{"id":16366,"date":"2016-02-01T12:05:50","date_gmt":"2016-02-01T10:05:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=16366"},"modified":"2021-01-24T14:13:48","modified_gmt":"2021-01-24T11:13:48","slug":"icme-sularindaki-radyoaktivite-sinir-degerler-ve-turkiyede-durum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/02\/01\/icme-sularindaki-radyoaktivite-sinir-degerler-ve-turkiyede-durum","title":{"rendered":"\u0130\u00e7me sular\u0131ndaki radyoaktivite, s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferler ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de durum"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, halk\u0131n i\u00e7ti\u011fi kaynak sular\u0131yla, farkl\u0131 \u015febeke sular\u0131nda, (\u00f6zellikle uranyum, toryum ve bunlar\u0131n bozunma \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu topraklardaki sularda) Almanya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019deki gibi \u00e7ok daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 radyoizotop \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. <\/em><\/p>\n

Yerkabu\u011funda (toprakta, kaya\u00e7larda) do\u011fal olarak bulunan \u00f6zellikle uranyum ve toryum ile bunlardan t\u00fcreyen radyum 226, radon 222, polonyum 210 ve kur\u015fun 212 gibi daha bir dizi radyoizotop zamanla yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131na ge\u00e7iyor. \u00d6zellikle granit ve kristalin kayalarda daha \u00e7ok uranyum bulunuyor. Toprakta ortalama olarak 3 ppm kadar do\u011fal uranyum var. Bu miktar 10 tonluk bir kamyon topra\u011fa bir \u00e7orba ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar (30 gram) uranyumun homojen olarak kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 demek. Do\u011fal uranyumda % 99 U-238 ve % 0,7 oran\u0131nda da U-235 var. Yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131 bilindi\u011fi gibi yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ya kaynak sular\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ya da a\u00e7\u0131lan kuyulardan al\u0131n\u0131yor. Musluklar\u0131m\u0131zdan akan genellikle baraj g\u00f6l\u00fc sular\u0131 gibi kullan\u0131p i\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczeysel sularda da radyoaktif maddeler az da olsa var.<\/p>\n

