{"id":16547,"date":"2016-01-01T12:44:41","date_gmt":"2016-01-01T10:44:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=16547"},"modified":"2018-01-12T13:05:19","modified_gmt":"2018-01-12T10:05:19","slug":"sermayenin-dogal-dongusu-kriz-issizlik-ve-kadin-emegi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2016\/01\/01\/sermayenin-dogal-dongusu-kriz-issizlik-ve-kadin-emegi","title":{"rendered":"Sermayenin do\u011fal d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc:\u00a0Kriz, i\u015fsizlik ve kad\u0131n eme\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Krizler, sermayenin \u00fcretimiyle, hareketiyle ili\u015fkili. Krizle ba\u015f etme \u201cy\u00f6ntem\u201dlerinden biri olan i\u015fsizlik, yine bu hareketin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn\u201d i\u00e7erisinde bir yere sahip. Di\u011fer taraftan i\u015fsizlik meselesinde kad\u0131n eme\u011fi, krizden \u00e7\u0131kmada hem bir \u201cf\u0131rsat\u201d hem de bir \u201ccezaland\u0131rma\u201d i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olgular en genel d\u00fczeyde sermayenin hareket yasalar\u0131yla ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, birbirlerini hem \u00fcretmekte hem de beslemektedir. <\/em><\/p>\n

Kapitalist krizler, i\u015fsizlik ve kad\u0131n eme\u011fi olgular\u0131n\u0131 birbiriyle ili\u015fkisellikleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu yaz\u0131da ilk \u00f6nce kapitalizm ve kriz meselesine de\u011finmeye, kapitalizmin kriz \u00fcreten potansiyellerini g\u00f6stermeye ve bunun sermayenin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan \u201cp\u00fcr\u00fcz\u201dlerle ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funa vurgu yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Sermayenin genel hareket yasalar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda krizi kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n bir hareket yasas\u0131 olarak ortaya koyan tek okul, ekonomi politi\u011fin Marksist ele\u015ftirisidir. Kapitalizmin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi s\u00fcrekli olarak kriz \u00fcreten bir sistem oldu\u011fu, di\u011fer iktisat okullar\u0131nca hep yads\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Savran, 2008) Bununla birlikte i\u015fsizlik olgusunun kapitalist krizler ba\u011flam\u0131nda nas\u0131l ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, bu iki olgu aras\u0131nda kuraca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ili\u015fkisellik ile g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. \u201cYedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusu\u201d \u015feklinde ele alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015fsizlik meselesi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn belki de en yak\u0131c\u0131 olgular\u0131ndan biri. Bu \u201csorun\u201du daha fazla istihdam, e\u011fitime eri\u015fim vb. ile \u00e7\u00f6zemeyece\u011fimiz ortada. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Kapital<\/em>\u2019de Marx\u2019\u0131n bize g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, i\u015fsizlik bizzat sermayenin hareket yasalar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir olgudur. Dahas\u0131 sermaye birikiminde i\u015fsizlik muazzam bir \u201cpozitif\u201d rol oynar. \u0130\u015fte tam da bu a\u015famada kad\u0131n eme\u011fini devreye sokup, bu \u00fc\u00e7 olgunun birbiriyle nas\u0131l da \u201cuyum\u201d i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\/i\u015fledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Kad\u0131n eme\u011fi, hem sermaye birikimi s\u00fcrecine i\u00e7erilirken hem de kapitalist krizler ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir konu. Sermaye birikimine i\u00e7erilme s\u00fcrecinde olsun, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin bizzat i\u00e7inde olsun ve i\u015fsizli\u011fe s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmede olsun, t\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde patriarka ve kapitalizmin muazzam bir uyum i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k olmaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Sermaye birikimi ve kriz<\/strong>[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kapitalizmin krizlerini nas\u0131l anlamak gerekir? Bir tak\u0131m spek\u00fclat\u00f6rlerin a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak m\u0131? Piyasalar\u0131n iyi y\u00f6netilememesi ya da kitlelerin yoksulla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu az t\u00fcketmeleri olarak m\u0131? Kapitalizm \u201cba\u015f\u0131na buyruk\u201d oldu\u011fundan, devlet m\u00fcdahalesi yeterince yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ya da a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00e2r h\u0131rslar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden mi \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r krizler? Peki, yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca<\/strong> bir olgu (kriz) s\u00fcrekli ve d\u00fczenli olarak tekrarlan\u0131yorsa burada biraz durup d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekmez mi? Bir \u201chata\u201d, hem de \u00f6nemli bir \u201chata\u201d, kapitalizmin tarihi boyunca tekrar ediyorsa burada \u201chata\u201ddan s\u00f6z edilebilir mi? Yoksa krizler bir d\u00fczenlilik mi izlemektedir? 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Almanya, ABD gibi \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fanan krizlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f tarihlerini s\u0131ralamak ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 olabilir: 1813, 1825, 1836-39, 1847, 1857, 1866, 1873, 1882-84, 1890-93\u2026 E\u011fer ortada bir \u201chata\u201d yoksa bu d\u00fczenlili\u011fi nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klamak gerekir?<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemsel olarak tekrarlanan krizlerin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi burjuva iktisad\u0131nda hak etti\u011fi yeri bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kriz a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda hep \u201cki\u015fi\u201dler, \u201ckurum\u201dlar sorumlu tutulmu\u015ftur. Asla krizin ana dinami\u011fi, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7sel i\u015fleyi\u015fi<\/strong> ile birlikte ele al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ele\u015ftiri sadece soldan iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan da yap\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. Burjuva iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 krizi anlama ve \u00f6ng\u00f6rme konusunda yetersiz olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kendileri s\u00f6ylemektedirler! \u00d6rne\u011fin \u015fu \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi burada anmadan ge\u00e7meyelim: 2008 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere Krali\u00e7esi Londra Ekonomi Okulu\u2019nu ziyaret eder ve \u201cnas\u0131l olup da hi\u00e7bir iktisat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n krizin gelece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6remedi\u011fi\u201d sorusunu sorar. Krali\u00e7enin bu sorusuna alt\u0131 ay sonra bir mektupla cevap verilir. Mektubun sonu\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u015funlar yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cMajesteleri, \u00f6zet olarak, krizin zamanlamas\u0131n\u0131, kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve ciddiyetini \u00f6ng\u00f6rme ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleme konusundaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k<\/strong>, bir\u00e7ok nedeni olmakla birlikte, esas olarak, hem bu \u00fclkede hem de uluslararas\u0131 alanda, bir\u00e7ok parlak insan\u0131n kolektif hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak sisteme y\u00f6nelen riskleri<\/strong> anlama konusundaki bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131<\/strong>.\u201d (akt. Harvey, 2012: 242; vurgular bizim)<\/p>\n

Haz\u0131r \u201crisk\u201dten s\u00f6z a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken \u00e7ok taze bir \u201citiraf\u201dtan daha s\u00f6z etmek anlaml\u0131 olabilir. K\u0131sa ad\u0131 IJCB olan International Journal of Central Banking\u2019in Haziran 2015 tarihli raporunda, Charles I. Plosser isimli yetkili \u015f\u00f6yle bir \u201citiraf\u201dta bulunuyor: \u201cSiyaset \u00e7o\u011fu zaman belirsizlik ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir ortamda yap\u0131l\u0131yor. (\u2026) \u015eu gelinen noktada, bizler h\u00e2l\u00e2 sistemik riskleri<\/strong> tan\u0131mlama ve \u00f6l\u00e7me konusunda zorluklar ya\u015famaktay\u0131z<\/strong>.\u201d (Plosser, 2015: 8; vurgular bizim)<\/p>\n

