quarterly, 18(2): s.56-57.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bin y\u0131ld\u0131r ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu uygarl\u0131klar be\u015fi\u011fi co\u011frafyan\u0131n her bir santiminde ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6yk\u00fc bar\u0131nmakta. Bunlardan birinin sahibi de topra\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n insan\u0131 Hormuzd Rassam\u2019d\u0131r (1826-1910). \u0130ki k\u00fclt\u00fcr aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015f bu garip insan, ge\u00e7mi\u015fle gelece\u011fi kayna\u015ft\u0131ran b\u00fcy\u00fck arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rma ser\u00fcveninin m\u00fctevaz\u0131 emek\u00e7ilerinden biridir.\u00a0 Bu yaz\u0131 Say\u0131n Orhan Bursal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda Cumhuriyet Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi\u2019ni yaratanlara ithaf edilmi\u015ftir. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":479,"featured_media":16353,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[181,20,222],"tags":[244,1921,1612,238],"class_list":["post-16351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-144-sayi","category-arkeoloji","category-tarih","tag-arkeoloji","tag-hormuzd-rassam","tag-osmanli","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t