Sulardaki do\u011fal radyoaktif maddeler sular\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 (du\u015f, yemek yapmak gibi) ve i\u00e7ilmesi yoluyla do\u011frudan ya da bitki ve hayvanlar yoluyla dolayl\u0131 olarak insan v\u00fccuduna giriyor. V\u00fccudumuza al\u0131nan her zararl\u0131 maddede oldu\u011fu gibi, i\u00e7me sular\u0131nda da bunlardan \u2018ne miktar oldu\u011fu\u2019 sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli. Radyoaktif maddelerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve i\u00e7ti\u011fimiz sulardaki miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerle belirlenmesi ve bunlar\u0131n v\u00fccutta ne kadar radyasyon dozu olu\u015fturabilece\u011finin hesaplanmas\u0131 gerekiyor. \u0130lk ad\u0131m olarak, g\u00f6sterge \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri denebilecek \u2018toplam alfa\u2019 ve \u2018toplam beta\u2019 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunlar s\u0131ras\u0131yla, suda bulunan alfa ya da beta \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 sa\u00e7an radyoaktif maddelerin toplam miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n (toplam alfa ya da toplam beta radyoaktivitelerinin Becquerel-Bq olarak ) belirlenmesidir. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler, suda uranyum, radyum, radon gibi radyoaktif maddelerden (radyoizotoplardan) hangilerinin bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermedi\u011finden g\u00f6sterge niteli\u011findedir. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler sonucunda, belirli g\u00f6sterge s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferleri a\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa o zaman ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak \u00f6nemli her bir radyoizotopun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6sterge s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferleri Toplam Alfa i\u00e7in: 0,1 Bq\/litre, Toplam Beta i\u00e7in: 1 Bq\/litre ve Trityum i\u00e7in: 100 Bq\/litre olarak gerek uluslararas\u0131 kurumlarca gerekse 25730 say\u0131l\u0131 y\u00f6netmelikte belirlenmi\u015ftir. Sular\u0131n i\u00e7ilmesi yoluyla, v\u00fccuda al\u0131nabilecek t\u00fcm radyoaktif maddelerden v\u00fccutta olu\u015fabilecek radyasyon dozunun 0,1 mSv\u2019in alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 da bu y\u00f6netmeli\u011fe g\u00f6re gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Almanya\u2019da halk genellikle \u015fi\u015fe sular\u0131 (yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131, maden sular\u0131) i\u00e7iyor. Ba\u015fta Almanya Radyasyondan Korunma Kurumu (BfS) olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli eyalet kurumlar\u0131, \u00fcniversite laboratuvarlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flar (\u00f6rne\u011fin foodwatch, Greenpeace) \u015fi\u015fe (maden) sular\u0131ndaki do\u011fal radyoaktif maddeleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerle belirliyorlar ve sular\u0131n i\u00e7ilmesi sonucu v\u00fccutta olu\u015fabilecek radyasyon dozlar\u0131n\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yaparak bunlar\u0131 internet sitelerinde yay\u0131ml\u0131yorlar. (1, 2, 3)<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00c7izelge 1: \u0130\u00e7me sular\u0131ndaki uranyum i\u00e7in y\u00f6nlendirici g\u00f6sterge s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferleri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Almanya genelinde 650 kadar \u015fi\u015fe suyu \u00e7e\u015fidi (markas\u0131) bulunuyor. Bunlarda ne kadar radyoaktivite bulundu\u011fu, \u015fi\u015fe sular\u0131 markalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan listelerde Becquerel(Bq) olarak verildi\u011fi gibi ayr\u0131ca uranyum miktar\u0131 litrede mikrogram (\u00b5g\/litre) olarak veriliyor. Do\u011fal uranyumun \u00f6zg\u00fcl radyoaktivitesi 25380 Bq\/gram olup (her gram do\u011fal uranyumun, her saniye, 25380 adet atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fi bozunuyor\/par\u00e7alan\u0131yor), buradan v\u00fccuda al\u0131nan mikrogram do\u011fal uranyum ba\u015f\u0131na v\u00fccutta ne kadar Bq radyoaktivite bulundu\u011fu hesaplanabiliyor. Ancak burada belirtmek gerekir ki, uranyumun radyasyon yoluyla v\u00fccuda zararl\u0131 olabilecek bir etki olu\u015fturacak uranyum miktar\u0131, kimyasal zehirlili\u011fini olu\u015fturacak miktar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcndedir. Bu nedenle uranyumun kimyasal zehirlili\u011fi \u00f6n plana al\u0131n\u0131r. D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO), ki\u015finin v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kg\u2019\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na, sindirim yoluyla v\u00fccuda g\u00fcnde en \u00e7ok al\u0131nabilecek miktar olarak 0,6 mg de\u011ferini \u00f6neriyor (70 kg\u2019l\u0131k bir ki\u015fi i\u00e7in, bu, 42 mg uranyum demek). (4)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7me sular\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 \u00fclke ve kurumlar\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferler (g\u00f6sterge de\u011ferleri) \u00c7izelge 1\u2019de bulunuyor. Bu de\u011ferlere ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda pani\u011fe kap\u0131lmamay\u0131, ger\u00e7ek durumun daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 analizlerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, ilgili \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyorlar. Uranyumu y\u00fcksek sular\u0131n halka ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi en son \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak \u00f6neriliyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00c7izelge 2: Almanya\u2019da i\u00e7me sular\u0131ndaki radon g\u00f6sterge de\u011ferleri a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda v\u00fccutta olu\u015facak dozlar ve \u00f6nerilen \u00f6nlemler. (6)
Not: Doz hesab\u0131nda, bir yeti\u015fkin ki\u015finin, radonlu sudan y\u0131lda 350 litre i\u00e7ti\u011fi varsay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve radonun sindirim doz katsay\u0131s\u0131 olarak da 3,5 nSv\/Bq kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Y.A.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BfS yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n teknik raporunda 401 \u00e7e\u015fit (marka) \u015fi\u015fe suyunda radyum 226, radyum 228, uranyum 234, uranyum 235, uranyum 238, polonyum 210, Kur\u015fun 210 ve Aktinyum 227 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve her bir suyun i\u00e7ilmesiyle v\u00fccutta olu\u015fabilecek radyasyon dozlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli ya\u015f gruplar\u0131 i\u00e7in internette yay\u0131ml\u0131yor. (1) Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n y\u0131lda 170 litre, yeti\u015fkinlerin ise 350 litre su i\u00e7tikleri varsay\u0131l\u0131yor. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Almanya\u2019da i\u00e7me sular\u0131ndan bir ki\u015finin v\u00fccudunda olu\u015facak y\u0131ll\u0131k dozun, ilgili y\u00f6netmeliklerin \u00f6n g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011fer olan 0,1 mSv\u2019in alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, BfS a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bu doz, Almanya\u2019da do\u011fal radyasyondan al\u0131nan y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama doz olan 2,1 mSv\u2019in % 5\u2019i kadard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uranyum\u2019un yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sularda radon \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin de yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek radon deri\u015fimli sularla ilgili \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 da gerekebiliyor (\u00c7izelge 2).<\/p>\n