Bu iki \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnekten de anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi, burjuva iktisad\u0131 kapitalizmin dinamiklerini anlama konusunda kavray\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip de\u011fil. Bu y\u00fczden kriz olgusunu anlamak i\u00e7in Marx\u2019a geri d\u00f6nmeliyiz.<\/p>\n

Kapitalist bir ekonomide krizler, canl\u0131 bir organizmada kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayati rol\u00fcn ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 oynar. Kapitalizmin yeniden-\u00fcretimi i\u00e7in krizler olmazsa olmazd\u0131r. (Harvey, 2014: ix) Krizlerle \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc, krizlere i\u00e7kin bir do\u011fas\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, ayn\u0131 zamanda kapitalizmde krizler hem gerekli hem sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc ve hem de bir \u201cp\u00fcr\u00fcz\u201de i\u015faret eder. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde kapitalizmin hareket yasalar\u0131n\u0131n krizi nas\u0131l m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Kapitalizm ilerledik\u00e7e beraberinde \u00fcretimi de toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Herkes birbirine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r kapitalizmde. \u0130\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 hale gelmi\u015ftir. \u00dcretim muazzam \u00f6l\u00e7ekte toplumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. \u00dcretim par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00fcretimin her bir par\u00e7as\u0131 farkl\u0131 yerde ve dahas\u0131 dilleri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri vs. farkl\u0131 olan, birbirini tan\u0131mayan emek\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r. Buna eme\u011fin uluslararas\u0131 kolektivitesi<\/strong> de denebilir. Ne var ki, tekni\u011fin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla el ele giden \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/strong>deki bu muazzam geli\u015fme sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan toplumsall\u0131k, mevcut \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri<\/strong> ile ciddi bir \u00e7eli\u015fkiye girer. \u00dcretim ile ilgili verilen kararlar son derece plans\u0131z ya da bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle \u201canar\u015fik\u201dtir. Her bir kapitalist kendi biricik \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek hareket eder. \u00dcretimin toplumsal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte planlanmas\u0131 onu hi\u00e7 mi hi\u00e7 ilgilendirmez. \u0130\u015fte bu temel ger\u00e7eklik kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminde krizleri ola\u011fan<\/strong> hale getirir. Di\u011fer taraftan kapitalist rekabetin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 da son derece \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. \u201cKapitalizmin b\u00fct\u00fcn dinami\u011fini, kapitalizmin b\u00fct\u00fcn geli\u015fme yasalar\u0131n\u0131 tayin eden \u015fey rekabettir.\u201d (Mandel, 2008: 339)<\/p>\n

Kapitalist \u00fcretim, t\u00fcketim i\u00e7in de\u011fil k\u00e2r elde etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u201cK\u00e2r kapitalist sistemin kalbidir, ruhudur. Kapitalistler d\u00fc\u015flerinde k\u00e2r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr, ger\u00e7ek ya\u015famda k\u00e2r\u0131n yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re yarg\u0131lan\u0131rlar. T\u00fcm sistemin so\u011fukkanl\u0131, hesap\u00e7\u0131 temeli k\u00e2rda yatar.\u201d (Shaikh, 1985: 83) \u00dcretim s\u00fcreci asl\u0131nda, bir kapitalist i\u00e7in ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lamayan bir halka, para kazan\u0131lmak isteniyorsa katlan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir derttir. (Marx, 2012: 61) Kapitalistin as\u0131l amac\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fcretti\u011fi art\u0131k de\u011fere el koymak ve bu el koyma i\u015fini de s\u00fcrekli k\u0131lmakt\u0131r. Tabii ayn\u0131 \u015fey di\u011fer kapitalistler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Rekabetin kol gezdi\u011fi, tekil kapitalistlerin birbirlerinin g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc oyarcas\u0131na hareket ettikleri bir ortamda kapitalistlerin \u00fcretimi planl\u0131 ve e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fctmeleri s\u00f6z konusu olamaz. \u00dcretimdeki bu \u201canar\u015fik\u201d durum, her bir kapitalistin k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 azamile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in di\u011ferini yok etmesi pahas\u0131na bunu yapmak zorunda olmas\u0131 ya da pazardaki rekabet ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bunu kendisine dayatmas\u0131ndan ileri gelir. B\u00f6ylesine bir yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ortas\u0131nda kapitalist, \u00fcretilen metalar\u0131n birim maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek birinci olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bunun yolu ise eme\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011finin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7er. Marx, Kapital<\/em>\u2019in ilk cildinde \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cMetalarda ucuzluk sa\u011flanmas\u0131 (\u2026) eme\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011fine, ama bu da \u00fcretimin \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d (2011: 605) Bu maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131n kapitaliste dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorunluluk da mekanizasyonu art\u0131rmak, yani daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ve daha geli\u015fkin makineler ile \u00fcretimi \u00f6rg\u00fctlemek, i\u015f\u00e7i ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen i\u015f yo\u011funlu\u011funu art\u0131rmakt\u0131r vs. \u201c[E]me\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011fini y\u00fckseltmek, sermayenin i\u00e7sel bir d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc ve devaml\u0131 bir e\u011filimidir\u201d der Marx. (2011: 312) Elbette bu genel e\u011filim tek bir kapitalist i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu gibi di\u011ferleri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Makinelere yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mdaki art\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcretimin daha fazla makine-yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde \u00fcretimde i\u015fe ko\u015fulan i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yeni bir makine eskiden \u00f6rne\u011fin iki ya da daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7inin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir i\u015fin tek bir i\u015f\u00e7i ile kotar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7ar. Kapitalist \u00fcretimde makinele\u015fme, geni\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i kitlelerinin \u00fczerindeki zahmet ve y\u00fck\u00fc kald\u0131rmak yerine, tam tersi bir sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur: Makinele\u015fmeyle beraber i\u015f\u00e7iler daha fazla say\u0131da at\u0131l hale gelmekte, i\u015fsizlik \u00e7\u0131\u011f gibi b\u00fcy\u00fcmekte<\/strong> ve yap\u0131lan i\u015f de bir o kadar daha teknik ve standart hale b\u00fcr\u00fcnmektedir. (\u201c\u0130\u015fsizlik\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bu konuya tekrardan d\u00f6nece\u011fiz)<\/p>\n