Radyasyon ve radyoaktif madde nedir? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Uranyum, radyum gibi baz\u0131 do\u011fal maddelerin (elementlerin) atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinden, bir d\u0131\u015f etken olmadan, kendili\u011finden yay\u0131lan, enerjileri y\u00fcksek, alfa, beta ve gama adlar\u0131ndaki \u0131\u015f\u0131nlara \u2018iyonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 radyasyonlar\u2019, bunlar\u0131 yayan maddelere de radyoaktif maddeler ve bunlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 atom \u00e7ekirdeklerine de radyoizotoplar<\/strong> diyoruz. Radyasyona, yerine g\u00f6re \u2018\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u2019 ya da \u2018\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u2019 da diyoruz. Her \u00e7e\u015fit \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, cinsine g\u00f6re az ya da \u00e7ok enerji i\u00e7erdi\u011fini, ya gama \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 gibi k\u00fctlesiz foton taneciklerinden (elektromanyetik dalgadan) ya da alfa, beta\u2019lar gibi k\u00fctleli tanecik ak\u0131m\u0131ndan olu\u015ftu\u011funu son y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r biliyoruz. Radyasyonun frekans\u0131 (saniyedeki titre\u015fim say\u0131s\u0131) ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckse (ya da buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak dalga boyu ne kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse) radyasyonun enerjisi de o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Radyoaktif maddelere \u2018\u0131\u015f\u0131netkin maddeler\u2019 de deniyor. \u2018Aktivite\u2019ye de, \u2018etkinlik\u2019 denebilece\u011fi gibi, \u2018radyoaktivite\u2019ye ise \u2018\u0131\u015f\u0131netkinlik\u2019 ya da radyoaktiflik de denebilir. Radyasyon, asl\u0131nda, \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 enerji ak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\u0130yonlama ve iyon \u00e7ifti nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Radyoaktif maddelerden yay\u0131nlanan girici \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, atomlar\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki elektronlara \u00e7arparak enerjilerini elektronlara aktard\u0131klar\u0131nda, enerjileri, e\u015fik enerji miktar\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fckse, elektronlar\u0131 y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinden kopararak serbest b\u0131rak\u0131yorlar. Bu olaya iyonlama, serbest kalan eksi y\u00fckl\u00fc bir elektronla, arta kalan art\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc (bir elektronu eksik) atomun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00e7ifte de bir \u2018iyon \u00e7ifti\u2019 deniyor. Radyoaktif maddelerden yay\u0131nlanan girici \u0131\u015f\u0131nlara da bu nedenle \u2018iyonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 radyasyonlar\u2019 ya da \u2018iyonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u2019 deniyor.<\/p>\n

Radyasyon-madde etkile\u015fimi: Radyasyon dozu nedir? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Radyoaktif maddelerden yay\u0131nlanan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar ile \u00e7ok h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lan protonlar gibi ba\u015fka baz\u0131 girici \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n, h\u00fccrelerdeki atom ve molek\u00fcllere girerek, iyon \u00e7iftleri olu\u015fturmalar\u0131 sonucu maddeye aktard\u0131klar\u0131 enerji miktar\u0131na, v\u00fccudun veya belirli bir organ\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da so\u011furdu\u011fu\u00a0\u2018radyasyon dozu\u2019 deniyor. \u00c7o\u011funlukla bu \u00e7e\u015fit girici \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinde n\u00f6tron fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan uranyum, radyum, radyoiyot, trityum gibi \u2018karars\u0131z atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinden\u2019 (radyoaktif maddelerden) sal\u0131nmakla birlikte, n\u00fckleer par\u00e7ac\u0131k h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan, r\u00f6ntgen ayg\u0131tlar\u0131ndan da kaynaklanabiliyor, ya da uzaydan gelen \u2018kozmik \u0131\u015f\u0131nlardan\u2019 olu\u015fuyorlar.<\/p>\n

Radyasyon doz birimi: Sievert<\/strong><\/p>\n

Radyasyonun insan v\u00fccudundaki h\u00fccrelere aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Joule cinsinden enerji miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olarak Sievert birimi kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin gama \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, v\u00fccudun kilogram\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na so\u011furulan enerji miktar\u0131 1 Joule ise, buna 1 Sievert (Sv) diyoruz. Sievert h\u00fccreler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerji miktar\u0131 oldu\u011fundan pratikte, daha \u00e7ok, bunun binde biri olan miliSievert (mSv) kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Sievert v\u00fccudun biyolojik etkinli\u011fini de i\u00e7eriyor. Asl\u0131nda h\u00fccreler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck enerji olan 1 Joule, pratikte \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir enerji miktar\u0131d\u0131r: \u00d6rne\u011fin 100 graml\u0131k bir \u00e7ikolata paketini 1 metre yukar\u0131 kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in 1 Joule\u2019l\u00fck bir enerji gerekiyor.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de durum<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizde \u015febeke sular\u0131ndaki radyoaktivite \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 TAEK internet sayfalar\u0131nda yay\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler, yukar\u0131daki \u00e7izelgelerde verilen uranyum, radyum, radon gibi ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 radyoizotop analizlerini de\u011fil, sadece toplam alfa ve toplam beta g\u00f6sterge de\u011ferleriyle trityum \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini kaps\u0131yor. Toplam alfa de\u011feri, radyoaktivitesi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen suda bulunan alfa tanecikleri yay\u0131nlayan t\u00fcm radyoizotoplar\u0131n toplam radyoaktivitesini Becquerel (Bq) olarak g\u00f6steriyor. Toplam Alfa radyoaktivitesinin y\u00f6nlendirici g\u00f6sterge s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011feri, ilgili y\u00f6netmeli\u011fe g\u00f6re litrede 0,1 Bq\u2019dir. Toplam Beta da benzer olarak sudaki beta yay\u0131nlay\u0131c\u0131 radyoizotoplar\u0131n toplam radyoaktivitesini g\u00f6steriyor. Toplam Beta aktivitesinin g\u00f6sterge s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011feri ise litrede 1 Bq\u2019dir. Trityum i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterge s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011fer litrede 100 Bq\u2019dir. \u0130\u00e7me sular\u0131ndaki her \u00e7e\u015fit radyoaktif maddelerin toplam\u0131 yoluyla v\u00fccutta olu\u015fabilecek radyasyon dozunun, ilgili y\u00f6netmeli\u011fe g\u00f6re 0,1 mSv\u2019in alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde hangi \u015febekelerde radyoaktivite \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 TAEK internet sayfalar\u0131nda yer alm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Orman ve Su \u0130\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Veysel Ero\u011flu\u2019nun Twitter \u00fczerinden \u201cEvinizde \u015febeke suyu i\u00e7iyor musunuz?\u201d sorusuna yan\u0131t veren 2524 ki\u015finin y\u00fczde 63\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn, \u2018hay\u0131r\u2019 yan\u0131t\u0131 verdi\u011fi bas\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor (22 Kas\u0131m 2015 H\u00fcrriyet<\/em>). Buradan, halk\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinin damacana ya da \u015fi\u015fe sular\u0131 i\u00e7ti\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Damacana ya da \u015fi\u015fe sular\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler (Kaynak, memba ya da maden sular\u0131 ad\u0131nda)<\/strong>: Yerin derin katmanlar\u0131ndan yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan ve ge\u00e7ti\u011fi kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n jeolojik \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yan, yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karken ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 minerallerle zenginle\u015fen mineral oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek sulara maden suyu (kaynak) ya da memba sular\u0131 denildi\u011fini biliyoruz.<\/p>\n