Makinelere yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mdaki art\u0131\u015f \u00f6te taraftan \u00f6nemli bir soruna yol a\u00e7ar. Yat\u0131r\u0131lan sermayeye oranla elde edilen art\u0131k de\u011fer yetersiz hale gelir. Bu da s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc art\u0131k de\u011ferin bizzat kayna\u011f\u0131 emektir, \u00fcretimde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerdir. Art\u0131k de\u011fer oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak makinelere yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mdaki art\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcretimin daha fazla makine-yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi, Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201cKapitalist \u00fcretimin ger\u00e7ek engeli sermayenin bizzat kendisidir\u201d deyi\u015fini an\u0131msat\u0131rcas\u0131na k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6nde bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygular. \u201cK\u00e2r oran\u0131, emek daha az \u00fcretken h\u00e2le geldi\u011finden de\u011fil, aksine eme\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011fi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in azal\u0131r\u201d der Marx. K\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi, artan makinele\u015fmenin bir sonucu olarak daha fazla emek\u00e7inin at\u0131l hale gelmesinden, daha fazla makinenin i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yerine ge\u00e7mesinden ileri gelir. Art\u0131k de\u011ferin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan emek g\u00fcc\u00fc, makinele\u015fmeyle beraber say\u0131sal olarak gitgide azal\u0131r. Makine, i\u015f\u00e7iden daha fazla art\u0131k de\u011fer \u00e7ekmeye hizmet eder. Sermayenin biricik amac\u0131 daha fazla makinele\u015fmeyle i\u015fleri kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n zahmet ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hafifletmek de\u011fil<\/strong>; tersine i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fczerindeki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ve zahmet pahas\u0131na ondan daha fazla art\u0131k de\u011fer \u00e7ekmektir. Ama kapitalist bunu yaparken, rekabetin kol gezdi\u011fi bir ortamda oldu\u011funun da pek\u00e2l\u00e2 fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fin i\u00e7ine tek bir kapitalist de\u011fil, birden fazla kapitalist girdi\u011finde evdeki hesap \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131ya uymaz\u2026 T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131ndaki d\u00fczenli ve periyodik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerde makinele\u015fmeye de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcretimdeki azalan pay\u0131na vurgu yapmak <\/strong>\u00f6ncelik kazanmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc azalan k\u00e2r, makine art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan de\u011fil, emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn azal\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ileri gelir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, makinele\u015fmedeki art\u0131\u015f daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7iyi kap\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcne koymakta<\/strong> bu da s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamakta ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kriz anlar\u0131 asl\u0131nda kapitalizmde \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler ile \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin en yal\u0131n halde g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serildi\u011fi anlard\u0131r. Bu anlamda kapitalizmin \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinin genel bir \u00f6zeti sergilenmi\u015f olur kriz anlar\u0131nda. Marx\u2019\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131n krizlerinde burjuva ekonomisinin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinin ger\u00e7ek yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u015fiddetli bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenmesi g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serilir. (akt. Savran, 2013: 31)<\/p>\n

Kriz ve i\u015fsizlik <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde i\u015fsizlik meselesinin sermayenin genel hareket yasalar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde nas\u0131l bir yer edindi\u011fi ve bu olgunun sermaye birikiminde nas\u0131l \u201chayati\u201d bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmak istiyoruz.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u00f6nce g\u00fcncel bir veri ile ba\u015flayal\u0131m. ILO\u2019nun Global Employment Trends<\/em> adl\u0131 raporunda, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya genelinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 202 milyon ki\u015finin i\u015fsiz oldu\u011fu bilgisi yer almaktad\u0131r. (2014: 11) Ayr\u0131ca bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re bu say\u0131da yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 milyonluk bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rapor bunu \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r: \u201cBu durum, artan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne ayak uydurma konusunda istihdam\u0131n yeterince geni\u015flemedi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.\u201d Rapor gelece\u011fe dair de \u015fu karamsar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcde bulunuyor: \u201cE\u011fer e\u011filim bu y\u00f6nde devam edecek olursa, k\u00fcresel i\u015fsizlik daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fecektir. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu say\u0131 215 milyonu a\u015fm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel kriz \u00f6ncesine denk gelen 2007 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki i\u015fsizlik rakamlar\u0131 ile 2013 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki i\u015fsizlik rakamlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir u\u00e7urum bulunmaktad\u0131r. Rapor\u2019a g\u00f6re, 2007\u2019ye k\u0131yasla 2013\u2019te d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde i\u015fsizler ordusuna yakla\u015f\u0131k 32 milyon ki\u015fi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (2014: 17) Bu, ekonomik krizin i\u015fsizlik ile ili\u015fkisinin kurulmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir veridir.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafik 2003-2018 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki k\u00fcresel i\u015fsizlik e\u011filimleri ve gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik projeksiyonlar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Tablodan da a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi, toplam i\u015fsizlik k\u00fcresel kriz \u00f6ncesi y\u0131llar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde seyretmektedir.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Bir di\u011fer grafik ise OECD \u00fclkelerindeki gen\u00e7 i\u015fsizlik oranlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130spanya, Yunanistan, \u0130talya, Portekiz, \u0130rlanda, Macaristan ve Estonya gibi \u00fclkeler gen\u00e7 i\u015fsizlikte ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eken \u00fclkelerdir.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u015eimdi bu ampirik verilerden hareketle g\u00f6r\u00fcnenin ard\u0131nda yatan ana e\u011filimleri<\/strong> g\u00f6stermeye; i\u015fsizlik meselesini sermayenin hareket yasalar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klamaya, yani \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn\u201d i\u00e7erisinde \u201cpar\u00e7a\u201dn\u0131n (yani \u201ci\u015fsizli\u011fin\u201d) nerede konumland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Harry Braverman, \u00fcnl\u00fc Labor and Monopoly Capital<\/em> isimli kitab\u0131nda i\u015fsizlik ile kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015f mekanizmas\u0131na dair \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yler: \u201cKapitalizmde i\u015fsizlik bir sapma olarak de\u011ferlendirilemez. Bu, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015f mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, birikim s\u00fcrecinin enerjisi taraf\u0131ndan da s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00fcretilir ve absorbe edilir.\u201d (1998: 267) Yazar\u0131n bu g\u00fcncel tespitinin k\u00f6kenine inmek i\u00e7in burada Marx\u2019\u0131n konuyu nas\u0131l ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n anlaml\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

Marx Kapital<\/em>\u2019de i\u015fsizli\u011fin (\u201cyedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusu\u201dnun)[4]<\/a> sermaye birikimindeki yap\u0131sal<\/strong> rol\u00fcne de\u011finir. Yedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusunun b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, hem reel \u00fccretler \u00fczerinde g\u00f6reli bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygular ve kapitalistler istihdam ettikleri i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00fczerinde i\u015fsizlik tehdidini kullanarak bunu istediklerince kullan\u0131rlar ve dahas\u0131 en \u00e7ok arzulad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feyi, yani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ile y\u00fcksek verimlili\u011fi devreye sokarlar. Bu kapitalizmde genel bir e\u011filimdir.<\/p>\n

\u201cKapitalist \u00fcretim, n\u00fcfustaki do\u011fal art\u0131\u015f ile sa\u011flanan kullan\u0131labilir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc miktar\u0131yla asla yetinemez<\/strong>. Rahat bir bi\u00e7imde faaliyet g\u00f6sterebilmek i\u00e7in, kapitalist \u00fcretim bu do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan bir yedek [i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc] ordusunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar.\u201d (Marx, 2011: 613; vurgu bizim)<\/p>\n

Yine bir ba\u015fka yerde Marx emek arz ve talebi yasas\u0131n\u0131n kapitalist \u00fcretimin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u201cdenge\u201dde tutulmas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda i\u015fsizli\u011fin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 role de\u011finir; \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n