Bu sular genellikle damacana ya da \u015fi\u015felerde sat\u0131\u015fa sunuluyor. Bunlarda ruhsat al\u0131n\u0131rken bir tek (Toplam Alfa ve Toplam Beta) radyoaktivite \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131l\u0131yor, kontrol \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise bilinmiyor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yerle\u015fim yerlerinde, k\u00f6ylerde sular\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fmelerden al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u00e7ildi\u011fi ve kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. \u00c7e\u015fme sular\u0131nda herhangi bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili bir bilgiye ise yay\u0131nlarda rastlanm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00c7izelge 3. Markalara g\u00f6re suda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen uranyum miktar\u0131 (\u03bcg\/litre).
Not: 0,0 de\u011feri, uranyum deri\u015fiminin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc aleti duyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya da uranyum yok denecek kadar az anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. (5)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Almanya\u2019daki bir kurulu\u015f d\u00fcnyadaki 1360 marka i\u00e7me suyundaki, Hollanda\u2019da yap\u0131lan uranyum \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini uzun bir listede yay\u0131ml\u0131yor. (5) Bu listede yer alan T\u00fcrkiye kaynakl\u0131 sular ve bunlarda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen uranyum miktarlar\u0131 litrede mikrogram (\u00b5g\/litre) olarak \u00c7izelge 3\u2019te bulunuyor (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u00e7me sular\u0131nda uranyum analizleri yap\u0131lm\u0131yor ve yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gere\u011fi de ilgili y\u00f6netmelikte \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor).<\/p>\n

Not: 0,0 de\u011feri, uranyum deri\u015fiminin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc aleti duyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya da uranyum yok denecek kadar az anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. (5)<\/p>\n

\u00c7izelge 3\u2019teki listeden g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bir\u00e7ok suda uranyum miktar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Efe Madran suyunda ise uranyum miktar\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. K\u0131z\u0131lcahamam suyunda da olduk\u00e7a fazla uranyum bulunuyor. Bu listedeki kaynak sular\u0131, kontrol analizleriyle daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 incelenmeli, \u00f6zellikle Efe maden sular\u0131yla ilgili herhangi bir \u00f6nlem gerekip gerekmedi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer sulardaki kontrol \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinde, uranyum de\u011ferleri \u00c7izelge 3\u2019teki kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kal\u0131yorlarsa (ya da sonu\u00e7lar g\u00f6sterge s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferleri olan yeti\u015fkinler i\u00e7in litrede 10 mikrogram, bebekler i\u00e7in litrede 2 mikrogram\u0131n alt\u0131ndaysa), bu sular\u0131n i\u00e7ilmesinde uranyum y\u00f6n\u00fcnden bir sak\u0131nca bulunmamakla birlikte, di\u011fer radyoizotoplar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra kesin karar verilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Listedeki Efe Madran suyundaki litrede 40 mikrograml\u0131k uranyum miktar\u0131, g\u00f6sterge s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferlerinin \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcndedir. Ancak, bunun radyoaktivitesi sadece 1 Bq kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr (Do\u011fal uranyumun \u00f6zg\u00fcl radyoaktivitesi: 25380 Bq\/gram). Uranyumun, v\u00fccuda radyasyon etkisinden \u00f6nce, kimyasal zehirlili\u011finin belirleyici oldu\u011fuyla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7in bkz. (5)<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Karadeniz i\u00e7me sular\u0131nda radon \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri<\/strong>: Bu b\u00f6lgede yap\u0131lan Radon 222 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 5 ile 18 Bq\/litre aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyor. (10)<\/p>\n