\u201cKapitalist \u00fcretimin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fczelli\u011fi, \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iyi durmadan \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i olarak yeniden \u00fcretmekle kalmamas\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u00fcrekli olarak<\/strong> sermaye birikimine oranla bir g\u00f6reli \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i n\u00fcfusu fazlas\u0131 [yani \u2018i\u015fsizlik\u2019, G.\u00c7.] \u00fcretmesidir. B\u00f6ylece, emek arz ve talebi yasas\u0131<\/strong> do\u011fru \u00e7izgi \u00fczerinde tutulur, \u00fccret oynamalar\u0131 kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye uygun s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r<\/strong> ve son olarak i\u015f\u00e7inin kapitaliste bu derece vazge\u00e7ilmez bi\u00e7imde gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclen toplumsal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur.\u201d (2011: 735; vurgular bizim)<\/p>\n

Bu anlamda sermaye birikiminin seyri ile emek g\u00fcc\u00fc metas\u0131n\u0131n at\u0131l b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda i\u00e7sel bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r<\/strong>. \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve etki g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin artmas\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan i\u015f daha az h\u00fcnerli hale gelmekte ve bu da sermayeyi daha h\u00fcnerli i\u015f\u00e7ileri daha az h\u00fcnerli i\u015f\u00e7iler ile de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlamaktad\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle der Marx Kapital<\/em>\u2019de:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n ve eme\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011finin geli\u015fmesi \u2026 kapitalisti, ayn\u0131 miktarda de\u011fi\u015fir sermaye harcamas\u0131yla bireysel emek g\u00fc\u00e7lerini geni\u015fli\u011fine ya da derinli\u011fine daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u00f6m\u00fcrerek, daha fazla emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc harekete ge\u00e7irebilecek duruma sokar. Ayr\u0131ca \u2026 kapitalist, gittik\u00e7e artan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde h\u00fcnerli i\u015f\u00e7ileri daha az h\u00fcnerli olanlar\u0131yla, olgun emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc hen\u00fcz olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f emek g\u00fcc\u00fcyle, erkek i\u015f\u00e7ileri kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerle, yeti\u015fkin i\u015f\u00e7ileri gen\u00e7lerle ya da \u00e7ocuklarla de\u011fi\u015ftirerek<\/strong>, ayn\u0131 miktarda sermaye ile daha fazla emek g\u00fcc\u00fc sat\u0131n al\u0131r.\u201d (2011: 614; vurgu bizim)<\/p>\n

Marx, i\u015fsizli\u011fin ya da di\u011fer deyi\u015fle \u2018art\u0131k n\u00fcfus\u2019un kapitalist birikimin bir kald\u0131rac\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026i\u015f\u00e7i n\u00fcfusu, bizzat kendisi taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen sermaye birikimi ile birlikte, giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, kendisinin g\u00f6reli art\u0131k n\u00fcfus haline getirilmesinin ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00fcretiyor. Bu, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc bir n\u00fcfus yasas\u0131d\u0131r; (\u2026) e\u011fer \u2026 art\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7i n\u00fcfusu, birikimin ya da kapitalist temel \u00fczerinde zenginli\u011fin geli\u015fmesinin zorunlu bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcyse, bu art\u0131k n\u00fcfus da, tersine, kapitalist \u00fcretimin kald\u0131rac\u0131<\/strong>, evet, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n bir varl\u0131k ko\u015fulu<\/strong> haline gelir.\u201d (2011: 610; vurgular bizim)<\/p>\n

G\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bulunuyoruz ki, i\u015fsizlik (art\u0131k n\u00fcfus) kapitalizm i\u00e7in olmazsa olmazd\u0131r; bu kapitalizmin varl\u0131k ko\u015fuludur. Elbette bunun, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u00fccretler \u00fczerinde, yani emek piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi ve denetlenmesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretlerinin genel hareketleri, yaln\u0131zca ekonomik \u00e7evrimin d\u00f6nemsel de\u011fi\u015fmelerine uygun olarak yedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen geni\u015fleme ve daralmalar taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenir. Meselenin bir de \u015fu boyutu vard\u0131r: Kapitalistler aras\u0131ndaki k\u0131yas\u0131ya rekabet makinele\u015fmeyi art\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dcretim daha karma\u015f\u0131k, daha \u00fcst d\u00fczey makinelerle ve daha geli\u015fkin bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile yap\u0131l\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce 2 i\u015f\u00e7inin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir i\u015f 1 i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r.[5]<\/a> \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fccretini \u00fcretti\u011fi s\u00fcre gitgide k\u0131sal\u0131r ve emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011feri e\u011filimsel olarak d\u00fc\u015fer; ama tersine kapitalistler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n zenginli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterir. Emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretim s\u00fcresinin gitgide k\u0131sal\u0131yor olu\u015fu kapitalizmin genel bir e\u011filimidir. Rekabetten gelen bir zorlamayla daha az i\u015f\u00e7iyle daha \u00e7ok i\u015f \u00e7\u0131karma e\u011filimi, kapitalizmin genel bir e\u011filimidir<\/strong>; dahas\u0131 bu \u015fey ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki rekabeti de kam\u00e7\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131ndan \u00fccretler \u00fczerinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6nde bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygular.[6]<\/a> \u015eunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim; i\u015f\u00e7iler hem kendilerini daha ucuza satmak i\u00e7in s\u0131raya girerler hem de makinele\u015fmenin art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte bir i\u015fin daha az i\u015f\u00e7iyle yap\u0131lmas\u0131 e\u011filimi ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de bir rekabete yol a\u00e7ar. \u00d6rne\u011fin emperyalist bir \u00fclkenin kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, \u00fcretimi Asya, Afrika, G\u00fcney Amerika gibi kimi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerine kayd\u0131rarak otomobil montaj\u0131 i\u015fini, daha ucuza yapt\u0131rmakla d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki rekabeti k\u00f6r\u00fckler. Bunu \u015f\u00f6yle yapar: Kendi \u00fclkesindeki fabrikay\u0131 kapat\u0131r, i\u015f\u00e7ilerine yol verir; ama ayn\u0131 i\u015fi az \u00f6nce sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fclkelerin herhangi birinde daha ucuza yapt\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Tabii bu, d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6lmeye de hizmet eder. Geli\u015fmi\u015f emperyalist \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 bir antipatinin y\u00fckseliyor olu\u015fu bununla ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

Makinelerin art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yetkinle\u015fmesiyle i\u015f daha da yal\u0131n bir h\u00e2le gelir. Bunun sonucunda i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6zel ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferini yitirir. \u0130\u015f, herkesin yapabilece\u011fi kadar basit bir h\u00e2le gelir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, i\u015f ne denli basitse ve i\u015fin \u00f6\u011frenilmesi de benzer \u015fekilde ne denli kolaysa; i\u015fe al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in gerekli \u00fcretim maliyeti o kadar d\u00fc\u015fer ve t\u00fcm bunlar da \u00fccretler \u00fczerinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6nde bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygular. Braverman, i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn zaman i\u00e7erisinde artma e\u011filimi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Ona g\u00f6re, artan i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc eme\u011fin ucuzlamas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir etkide bulunur. Bu ise i\u015fin yerine getirilmesinde gereken becerilerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ile yap\u0131l\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n \u00fcretkenlik \u00fczerinde pozitif bir etkisi vard\u0131r. (Sawyer, 1989: 61)<\/p>\n