Konya yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131nda yap\u0131lan radon \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>: Konya merkezde musluk sular\u0131 yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131yor. Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, kuyulardan al\u0131nan \u00f6rneklerdeki radon miktar\u0131, bahar ve yaz mevsimlerinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve litrede 30 Bq\u2019in alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. (11) Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada da, bizim de vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, benzer su analizlerinin yurt genelinde i\u00e7me sular\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ayr\u0131ca sadece radon miktar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesiyle kal\u0131nmamas\u0131, bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra di\u011fer radyoizotoplar\u0131n da \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesinin yararl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6neriliyor.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki kapl\u0131ca sular\u0131ndaki (termal sulardaki) radon \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri<\/strong>: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapl\u0131ca sular\u0131nda radon \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda Prof. Dr. Kerim \u00d6mer \u00c7a\u011flar ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla ba\u015fl\u0131yor. (12) Bursa ve \u0130neg\u00f6l \u00e7evresindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli kapl\u0131ca sular\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen radon radyoaktivite de\u011ferleri litrede Becquerel (Bq\/L) olarak 6 ile 209 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6steriyor (Eski, EMAN = 10 -10<\/sup><\/strong> Curie\/litre birimiyle verilen de\u011ferler, yeni birim Bq\/litre\u2019ye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir). Ancak 70 y\u0131l \u00f6nceki bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, h\u00e2l\u00e2 ge\u00e7erli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptamak i\u00e7in yeni \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler gerekiyor. Yeralt\u0131na s\u0131zan ya\u011fmur ve di\u011fer sularla, ayr\u0131ca tektonik hareketler, s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi gibi daha bir dizi nedenlerle yeralt\u0131 suyunun kimyas\u0131n\u0131n zamanla de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda Bursa b\u00f6lgesindeki termal sular\u0131n radon aktiviteleri 2,5 – 83 Bq\/L (15) aras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Dr. N. \u00c7elebi\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00e7e\u015fitli kapl\u0131calar\u0131 i\u00e7in verdi\u011fi radon \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm de\u011ferleri 380 Bq\/L\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. (4, s.95)<\/p>\n

Konya b\u00f6lgesindeki termal kaynaklarda F. \u00d6zdemir radon 222 deri\u015fiminin ilkbaharda 70 Bq\/L\u2019in alt\u0131nda, yaz mevsiminde ise 35 Bq\/L\u2019nin alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. (16)<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Anadolu termal sular\u0131 i\u00e7in radon deri\u015fimlerinin 6 Bq\/L ve Afyonkarahisar i\u00e7in 45 Bq\/L alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor. (16) Seferihisar \u00e7evresindeki termal sularda radon derisimi genellikle \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olup 56 Bq\/L\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. (17)<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki de\u011ferler, Almanya ve Avusturya\u2019daki radon kapl\u0131calar\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen 3000 Bq\/litre\u2019nin \u00fczerindeki de\u011ferlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. (4) Bu gibi y\u00fcksek radon deri\u015fimli kapl\u0131calara giren \u00f6rne\u011fin romatizmal\u0131 hastalar\u0131n g\u00fcnde sadece 20 dakika suda kalmalar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan v\u00fccudun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 radyasyon dozu da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kal\u0131yor. 10 g\u00fcnl\u00fck banyo uygulamas\u0131nda radondan v\u00fccudun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 doz, do\u011fal radyasyon dozunun alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki baz\u0131 i\u00e7melerde 3200 Bq\/L\u2019ye varan y\u00fcksek radon aktiviteleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (4, s.83). \u0130\u00e7meler ad\u0131ndaki bu sular\u0131n \u00e7evredekilerce ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde i\u00e7ildi\u011fiyle ilgili bir bilgiye ise literat\u00fcrde rastlanm\u0131yor. Bu sulardaki, radonun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra uranyum ve di\u011fer \u00f6nemli radyoizotoplar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmeli ve \u00e7evre halk\u0131n\u0131n bu sulardan g\u00fcnde ne kadar i\u00e7ti\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak \u00f6nlemlere gerek olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmelidir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, halk\u0131n i\u00e7ti\u011fi kaynak sular\u0131yla, farkl\u0131 \u015febeke sular\u0131nda, (\u00f6zellikle uranyum, toryum ve bunlar\u0131n bozunma \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu topraklardaki sularda) Almanya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019deki gibi \u00e7ok daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 radyoizotop \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar ve Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) http:\/\/www.bfs.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/BfS\/DE\/berichte\/ion\/20060812Mineralwasser2.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1<\/p>\n