Bir kapitalist, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kendi \u00fcrettiklerinin sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ister ve bunun i\u00e7in de rakiplerinin kendi i\u015f\u00e7ilerine y\u00fcksek \u00fccret vermesini bekler. Ama kendisi, kendi i\u015f\u00e7isine m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az vermek ister. Ama di\u011fer kapitalistler de ayn\u0131 \u015feyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u0130\u015fte bu durum kapitalizmin temel bir \u00e7eli\u015fkisidir. \u00d6te taraftan sermayeyi \u00fcreten tek g\u00fc\u00e7 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yken, rekabetten gelen bir zorlamayla kapitalistin daha az i\u015f\u00e7i ile daha y\u00fcksek verimlili\u011fi elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da bir ba\u015fka \u00e7eli\u015fkidir. Kapitalist, elinden geldi\u011fince i\u015f\u00e7iye az vermeye, ama ondan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca \u00e7ok \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026proletaryan\u0131n mutlak b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve eme\u011finin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fc ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa, yedek [i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc] ordusu da o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olur. (\u2026) Yani, yedek [i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc] ordusunun g\u00f6reli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, zenginlik potansiyeli ile birlikte artar. Ama, bu yedek ordunun faal orduya oran\u0131 ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckse, sefaletleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda katland\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fkenceyle ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak artan art\u0131k n\u00fcfus o kadar y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal \u015fekilde yerle\u015fiklik kazan\u0131r.\u201d (Marx, 2011: 622)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fsizlik meselesinde \u00fccretlerin seyri ve yedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusu aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00f6ylesine \u00f6nemlidir ki, bu genel e\u011filimden hareketle \u201cazgeli\u015fmi\u015flik\u201d olgusunu tan\u0131mlayan Marksist iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin Mandel, Fritz Sternberg\u2019e referansla bu konuyu \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klar: \u201cMarksist bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, yani emek de\u011fer teorisinin tutarl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden hareketle, azgeli\u015fmi\u015flik, en nihayetinde, hem niceliksel olarak (kitlesel i\u015fsizlik ile) hem de niteliksel olarak (eme\u011fin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fcretkenli\u011fi ile) her zaman bir eksik istihdam durumudur.\u201d (1976: 60-61)<\/p>\n

Kriz, kad\u0131n eme\u011fi ve i\u015fsizlik <\/strong><\/p>\n

Birbiriyle kesi\u015fen ve birbirini i\u00e7eren kriz, kad\u0131n eme\u011fi ve i\u015fsizlik konusu kapitalizmin neoliberal d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zellikle mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131nmay\u0131 hak ediyor. Zira kapitalizmin 1970\u2019lerde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iktisadi krizden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f \u201ctedbir\u201dleri aras\u0131nda kad\u0131n eme\u011fi daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu konuda sadece Asya deneyimi bile meselenin ne kadar yak\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretici oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye yetecektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu \u00fclkelerin \u00e7o\u011fu 1970\u2019lerden bu yana ihracata y\u00f6nelik sanayile\u015fme stratejisi uygulad\u0131lar ve ihracata y\u00f6nelik sanayile\u015fme de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kad\u0131n eme\u011fine dayan\u0131yordu. (Yaman \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, 2010: 105) A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo bu durumu \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. 1970 ile 2008 aras\u0131nda Hong Kong, Kore, Singapur ve Tayvan\u2019da kad\u0131n emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131m oranlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmektedir.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n ve erkek eme\u011fi aras\u0131nda, k\u00f6kleri \u00e7ok eskilere uzanan ve patriarka<\/strong> ile a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 akla uygun olan \u201ce\u015fitsiz geli\u015fme\u201dden dolay\u0131, emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlerde ve kapitalistlerin emek maliyetlerinden olabildi\u011fince k\u0131smak istedi\u011fi, rekabetin son derece sert ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde kad\u0131n eme\u011finin kullan\u0131m\u0131 kapitalistler i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikli tercih konusu olagelmi\u015ftir. Bu durum kimi sekt\u00f6rlerin \u201ckad\u0131nla\u015fma\u201ds\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Temizlik, bak\u0131m, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, bankac\u0131l\u0131k, tekstil gibi sekt\u00f6rler \u201ckad\u0131nla\u015fan\u201d sekt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir. Guy Standing, kapitalizmin neoliberalizm d\u00f6neminde i\u015flerin giderek artan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yerle\u015fmesini, \u201ceme\u011fin kad\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131na dair k\u00fcresel bir e\u011filim\u201d olarak a\u00e7\u0131klar. (2015: 108) Standing\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u201ckad\u0131nla\u015fma\u201d iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r; bir taraftan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha fazla say\u0131da i\u015f pozisyonuna yerle\u015fmesi, di\u011fer taraftan da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yapageldi\u011fi esnek i\u015flerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131. Yazara g\u00f6re, eme\u011fin enformelle\u015fmesi, hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geni\u015flemesi ve serbest \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgelerinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n istihdam edilmesi \u201ckad\u0131nla\u015fma\u201d e\u011filimin sacayaklar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. (2015: 108-09) Tarihsel bir e\u011filim olarak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadarki s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00f6rne\u011fin b\u00fcro i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcndeki cinsiyet bile\u015fiminde dramatik bir de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk ba\u015flarda yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde erkeklerin istihdam edildi\u011fi b\u00fcro i\u015fleri zaman i\u00e7erisinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 alanlar haline gelmi\u015ftir. Yani, Braverman\u2019a yaslanarak diyebiliriz ki, yap\u0131lan i\u015fin gerektirdi\u011fi becerinin azalmas\u0131, erkek eme\u011fi yerine kad\u0131n eme\u011finin ge\u00e7i\u015fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Sawyer, 1989: 63)<\/p>\n

Kapitalizmin krize girdi\u011fi anlarda \u201ckad\u0131nla\u015fan\u201d sekt\u00f6rlerde istihdam edilen kad\u0131n emek\u00e7ilerin ciddi bir i\u015fsizlikle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2001 krizinde ya\u015fanan kitlesel \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmalardan kad\u0131nlar fazlas\u0131yla etkilenmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fsizlik oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 6\u2019lardan y\u00fczde 10\u2019lara y\u00fckseldi\u011fi bu d\u00f6nemde kad\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde 33\u2019\u00fc i\u015fini kaybetmi\u015ftir. 2001 krizinde a\u011f\u0131r darbe alan ve en \u00e7ok i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7\u0131kartan sekt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda bankac\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir. Krizden \u00f6nceki 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 170 bin iken, bu say\u0131 krizle birlikte 135 bine kadar gerilemi\u015ftir. Melda Yaman, Nuray Erg\u00fcne\u015f\u2019le birlikte sunduklar\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada 2001 krizinin banka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 kad\u0131nlara etkisini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cG\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz kad\u0131nlar krizin ba\u015f\u0131nda i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hepsi, krizle birlikte banka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011funun i\u015fini kaybetti\u011fini kaydetti. Bunlardan biri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bankan\u0131n krizde tasfiye oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Tasfiye i\u015fleminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda t\u00fcm kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u2026 belirtti.\u201d (Yaman, 2013: 174-75)<\/p>\n

Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek de 2008 krizinden. Bu kriz ile birlikte 100 binden fazla say\u0131da kad\u0131na istihdam sa\u011flayan Afrika tekstil end\u00fcstrisi, ithalat\u0131n durmas\u0131 ile birlikte \u00e7\u00f6kme noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015f ve bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u015flerini kaybetmi\u015ftir. (Balta, 2014: 86)<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde istihdam edildi\u011fi sekt\u00f6rlerde, bir kriz ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde i\u015flerini ilk kaybedenler \u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131nlar olmaktad\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tekrardan bir i\u015f bulmas\u0131 ise erkeklere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha zor olmaktad\u0131r: \u201cBir kad\u0131n, krizin ba\u015f\u0131nda kendisinin ve bankada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kocas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; kocas\u0131 birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde i\u015f bulurken kendisinin y\u0131llarca i\u015fsiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131.\u201d (Yaman, 2013: 175)<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafik 2002-2017 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde kad\u0131n ve erkeklerdeki i\u015fsizli\u011fi g\u00f6stermektedir. (ILO, 2012: 5) A\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi kad\u0131n i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 erkek i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde seyretmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Di\u011fer taraftan kad\u0131nlar, erkeklere k\u0131yasla genel olarak istihdama kat\u0131l\u0131mda geri planda yer almaktad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafik 2009 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015f\u0131nda bulunan kad\u0131n ve erkek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n (48,0) erkeklere (72,8) k\u0131yasla i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, grafikten de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Kriz durumu kad\u0131n eme\u011fini hem d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakmakta (i\u015fsizlik ile) hem de i\u00e7ermektedir (g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam ile). Bu anlamda kad\u0131n eme\u011finin krizin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in bir \u201ctedbir\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi de hesaba kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n neoliberal d\u00f6nemde ni\u00e7in artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusu \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczde durmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1970\u2019lerdeki kriz (uzun kriz) d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda sermayenin yeniden-yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015fti.[9]<\/a> Sermayenin eme\u011fe sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ile karakterize olan bu d\u00f6nemde, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak sosyal haklar\u0131nda gerilemeler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, emek esnekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve g\u00fcvencesizlik bir istisna olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p adeta bir kural haline gelmi\u015ftir ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 bug\u00fcn de devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sermayenin bu krize cevab\u0131, eme\u011fin esnekle\u015ftirilmesi ve ucuzlat\u0131lmas\u0131 olmu\u015f ve daha \u00e7ok kad\u0131n eme\u011fi \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan etmenlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

a) Yoksulluk nedeniyle kad\u0131nlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmesi.<\/p>\n

b) \u00dcretimin emek yo\u011fun niteli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

c) \u0130\u015fin niteli\u011finin \u00f6rg\u00fc, diki\u015f gibi \u201ckad\u0131n i\u015fi\u201d olarak nitelenen ev i\u015flerinin uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi.<\/p>\n

d) Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n uysal olmalar\u0131n\u0131 bekleyen toplumsal cinsiyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

e) Kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in \u201celveri\u015fli\u201d oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen ev eksenli i\u015flerin \u00f6nemi.<\/p>\n

f) \u0130hracat\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131n, talebi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n geleneksel olarak istihdam edildi\u011fi sekt\u00f6rlere kayd\u0131rmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

g) Kad\u0131n emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ucuz olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimin \u201cfeminizasyonu\u201dnu te\u015fvik etmesi.<\/p>\n