2) http:\/\/doris.bfs.de\/jspui\/bitstream\/urn:nbn:de:0221-2012120510259\/3\/BfS-SCHR-50-12.pdf<\/p>\n

3) https:\/\/www.foodwatch.org\/uploads\/media\/Uran-in-Mineralwasser_20090518_01.pdf<\/p>\n

4) Radyasyon ve Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, Y.Atakan, Nobel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 2014 (USCEAR, WHO, IPA ve BfS de\u011ferleri, s.20, 76)<\/p>\n

5) http:\/\/www.strahlentelex.de\/uran_Mineralwasser-Messwerte.htm (\u00c7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerin ve T\u00fcrkiye maden sular\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen uranyum de\u011ferleri)<\/p>\n

6) http:\/\/www.fs-ev.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/05_SSP\/Probeartikel\/Probeartikel_2014_1.pdf<\/p>\n

7) Doz katsay\u0131lar\u0131: APPROVED PROCEDURE FOR DOSE ASSESSMENTGUIDELINE RSG05, 1997.<\/p>\n

8) Kant. Laboratorium BS Seite 1 von 4 Mineralwasser_2012.doc 21.08.2012, Dr. M. Zehringer Mineralwasser \/Elemente, Radioaktivit\u00e4t.<\/p>\n

9) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kaynak sular\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, \u015e. \u015eim\u015fek (internete bkz).<\/p>\n

10) Do\u011fu Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7me sular\u0131nda Radon 222 analizleri, Nevzat Damla et.all, Karadeniz Teknik \u00dcniversitesi.<\/p>\n

11) Konya i\u00e7me sular\u0131nda Radon 222 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri, Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcniv.<\/p>\n

12) http:\/\/dergi.mta.gov.tr\/mtadergi\/36_9.pdf<\/p>\n

13) https:\/\/www.ekoloji.com.tr\/resimler\/76-9.pdf<\/p>\n

14) Variation of 222Rn in Public Drinking Water Supplies. Drane, W. K., York, E. L., Hightower, J. H. III; Watson, J. E. Jr., Health Physics, Dec.1997.<\/p>\n

15) Gurler O, Akar U, Kahraman A, Yalcin S, Kaynak G, Gundogdu O.; Measurements of Radon Levels in Thermal Waters of Bursa Turkey, Fresenius Environ Bull. 2010;19:3013-3017.<\/p>\n

16) Konyan\u0131n termal sular\u0131nda 222 Rn konsantrasyonu de\u011fi\u015fiminin incelenmesi, Fatih \u00d6zdemir, Aral\u0131k 2013 Konya Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcniv.<\/p>\n

17) Termal Sular\u0131n Radyoaktivite ve Kimyasal \u0130\u00e7eriklerinin \u0130ncelenmesi; \u0130zmir, Seferihisar
\nB\u00f6lgesi \u00d6rne\u011fi Berkay Camg\u00f6z et.all., Ekoloji 19, 76, 78-87 (2010) doi: 10.5053\/ekoloji.2010.76<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, halk\u0131n i\u00e7ti\u011fi kaynak sular\u0131yla, farkl\u0131 \u015febeke sular\u0131nda, (\u00f6zellikle uranyum, toryum ve bunlar\u0131n bozunma \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu topraklardaki sularda) Almanya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019deki gibi \u00e7ok daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 radyoizotop \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Yerkabu\u011funda (toprakta, kaya\u00e7larda) do\u011fal olarak bulunan \u00f6zellikle uranyum ve toryum ile bunlardan t\u00fcreyen radyum 226, radon 222, polonyum 210 ve kur\u015fun 212 gibi daha […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":560,"featured_media":16367,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[181,217,33],"tags":[1924,1600,425],"class_list":["post-16366","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-144-sayi","category-cevre-bilimleri","category-saglik-bilimleri","tag-icme-suyu","tag-radyasyon","tag-saglik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t