h) Guy Standing ise bu konuda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n sendikal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn zay\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fcne dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Ona g\u00f6re emek piyasas\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle tam zamanl\u0131 i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sendikal\u0131 erkek i\u015f\u00e7ilerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn zay\u0131flamas\u0131 i\u015fverenlere ucuz kad\u0131n emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc erkek emek g\u00fcc\u00fcyle ikame etme olana\u011f\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. (Yaman \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, 2010: 115)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu parametreler bize, kapitalizmin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, patriarkan\u0131n da yard\u0131m\u0131yla, kendi uzun krizini a\u015fmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kad\u0131n emek g\u00fcc\u00fcne yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Kapitalizmin kad\u0131n eme\u011fini \u201ci\u00e7ermesi\u201d konusundan kast\u0131m\u0131z genel olarak budur. Kapitalizm kad\u0131n eme\u011fini i\u00e7erirken, kad\u0131n\u0131n somut eme\u011fi<\/strong> \u00fczerinden kad\u0131nla bir toplumsal ili\u015fki kurar.[10]<\/a> Ama bu durum kendi i\u00e7inde bir \u201c\u00e7eli\u015fki\u201dyi de bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Kriz i\u00e7in bir \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d olan kad\u0131n eme\u011fi, \u201ckad\u0131nla\u015fan\u201d sekt\u00f6rlerde bir kriz ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde yine ayn\u0131 kad\u0131n eme\u011fi i\u00e7in bu kriz bir \u201cd\u0131\u015flama\u201dya yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Bu anlamda konu iki y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ele al\u0131nabilir. Ayr\u0131ca kriz d\u00f6nemi, i\u015fsizli\u011fin \u00e7\u0131\u011f gibi b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, d\u00fczenli i\u015f bulman\u0131n gitgide zorla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dahas\u0131 aile gelirinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi gibi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcm bu y\u00fckler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kad\u0131na y\u00fcklenir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 2008-9 k\u00fcresel krizi kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok olumsuzlu\u011fu beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Daha \u00f6nceki krizlerde ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bir yandan kad\u0131n i\u015fsizli\u011fi erkek i\u015fsizli\u011finden daha y\u00fcksek oranda seyretmi\u015f; k\u0131rdan kente g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ya\u015fanmas\u0131 kentlerdeki y\u00fcksek i\u015fsizlikle birle\u015fince bu durum kad\u0131nlar\u0131 enformel i\u015flere y\u00f6neltmek zorunda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dahas\u0131 krizle birlikte hanehalk\u0131 gelirlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi, artan i\u015fsizlik ve yoksulla\u015fma, hanelerin t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, daha \u00f6nce piyasadan kar\u015f\u0131lanan \u00fcr\u00fcnler evde \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. (Dedeo\u011flu ve Yaman \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, 2010: 22)<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n eme\u011fi \u2018h\u00e2kim istihdam bi\u00e7imi\u2019 olur mu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bitirmeden bir ba\u015fka konuya daha de\u011finmek istiyoruz. \u00dcretimin gitgide otomatla\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u201cbasitle\u015fmesi\u201d, erkek eme\u011fine g\u00f6re ucuz olan kad\u0131n eme\u011finin gitgide \u201ch\u00e2kim istihdam bi\u00e7imi\u201d olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar m\u0131? Kapitalizmin ilk d\u00f6nemleri i\u00e7in -bilhassa da \u0130ngiltere \u00f6zelinde- bu tarz bir e\u011filim vard\u0131. Engels, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130nsan eme\u011fi, hem e\u011firme hem de dokuma s\u0131ras\u0131nda temel olarak kopmu\u015f iplikleri birle\u015ftirmekten ibarettir. Gerisini makine yapar. Bu i\u015f kas g\u00fcc\u00fcnden \u00e7ok parmak esnekli\u011fini gerektirir. Bu y\u00fczden bu i\u015f i\u00e7in erkeklere ihtiya\u00e7 yoktur. Erkeklerin elleri \u00e7ok kasl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan kad\u0131nlar ve \u00e7ocuklar bu i\u015fi daha iyi yapabilirler ve bu y\u00fczden de erkeklerin yerini al\u0131rlar. B\u00f6ylece kas g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yerini ne kadar \u00e7ok buhar ve su g\u00fcc\u00fc al\u0131rsa, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak i\u015f\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131 da o kadar azal\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar ve \u00e7ocuklar da emeklerini erkeklerden daha ucuza satt\u0131klar\u0131ndan ve bu i\u015fkollar\u0131nda daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan onlar\u0131n yerini al\u0131rlar.\u201d (2013: 157-58)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fsizlik konusunu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken yukar\u0131da da s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik; \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve etki g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin artmas\u0131na paralel olarak bunlar daha az i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ara\u00e7lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr; yap\u0131lan i\u015f daha az h\u00fcnerli hale gelir ve bu da sermayeyi daha h\u00fcnerli i\u015f\u00e7ileri daha az h\u00fcnerli i\u015f\u00e7iler ile de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlar. Sermayenin bu genel hareket yasas\u0131 kriz, i\u015fsizlik ve kad\u0131n eme\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda dikkate al\u0131nmay\u0131 hak ediyor. Ne var ki, bu e\u011filimi \u201cmutlakla\u015ft\u0131rmak\u201dtan da imtina etmeliyiz. Kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesi, mutlak olarak kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 \u201chakim istihdam bi\u00e7imi\u201d haline getirir diyemeyiz. Kapitalizm belli durumlarda kad\u0131n eme\u011fini i\u00e7erme \u201ca\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ya\u015far. \u00d6rne\u011fin Hong Kong, G. Kore, Malezya, Filipinler, Singapur, Sri Lanka, Tayvan, Tayland gibi \u00fclkelerde kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131nda 1970\u2019li y\u0131llardan sonra muazzam bir art\u0131\u015f kaydedilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin giyim e\u015fyas\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131ndaki pay Malezya\u2019da % 89,4; Sri Lanka\u2019da % 89,4 ve Tayland\u2019da ise % 93,0\u2019d\u0131r. (Yaman \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, 2010: 113) Asya\u2019ya g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye kapitalizmi bu konuda \u201cters\u201d bir \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturur. \u00d6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 1955\u2019te % 72 iken, 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran % 24,8\u2019e kadar gerilemi\u015ftir. Daha g\u00fcncel bir veri olarak \u015funu g\u00f6sterebiliriz: 2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki T\u00dc\u0130K Hanehalk\u0131 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc Anketine g\u00f6re kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 % 28,8\u2019dir. Kentlerde ise bu oran daha da d\u00fc\u015fmektedir: % 24,8. (Kurtulmu\u015f, 2013: 51)<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 belli y\u0131llarda artsa da, bu kat\u0131l\u0131m daha \u00e7ok niteliksiz ve sosyal g\u00fcvenceden yoksun olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekte; kad\u0131nlar enformelle\u015fme yoluyla i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na \u00e7ekilmektedir. Mustafa S\u00f6nmez\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplamaya g\u00f6re, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 5,3 milyon iken, bu say\u0131 2013 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde 7,7 milyona y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Sekiz y\u0131lda kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131nda y\u00fczde 45\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak S\u00f6nmez \u015funu da belirtiyor; 7,7 milyon kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin 4,1 milyonu enformel bir \u015fekilde sigortas\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131ndaki bu h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015fta S\u00f6nmez k\u00fcresel krizin etkisine vurgu yapar ve \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cAKP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 2008 k\u00fcresel krizinin etkisiyle, h\u0131zla artan i\u015fsizli\u011fi yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, kad\u0131n ve gen\u00e7leri istihdam ettikleri takdirde, devletin patronlara i\u015fveren primlerini \u00f6deyece\u011finin garantisini verdi. Bu sebeple kay\u0131tl\u0131 kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131nda hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131.\u201d (S\u00f6nmez, 2013)<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201cSermayenin do\u011fal d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d olarak koyduk; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sermaye, di\u011fer ba\u015fka \u00e7eli\u015fkileriyle de birlikte ancak bu \u015fekilde i\u015fleyebiliyor. Krizler, sermayenin \u00fcretimiyle, hareketiyle ili\u015fkili; krizle ba\u015f etme \u201cy\u00f6ntem\u201dlerinden biri olan i\u015fsizlik, yine bu hareketin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn\u201d i\u00e7erisinde bir yere sahip. Di\u011fer taraftan i\u015fsizlik meselesinde kad\u0131n eme\u011fi, krizden \u00e7\u0131kmada hem bir \u201cf\u0131rsat\u201d hem de bir \u201ccezaland\u0131rma\u201d i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olgular en genel d\u00fczeyde sermayenin hareket yasalar\u0131yla ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, birbirlerini hem \u00fcretmekte hem de beslemektedir. Bu \u201ck\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fc\u201d nas\u0131l a\u015f\u0131labilir\/k\u0131r\u0131labilir, belki de as\u0131l yan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gereken soru bu.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Buradaki kriz anlat\u0131m\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde D\u0130SK-AR<\/em> dergisinde yay\u0131nlanan yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131sa bir \u00f6zetine dayanmaktad\u0131r; bkz. \u00c7ak\u0131r (2014).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Grafi\u011fin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynak: ILO (2014: 17).<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Grafi\u011fin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynak: OECD (2015: 27).<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Not:<\/strong> Bu kavram\u0131 \u201cyedek sanayi ordusu\u201d \u015feklinde de\u011fil de \u201cyedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusu\u201d \u015feklinde kullanman\u0131n daha a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201csanayi\u201d kelimesi i\u015fsizli\u011fi sadece sanayi alan\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir olguymu\u015f gibi lanse etmektedir, oysaki i\u015fsizlik bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak kapitalizmin bir \u201cd\u0131\u015flama\u201d mekanizmas\u0131 olarak i\u015fler. Hem zaten kavram\u0131n \u0130ngilizcedeki kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u201cyedek emek\/i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusu\u201d [reserve army of labour] \u015feklindedir, yani bu kullan\u0131mda \u201csanayi\u201dye de\u011fil \u201ceme\u011fe\/i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne\u201d vurgu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Marx Kapital<\/em>\u2019de \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cMakineyi sadece meta \u00fcretim arac\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u2026 ihtiya\u00e7 fazlas\u0131 n\u00fcfus[un] \u00fcretim arac\u0131 olarak kavramak, Ricardo\u2019nun b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetlerinden biridir.\u201d (Bkz. Cilt 1, s. 391, 162 no\u2019lu dipnot).<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u00dccret meselesine dair geni\u015f\u00e7e bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. \u00c7ak\u0131r (2013).<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Grafi\u011fin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynak: ILO (2010: 17).<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Grafi\u011fin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynak: ILO (2010: 11).<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Sermayenin yeniden-yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na dair geni\u015f\u00e7e bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. Savran (2009).<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. \u00c7ak\u0131r (2015). Ayr\u0131ca Marx\u2019\u0131n Kapital<\/em>\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201csomut emek<\/em>\u201d ve \u201csoyut emek<\/em>\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in de bkz. Marksist \u0130ktisat El Kitab\u0131<\/em> (2008: 15-17).<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Balta, Ecehan. 2014. \u201cYeni Barbarl\u0131k, Kad\u0131nlar ve Kriz\u201d, D\u0130SK-AR<\/em>, 2014\/Yaz, Say\u0131: 3.<\/p>\n

– Braverman, Harry. 1998. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century<\/em>, (25th anniversary ed.), New York: Monthly Review Press.<\/p>\n

– \u00c7ak\u0131r, Gencer. 2013. \u201c\u00dccret nedir? Nas\u0131l belirlenir?\u201d, D\u0130SK-AR<\/em>, 2013\/G\u00fcz, Say\u0131: 1.<\/p>\n

– \u00c7ak\u0131r, Gencer. 2014. \u201cKrizler Kapitalizmin Do\u011fas\u0131nda Vard\u0131r\u201d, D\u0130SK-AR<\/em>, 2014\/Yaz, Say\u0131: 3.<\/p>\n

– \u00c7ak\u0131r, Gencer. 2015. \u201cKapitalizm ve kad\u0131n eme\u011fi\u201d, Sendika.Org<\/em>, 12 \u015eubat 2015, (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 07.06.2015), Link: http:\/\/www.sendika.org\/2015\/02\/kapitalizm-ve-kadin-emegi-gencer-cakir-gencercakir-tumblr-com\/.<\/p>\n

– Dedeo\u011flu, Saniye ve Yaman \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, Melda. 2010. (Der.) Kapitalizm, Ataerkillik ve Kad\u0131n Eme\u011fi<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Engels, Friedrich. 2013. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Oktay Emre, \u0130stanbul: Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Harvey, David. 2012. Sermaye Muammas\u0131: Kapitalizmin Krizleri<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Sungur Savran, \u0130stanbul: SEL Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k.<\/p>\n

– Harvey, David. 2014. Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism<\/em>, New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

– Kurtulmu\u015f, M. Meryem. 2013. \u201cKapitalizm, Ataerki ve Kad\u0131n-Erkek \u00dccret E\u015fitsizli\u011fi\u201d, D\u0130SK-AR<\/em>, 2013\/G\u00fcz, Say\u0131: 1.<\/p>\n

– Mandel, Ernest. 1976. Late Capitalism<\/em>, Translated by Joris De Bres, London: Lowe & Brydone Printers Limited.<\/p>\n

– Mandel, Ernest. 2008. Marksist Ekonomi El Kitab\u0131<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Orhan Suda, Ankara: \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00dcniversite Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Marx, Karl. 2011. Kapital<\/em>, Cilt I, \u00c7ev. Mehmet Selik ve Nail Satl\u0131gan, \u0130stanbul: Yordam Kitap.<\/p>\n

– Marx, Karl. 2012. Kapital<\/em>, Cilt II, \u00c7ev. Mehmet Selik, \u0130stanbul: Yordam Kitap.<\/p>\n

– Plosser, Charles I. 2015. \u201cPolicies for Macroeconomic and Financial Stability: Opening Remarks\u201d, International Journal of Central Banking<\/em>, Volume 11, Number 3, June 2015, (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 07.06.2015), Link: http:\/\/www.ijcb.org\/journal\/ijcb15q3opening.pdf.<\/p>\n

– Savran, Sungur. 2008. \u201cMarx ne demi\u015fti ki?\u201d, Sendika.Org<\/em>, 3 Kas\u0131m 2008, (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 06.06.2015), Link: http:\/\/www.sendika.org\/2008\/11\/marx-ne-demisti-ki-sungur-savran-mavidefter\/.<\/p>\n

– Savran, Sungur. 2009. \u201cBunal\u0131m, Sermayenin Yeniden-Yap\u0131lanmas\u0131, Yeni-Liberalizm\u201d, (der.) Nail Satl\u0131gan\/Sungur Savran, D\u00fcnya Kapitalizminin Krizi<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

– Savran, Sungur. 2013. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00fcy\u00fck Depresyon: Kapitalizmin Alacakaranl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: Yordam Kitap.<\/p>\n

– Sawyer, Malkolm C. 1989. The Challenge of Radical Political Economy: An Introduction to the Alternatives to Neo-Classical Economics<\/em>, Great Britain: Harvester Wheatsheaf.<\/p>\n

– Shaikh, Anwar. 1985. \u201cG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz D\u00fcnya \u0130ktisad\u00ee Bunal\u0131m\u0131: Nedenleri ve Anlam\u0131\u201d, Onbirinci Tez<\/em>, Say\u0131: 1, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– Standing, Guy. 2015. Prekarya: Yeni Tehlikeli S\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Ergin Bulut, \u0130stanbul: \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

– S\u00f6nmez, Mustafa. 2013. \u201cWomen employment in Turkey shows high rise but low quality\u201d, H\u00fcrriyet Daily News<\/em>, November\/23\/2013, (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 10.06.2015), Link: http:\/\/www.hurriyetdailynews.com\/women-employment-in-turkey-shows-high-rise-but-low-quality.aspx?pageID=238&nID=58384&NewsCatID=347.<\/p>\n

– Yaman \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, Melda. 2010. \u201cKapitalist Geli\u015fme ve Kriz S\u00fcrecinde Kad\u0131n Eme\u011fi: Asya Deneyiminden \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lacak Dersler\u201d, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Toplum<\/em>, 2010\/1, no. 24, Link: http:\/\/calismatoplum.org\/sayi24\/yaman.pdf.<\/p>\n

– Yaman, Melda. 2013. Ataerkil Kapitalist Tahakk\u00fcm Alt\u0131nda: Kad\u0131n Eme\u011fi, Kad\u0131n Bedeni<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Vakf\u0131.<\/p>\n

– (Yazar ad\u0131 yok). 2008. Marksist \u0130ktisat El Kitab\u0131: Temel Tan\u0131mlar<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Nail Satl\u0131gan, \u0130stanbul: Yordam Kitap.<\/p>\n

– ILO. 2010. Women in labour markets: Measuring progress and identifying challenges<\/em>, International Labour Office, Geneva, March 2010. (Eri\u015fim: http:\/\/goo.gl\/5txGOY).<\/p>\n

– ILO. 2012. Global Employment Trends for Women<\/em>, International Labour Office, Geneva, December 2012.<\/p>\n

– ILO. 2014. Global Employment Trends 2014: Risk of a jobless recovery?<\/em>, International Labour Office, Geneva: ILO, 2014.<\/p>\n

– OECD. 2015. OECD Employment Outlook 2015<\/em>, OECD Publishing, Paris. (Eri\u015fim: http:\/\/goo.gl\/d5O8wU).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Krizler, sermayenin \u00fcretimiyle, hareketiyle ili\u015fkili. Krizle ba\u015f etme \u201cy\u00f6ntem\u201dlerinden biri olan i\u015fsizlik, yine bu hareketin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn\u201d i\u00e7erisinde bir yere sahip. Di\u011fer taraftan i\u015fsizlik meselesinde kad\u0131n eme\u011fi, krizden \u00e7\u0131kmada hem bir \u201cf\u0131rsat\u201d hem de bir \u201ccezaland\u0131rma\u201d i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olgular en genel d\u00fczeyde sermayenin hareket yasalar\u0131yla ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, birbirlerini hem \u00fcretmekte hem […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":526,"featured_media":16548,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[180,28],"tags":[1005,1640,557,433,1565,1966,1467],"class_list":["post-16547","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-143-sayi","category-sosyal-bilimler","tag-emek","tag-issizlik","tag-kadin","tag-kapitalizm","tag-kriz","tag-sermaye","tag-toplumsal-siniflar"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t